The debate over adding fluoride to public drinking water is gaining intensity in the United States. Formerly thought of as a great public health success, water fluoridation is being increasingly challenged by intensified concerns and legislative prohibitions in a few states. New evidence, however, published in JAMA Health Forum cautions that dis-fluoridation of community water systems could carry a high price tag — for children's oral health as well as the country's health care system.

Fluoride, a naturally occurring mineral in some foods and groundwater, is referred to as "nature's cavity fighter." Fluoride hardens tooth enamel, the hard, outer layer of the teeth, making them more resistant to the acids formed by bacteria in the mouth that lead to tooth decay. Tooth decay, or dental caries, is still one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses in children and teenagers in the US, impacting millions.

Fluoride was first added to public water in the US in 1945 and has been recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as being among the 10 greatest public health successes of the 20th century. Fluoridated water gives both systemic and topical protection, the kind that makes teeth more resistant to decay before they even come up through the gums and protects enamel throughout life.

Researchers Dr. Lisa Simon of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dr. Sung Eun Choi of Harvard School of Dental Medicine recently examined national oral health data to simulate the effect of fluoride removal from US public water supplies. The results are sobering.

They calculate that eliminating fluoride would cause 25.4 million more decayed teeth among children and teens just in five years, while health care expenses would balloon to $9.8 billion. In a decade, those numbers could almost double to 54 million extra decayed teeth and $19.4 billion in dental care costs.

To give it some perspective, the study estimates one additional rotten tooth per three children in the US — a public health regression that's astounding.

Not all populations would share the burden equally. Dr. Simon points to disparities, pointing out that children from poorer backgrounds and from disadvantaged communities would increasingly depend on fluoridated water to help prevent cavities because they have limited access to dental services. Stripping fluoride away would exacerbate oral health gaps.

Currently, approximately two-thirds of the US population is getting fluoridated water, with nearly 40% of children being exposed to optimal levels of fluoride to prevent tooth decay very effectively. Only nearly 1.5% of children have fluoride levels high enough to endanger fluorosis — a cosmetic dental condition that results in mild discoloration of the teeth.

The Canadian city of Calgary provides a cautionary tale. In 2011, Calgary's city government took fluoride out of its public water system amid public outcry. Within a decade, dental health officials noticed a notable increase in cavities in children, leading to the city reinstating water fluoridation in 2021.

This example provides the real-world illustration backing the new study's projections.

How Fluoride Protects Tooth Decay?

Cavities result when bacteria in the mouth infect sugars and release acid that destroys tooth enamel. Fluoride acts by incorporating itself into the structure of the enamel, making the enamel resistant to acid attack and able to repair early damage caused by decay.

In infants, fluoride is important even before the eruption of teeth. It gives a systemic effect by making developing teeth in the gums harder by ingestion of fluoride-rich water and food. For adults and older children, fluoride's local action—via toothpaste, mouth rinses, and water—preserves enamel resistance.

The US Department of Health and Human Services now recommends that fluoride in public water be adjusted to 0.7 milligrams per liter, a scientifically proven level to achieve the optimal balance of cavity prevention with minimal fluorosis risk.

Fluoridation is similar to other public health interventions like the addition of iodine to salt or vitamin D to milk, which are intended to avoid widespread deficiencies of nutrients and improve population health.

Yet, political and public opinion changes have prompted legislative measures in certain states such as Utah and Florida prohibiting water fluoridation. Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced in April 2024 that he would recommend that the CDC discontinue the recommendation of fluoride in public water, which further heated the current debate.

What Are The Alternatives Available?

Although fears regarding the safety of fluoride have continued in some quarters, the dental and medical communities' consensus is clear: that water fluoridation at recommended concentrations is safe and beneficial. The danger of fluorosis, usually mild and superficial, is small and commonly outweighed by the advantages of prevention of cavities.

For families concerned about dental health without fluoridated water, alternatives include fluoride toothpaste, professional fluoride treatments at the dentist, and fluoride-containing mouth rinses—though these depend on access to dental care and adherence to proper use.

Children under six should not use fluoride mouthwash without dental supervision due to the risk of swallowing.

The economic consequences of rising cavities from fluoride loss are substantial. Treatment expenses for untreated cavities—fillings, root canals, and extractions—can be burdensome on families and health care systems. Untreated dental disease also has an adverse impact on children's quality of life, resulting in pain, infection, eating difficulties, and lost school days.

The projected $9.8 billion in additional dental care costs within five years, escalating to nearly $20 billion over a decade, represents a substantial burden on families, insurance providers, and public health programs.

The fluoride in water debate captures wider public health policy challenges where scientific truth converges with public opinion and politics. As some places consider banning fluoridation, the new study serves as a reminder of the possible unintended effects.

For now, fluoride remains a cornerstone of dental public health in the US and many countries worldwide. Continuing public education on its benefits, addressing misinformation, and ensuring equitable access to dental care remain critical components in safeguarding children’s oral health.

Fluoride's removal from public drinking water may spark a dental emergency for an estimated million American children, resulting in additional cavities and increased health care expenditures. The data from this new study, along with the real-life experience of Calgary, confirms fluoride's central part in preventing tooth decay.

The COVID-19 pandemic may feel like a chapter we’re slowly closing, but the virus continues to evolve, reminding us that the story is far from over. A new variant of the virus, NB.1.8.1, has recently been confirmed in the United Kingdom and is steadily appearing in various parts of the world—including the United States, Australia, Thailand, and parts of Asia and North Africa. First detected in January 2025, the Omicron subvariant has now become a global phenomenon, leading health officials to release new advisories, especially for travelers.

NB.1.8.1 is a new sublineage of the Omicron family, which has been the leading group of SARS-CoV-2 variants for several years. While it initially appeared in genetic surveillance data at the beginning of 2025, confirmed cases began to emerge more noticeably by April. It has been officially declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a "variant under monitoring," noting its rising rate of detection and susceptibility to avoiding immunity elicited from past infections or vaccination.

Today, NB.1.8.1 accounts for around 10.7% of all sequenced infections worldwide. Seven confirmed cases have appeared in Northern Ireland alone in the UK, and experts are monitoring its spread very closely. Its increasing circulation quickly has also brought questions regarding its behavior, contagiousness, and—most particularly—its symptoms.

How Does NB.1.8.1 Spread?

Following virologists and evidence from GISAID, NB.1.8.1 could have an increased capacity to infect human cells more effectively compared to some of its Omicron ancestors. This doesn't always mean it is more severe, but it will make the variant more infectious, particularly in densely populated indoor environments or areas where immunity is low.

The WHO has underscored that variant dynamics have also changed significantly since the start of 2025. Previously prevalent strains such as XEC and LP.8.1 are now being replaced by NB.1.8.1, particularly in places such as China and Hong Kong where this subvariant has rapidly emerged as dominant.

What Makes NB.1.8.1 Symptoms Different?

Although most symptoms are similar to other COVID-19 strains, the distinguishing factor of NB.1.8.1 is that it is more likely to cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Evidence in the UK and forthcoming international data suggest an uptick in cases presenting with symptoms of:

• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Nausea or vomiting
• Abdominal pain and bloating
• Heartburn

These symptoms, though not entirely novel to COVID-19, are increasingly being reported in NB.1.8.1 cases. This change is leading experts to encourage physicians and patients to be sensitive to digestive complaints that might otherwise be misdiagnosed as foodborne illness or a stomach bug.

Recognizing The Unusual Symptoms of NB.1.8.1

Besides gastrointestinal distress, the NB.1.8.1 variant may also exhibit a broad spectrum of respiratory and systemic symptoms:

• High temperature or chills
• Coughing that doesn't go away
• Breathing that is short
• Loss or change of smell and taste
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Aching of muscles
• Runny nose or congestion
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite

Note that although the occurrence of uncommon gastrointestinal symptoms could be used to distinguish NB.1.8.1, the majority of cases still mimic typical presentations of COVID-19. Therefore, proper diagnosis via testing is still vital.

Is the New Variant More Dangerous?

To date, there is no indication that NB.1.8.1 causes more serious illness or greater hospitalization than other Omicron subvariants. Nevertheless, its efficiency in spreading and in exhibiting symptoms that will not necessarily lead to COVID testing is a variant to monitor.

Immunologists are most interested in how it has the ability to partially evade immunity, something which could cause more breakthrough infections within vaccinated or previously infected people.

What Are The Precautions Travelers Must Take?

For tourists, particularly to countries with an upsurge of NB.1.8.1 infections such as the US, Australia, Egypt, the Maldives, and Southeast Asia, caution is the word. Although there are no fresh travel restrictions or bans introduced, public health officials suggest a number of precautionary measures:

• Be aware of local COVID-19 guidelines at your destination.
• Bring lateral flow tests and masks, especially while moving about airports or using public transportation.
• Practise diligent hand hygiene and limit time in enclosed or crowded spaces.
• Consider COVID-specific travel insurance, covering cancellations or health emergencies abroad.
• Monitor your health and delay travel if symptomatic.
• Travelers from the UK, in particular, are being urged to remain alert and informed as NB.1.8.1 spreads in popular vacation destinations.

Even as COVID-19 has become part of the everyday background, NB.1.8.1 is a reminder that the virus remains in motion. For high-risk groups—the elderly or immunocompromised—the threat is still real, and so is the call for public health awareness.

NB.1.8.1 isn't seen as more fatal, but its spreading and uncharacteristic symptoms render it a virus that requires concern, not hysteria. It all comes down to being informed, being aware of symptoms, particularly those that may sense unusual and taking preventative health care when abroad or ill.

British pop star Jessie J—best known for her powerhouse vocals and unfiltered honesty recently took to Instagram to share her stage-one breast cancer diagnosis, fans everywhere were left both shocked and motivated. The 37-year-old singer-songwriter, born Jessica Cornish, announced the news in typical frankness, mixing vulnerability with as she explained the surgery she'd be having after performing at Capital's Summertime Ball at London's Wembley Stadium.

Though her confession highlights the psychological burden of battling cancer under the spotlight, it also brings attention to an important discussion: the early warning signs of breast cancer that women so often miss. As a global health epidemic that claims millions of lives each year, breast cancer is more than mere lumps. The initial symptoms are often silent, confused, or ignored—particularly by young women.

In her heartfelt video message, Jessie shared that she has been “in and out of tests” recently and ultimately received a diagnosis of early breast cancer. “Cancer sucks in any form,” she said, “but I’m holding on to the word early.”

With a nod of dark humor, she added, "It's a very dramatic way to get a boob job," vowing followers, "I will come back with massive boobs and more music." But under the humor lay raw emotion and an earnest appeal for sympathy and understanding. "I need to process it and talk about it," she said. "I need a hug."

Having struggled with a string of serious health problems in the past, including a childhood heart condition, a stroke at age 18, Meniere's disease, and even recently being diagnosed with ADHD and OCD, Jessie J is certainly no newcomer to working through health problems. But this latest installment has introduced her to an even more intimate, more personal view.

By disclosing her diagnosis, Jessie J is part of a rising number of public figures using their influence to make health screening and breast cancer discussions more mainstream. Such openness is particularly important in light of the fact that many young women still unrealistically believe breast cancer is an "older woman's disease."

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world and the major cause of cancer death among women, reports the World Health Organization. But even with worldwide awareness efforts, delayed diagnosis remains a big issue. And that delay has part to do with failing to notice—or completely ignore—the warning signs.

What Are the Signs Women Typically Ignore?

While a breast lump is usually the most talked-about symptom, breast cancer has many other manifestations. These less common symptoms are important to recognize, particularly for women who might not think of themselves as high-risk.

1. Swelling in the arm or collarbone area

A subtle but significant indication is repeated swelling in the underarm or near the collarbone. This can suggest that cancer has spread to the lymph nodes—even when there is as yet no lump in the breast. Although the swelling could be minor or painless, any puffiness that is apparent and does not resolve should be investigated.

2. Recurring Breast or Chest Pain

Contrary to what many believe, breast cancer may be painful. Pain that isn't related to your menstrual cycle or physical exertion—particularly sharp, burning, or persistent dull pain—can't be ignored. Although not all breast pain indicates cancer, persistent pain warrants investigation.

3. Persistent Itchiness and Skin Changes

Persistent itchiness of the armpit or breast—especially if it is followed by redness, scaling, or swelling—may indicate inflammatory breast cancer, which is a rare but vicious type. Topical remedies that fail and localized itchiness warrant a visit to the doctor.

4. Persistent, Unexplained Fatigue

Fatigue is one of the most misdiagnosed symptoms. With the speed of life these days, it's simple to assume tiredness is caused by stress, parenting, or sleeplessness. However, persistent fatigue that is unrelieved by rest could be a sign your body is struggling with an underlying illness, such as cancer.

5. Inverted Nipple or Nipple Discharge

Any abrupt nipple changes, like turning inward or flattening, might mean that a tumor is putting pressure on the milk ducts. Similarly, spontaneous nipple discharge, particularly if bloody or unprovoked—must never be left unattended. Such symptoms might appear insignificant but can actually point to significant underlying problems.

Medical experts consistently stress the importance of becoming familiar with your own breast tissue and regularly performing self-exams. According to the UK’s NHS and the American Cancer Society, early detection is the most effective defense. That means not only attending routine mammograms after age 40 (or earlier if you’re high risk) but also being proactive about any bodily changes.

It's not just about finding a lump. It's about recognizing when something doesn't feel right—and trusting yourself enough to speak up.

Jessie J's choice to come forward wasn't for healing herself alone—it was to make others feel less isolated. "I also know how much sharing in the past has helped me," she explained. "People giving me their love and support and also their own stories."

Traditionally and otherwise too, what is usually used to treat open wounds, fish skin grafts have gained a lot of popularity in the research and medicine community. Research, like the study from 2023, published in the journal Cureus, showed that using fish skin graft helped wounds heal faster and reduce pain. Not only is it readily available, but it is also inexpensive to produce. The Nature, scientific reports explained that the highly porous nature of the fish skin is well suited to support cell ingrowth. While it has been used many times for different types of medical emergencies, the use of it on newborns had not been considered until this case.

Born premature at just 23 weeks and weighing only one pound, Eliana DeVos faced immense challenges from the beginning. Speaking to the CNN News, Eliana’s mom, Krystal DeVos, explained that Eliana had spent 131 days in neonatal intensive care, where she developed a severe, rapidly spreading infection on her neck. Her mom described it as "almost like a flesh-eating disease" that nearly claimed her life, leading to dangerous sepsis. As Eliana's condition deteriorated, her family and doctors desperately sought a solution.

An Unconventional Treatment

The treatment option the doctor chose, although unconventional, had a lot of hope. Doctors chose to use fish skin to heal her wound. The pediatric plastic surgeon, explained that Eliana was too fragile for traditional surgery or a human skin graft due to her prematurity and the extensive wound.

Instead, the doctor and the wound care nurse opted for a medical honey solution to clean the wound, followed by the application of medical-grade fish skin. This product, made from wild North Atlantic cod by the Icelandic company Kerecis, acts as a scaffold for new skin tissue to grow. Its structure is remarkably similar to human skin, and it's rich in omega oils and other natural healing elements. The remarkable thing about this fish skin graft

How Does A Fish Skin Graft Work?

Doctors believe Eliana was likely the first preemie of her size to receive this innovative treatment. While fish skin has been used globally for wound care, its application in children, particularly infants as tiny as Eliana, is uncommon.

Doctors highlighted that other animal tissues, known as xenografts, which are from animals like pigs or cows, are also used for wound healing. These don't replace skin but serve as temporary dressings to promote cleanliness and initiate healing. However, experts cautioned that not all wounds respond to these methods.

A significant concern with such treatments, especially in infants, is the potential for unknown allergies, particularly to fish. The biggest risk the doctors were worried about was the unknown allergy risk. If the baby had a fish allergy, it could’ve made things a lot more difficult. They also noted that even with these treatments, there's still a possibility that surgery might be necessary.

Recovery and Recuperation For the Infant

For Eliana's mom, the experience has been incredibly inspiring. She hopes people will recognize the immense value of modern medicine and the power of faith. She explained how immensely worried she was, however, it never stopped her from trying something new. She encourages people to try something new and be open-minded.