A 11-year-old boy from Kampong Speu province in Cambodia has died of H5N1 avian influenza, the country’s Health Ministry confirmed. This marks the fourth confirmed human case of bird flu in Cambodia in 2025 and all four have been fatal.

Laboratory analysis performed at the Pasteur Institute of Cambodia confirmed the virus presence in the child, who had a sudden onset of serious respiratory manifestations such as high fever, continuous cough, breathlessness, and acute respiratory distress. He was taken to a hospital but died on May 2, 2025.

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The ministry's probe found that chickens and ducks in and around the child's house had been falling ill and dying in the days prior to the child's symptoms appearing, suggesting zoonotic transmission, a distressing reminder of the thin lines between human and animal well-being.

Although human illnesses of H5N1 are uncommon and not a food safety threat, this year has also witnessed an alarming increase in cases in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 10 human bird flu cases across the world in 2025 before this death in Cambodia. Five of them led to fatality. Four of those deaths have now been reported from Cambodia and all of them have been linked with direct contact with infected or dead birds.

This trend is mirroring an increasingly global reality: the rate of H5N1 spillover into humans, while remaining low, is rising. The more often it occurs, the greater the possibility of the virus evolving to be able to live in human hosts.

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Why the H5N1 Threat Can't Be Ignored?

Avian flu A(H5N1) is a contagious disease that primarily infects birds but has been found to be capable of crossing species. This cross-species capability keeps scientists and health authorities on their toes. The Global Virus Network just reported more than 70 cases of human infections in the U.S. alone since the wider outbreak started, with one confirmed death.

Although human-to-human transmission has not yet taken place, specialists warn that mutations, particularly in mammals, may bring us to the verge of a tipping point. Should H5N1 develop the potential for effective human transmission, the result might equal the magnitude of past pandemics.

After the child's death, Cambodia's Ministry of Health sent a team of emergency response workers to the village affected to track down the source of the infection and stop further transmission. Steps include contact tracing, health screening, dispensing of the antiviral drug Tamiflu to potentially exposed people, and public education campaigns alerting about contact with infected poultry.

In a public health alert, the ministry called on citizens who had flu-like symptoms—particularly those with recent contact with birds—to get immediate medical attention. "To delay treatment increases you to a high risk of eventual death," the warning added.

How Does H5N1 Infect Humans?

H5N1 is not contagious among humans, and that is why every confirmed case attracts immediate global attention. The majority of infections in humans are due to direct contact with sick birds or contaminated habitats, especially via saliva, nasal discharges, feces, or blood.

Even other creatures—like milk cows—can carry the virus in milk and respiratory secretions. When those things come in contact with humans, the virus enters through inhalation of contaminated dust or droplets, eyes, nose, or mouth.

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This cross-host transmission highlights the importance of adopting a One Health policy, which acknowledges the interrelatedness of human, animal, and environmental health.

Symptoms of Bird Flu In Humans To Watch For

Incubation for H5N1 in humans usually lasts for 2 to 5 days, although it may be as long as 17 days. Symptoms tend to worsen like normal flu but may quickly become severe respiratory illness. Typical symptoms are:

• High fever
• Fatigue and muscle pains
• Ongoing cough
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Sore throat
• Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
• Shortness of breath

While some of the U.S. cases have had less severe symptoms, around the world the virus has carried a high mortality rate, so early diagnosis and intervention are paramount.

The WHO has been warning of the pandemic threat posed by avian influenza for years. In the United States alone, over 168 million birds have been killed since 2022 to contain outbreaks of avian flu—testifying to the virus's economic and agricultural impact. But the more general concern is how close we may be to a mutation that makes possible efficient transmission from person to person.

The recent Cambodian fatality, though isolated, is just a piece in a larger mosaic. With H5N1 now emerging in an expanding array of animal hosts, including mammals such as mink, cats, and even sea mammals, the path to human adaptation may be shortening.

Who's Most at Risk Right Now?

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the general public remains at low risk, but the agency recommends heightened vigilance among farmers, poultry workers, veterinarians, and dairy handlers. Preventive steps include:

• Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals
• Using protective gear (gloves, masks, eye protection)
• Practicing good hygiene—especially handwashing
• Cooking poultry and eggs thoroughly (to 165°F/74°C)
• Choosing pasteurized dairy products

Every year on September 8, World Physiotherapy Day, a global healthcare event is observed. The practice started in 1996, commemorating the date of the World Physiotherapy foundation in 1951. After major surgeries, patients are recommended physiotherapy to help them with movements, this is why a separate day is designated for a therapy that gets the patients back on their feet, doing things like they did before.

The aim of physiotherapy is to achieve a symptom-free movement at basic to complex physical activities.

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World Physiotherapy Day 2025 Theme

This year in 2025, the theme for World Physiotherapy Day is 'Healthy Ageing', with a special focus on preventing frailty and falls. The theme emphasizes the significance of exercise and physical therapy for encouraging healthy aging. It also focuses on lowering frailty and preventing falls in older person, which comes with a good posture and balance, possible through regular exercises.

As the world's population ages, maintaining mobility, independence, and high standard of living becomes a public health concern. However, regular exercise could help the elderly with mobility, and thus physiotherapy interventions become a necessity.

In 2024, the theme was Low back pain or LBP and the role of physiotherapy in its management and prevention.

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The Significance of World Physiotherapy Day

Everyone values the ability to live as independently as possible in their daily lives. When injuries, illnesses, or health conditions affect movement, many people, from patients to fitness enthusiasts, turn to physical therapy. The goal is simple: to regain the ability to perform the activities that matter most to them.

Among the many approaches used in healthcare, therapeutic exercise stands out as a core component. It plays a central role in programs designed to restore function, enhance performance, and even prevent future problems.

Physical function is multidimensional, involving several interconnected areas. A well-designed therapeutic exercise plan may focus on:

• Improving balance
• Building cardiopulmonary endurance
• Developing coordination
• Increasing flexibility
• Enhancing mobility
• Strengthening muscle performance
• Boosting neuromuscular control
• Supporting postural control and stability
• Maintaining overall equilibrium

Together, these elements work to help individuals move better, feel stronger, and live more confidently.

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Or

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Here Is The History Of World Physiotherapy Day

World Physiotherapy Day is observed every year on September 8, a date chosen in 1996 by the global organization World Physiotherapy. The organization itself was founded on September 8, 1951, in the United Kingdom and today represents over 600,000 physiotherapists worldwide, bringing together 127 member organizations.

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World Physiotherapy works to promote safe working conditions for physiotherapists and advocates for evidence-based practices that make quality physiotherapy care accessible and affordable for all.

India has been part of this global community since 1967, with various Indian physiotherapy associations and professionals actively represented in World Physiotherapy.

The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) have just released their first major update to blood pressure management guidelines since 2017. These new recommendations go beyond simply telling you what numbers to aim for, they focus on prevention, early intervention, and more personalized care across your entire lifespan.

High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the biggest risk factors for heart disease, the world’s leading cause of death, as well as kidney disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and even dementia. With nearly half of all U.S. adults having higher-than-normal blood pressure, these new guidelines are significant for millions of people.

Blood Pressure Targets Remain the Same

One thing that hasn’t changed in 8 years, is how high blood pressure is defined. The cutoff points are still the same as they were in 2017:

• Normal: Less than 120/80 mm Hg
• Elevated: 120–129 mm Hg systolic and under 80 mm Hg diastolic
• Stage 1 Hypertension: 130–139 mm Hg systolic or 80–89 mm Hg diastolic
• Stage 2 Hypertension: 140 mm Hg or higher systolic, or 90 mm Hg or higher diastolic

Your blood pressure reading has two numbers:

The top number (systolic) measures the pressure when your heart pumps, while the bottom number (diastolic) measures it when your heart is at rest.

More Aggressive Early Intervention

While the numbers haven’t changed, how doctors treat them has. The new guidelines recommend starting with healthy lifestyle changes, like eating better, exercising, and reducing salt, for anyone with readings in the 130–139 range. If those changes don’t work after three to six months, medication may be prescribed earlier than before.

This shift is meant to prevent complications before they start. “We’re aiming to help more people get their blood pressure under control earlier to prevent heart disease, strokes, kidney problems, and even dementia,” said Dr. Daniel W. Jones, chair of the writing committee for the new guidelines.

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A Bigger Focus on Weight Loss and GLP-1 Medications

One of the most notable updates involves the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as Ozempic and Mounjaro, which have become popular for weight loss. The guidelines now say that patients who have high blood pressure and are overweight should discuss these medications with their healthcare provider, as losing weight can dramatically improve blood pressure control.

For people with severe obesity, surgery may even be recommended if lifestyle changes and medications are not enough.

New Pregnancy and Postpartum Recommendations

High blood pressure during pregnancy can be dangerous, leading to complications such as preeclampsia, which can threaten both the parent and baby. The new guidelines recommend that pregnant and postpartum individuals with stage 2 hypertension start on certain medications to lower the risk of complications. This is an important shift, as research shows pregnancy-related hypertension can have lasting effects on cardiovascular health.

The Brain Connection: Dementia Risk

Another significant addition to the 2025 guidelines is the acknowledgment of the link between high blood pressure and cognitive decline. New research shows that hypertension can reduce blood flow to the brain, leading to memory issues and an increased risk of dementia. By controlling blood pressure early, the hope is to preserve cognitive function later in life.

The PREVENT Risk Calculator

Doctors are now encouraged to use a new tool, called PREVENT, to estimate a patient’s risk of developing heart disease over the next 10 and 30 years. This calculator considers multiple factors: age, sex, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and more, to create a personalized risk profile and guide treatment decisions.

Alcohol Guidance Tightened

In a change that may surprise many, the updated guidelines now recommend avoiding alcohol entirely if possible. Previous advice allowed for one drink per day for women and two for men, but growing evidence shows even moderate alcohol intake can raise blood pressure. For those who still choose to drink, the AHA now advises staying under those older limits.

Lifestyle Changes Are Still the Foundation

Despite all the new tools and treatments, the cornerstone of blood pressure management remains the same: a healthy lifestyle. The updated recommendations reinforce:

• Following a heart-healthy diet like the DASH plan, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, beans, and nuts
• Reducing sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day, ideally aiming for 1,500 mg
• Exercising regularly, with at least 150 minutes of moderate activity weekly plus resistance training
• Managing stress through mindfulness, yoga, or relaxation techniques
• Maintaining a healthy weight, losing at least 5% of body weight if overweight

Why This Matters

High blood pressure is often called the “silent killer” because it has no symptoms but can do significant damage over time. By encouraging earlier treatment, recognizing new links to conditions like dementia, and providing tools like the PREVENT calculator, the 2025 guidelines aim to help people live longer, healthier lives.

“The reality is that the first line of treatment, lifestyle changes, really does work if you commit to it,” Dr. Jones said. “It can be hard in today’s food environment, but the payoff is worth it.”

Russian scientists have unveiled a breakthrough that could transform colon cancer prevention and treatment worldwide. The Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA) announced that its researchers have developed a vaccine targeting colorectal cancer, one of the most common and deadly cancers globally. The vaccine, named Enteromix, is based on mRNA technology, the same method used successfully in COVID-19 vaccines, and is now ready for clinical use.

FMBA head Veronika Skvortsova revealed the development at the 10th Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok, which brought together more than 8,400 participants from over 75 countries. According to Skvortsova, the vaccine has undergone years of research, including three years of preclinical trials, and is showing promising results.

How The Colon Cancer Vaccine Works

Enteromix uses genetic instructions to teach the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells before they form dangerous tumors. Scientists compare it to handing the immune system a “wanted poster” of colorectal cancer cells. If such cells ever appear, the immune system attacks them immediately, preventing the tumor from growing.

This approach was tested in lab mice bred to develop colon cancer, where the vaccine achieved a remarkable 100% success rate in preventing tumor formation. Early human trials have also been completed, with volunteers tolerating the vaccine well and no serious side effects reported.

Promising Results from Preclinical Trials

The preclinical trials revealed more than just prevention. In some test subjects, existing tumors shrank or slowed their growth by 60% to 80%, depending on the cancer type. Researchers also noted improved survival rates, sparking hope that Enteromix could be used both preventively and therapeutically in the future.

Work is already underway to develop similar vaccines for other forms of cancer, including glioblastoma (a highly aggressive brain cancer) and certain types of melanoma, including ocular melanoma, which affects the eye.

Why This Matters Globally

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, with rising incidence rates in many developing nations. In countries like Rwanda, cases have risen by more than 70% in the past decade, often affecting young patients who are diagnosed at late stages due to the lack of national screening programs. Late diagnosis makes treatment more difficult and survival rates much lower.

For regions with limited access to screening and treatment facilities, a preventive vaccine could be a public health game-changer. It could help bridge health equity gaps and save countless lives by offering a way to protect vulnerable populations before cancer takes hold.

What Lies Ahead?

Despite the excitement, scientists are cautious. History has shown that promising animal results do not always translate perfectly to humans. Large-scale Phase III clinical trials will be crucial to confirm Enteromix’s effectiveness and safety in diverse populations.

Still, Russia has announced plans to roll out the vaccine in the coming weeks, free of charge, marking an important milestone in global cancer research. If successful, Enteromix could offer hope to millions and usher in a new era where certain cancers can be prevented much like infectious diseases.