Most of us, use the restroom is an effortless way, there is an urge to pee and so it is an easy, unconscious act. For 27-year-old Anna Gray from Bath, England, such a simple function was an impossible task—a task that defined her life for six long years! Diagnosed with Fowler's Syndrome, a rare and painful urinary disorder, Anna has spent more than a half-dozen years having to use catheters just to empty her bladder.

Anna's health emergency started in November 2018 when she was hospitalized with a severe kidney infection—brought on by not being able to urinate for several days. Physicians initially thought it was an isolated incident. But when her bladder had to be drained of almost two liters of urine and the issue continued, it was evident this was no typical infection.

Just weeks after that, another hospitalization uncovered something disturbing: Anna's bladder was not functioning at all. After invasive procedures, the reason still eluded her. Specialists eventually diagnosed her with Fowler's Syndrome—a condition so uncommon, even seasoned urologists had encountered only a handful of cases.

"I was informed there was nothing further that could be done," Anna remembered in an interview. "I couldn't comprehend how it could occur to me."

By 2020, after years of repeated infections and hospital stays, Anna was fitted with a suprapubic catheter—a tube inserted through her belly directly into her bladder. The catheter empties urine into a collection bag, which she has to empty several times a day.

"Coming to terms with this being my life now was really hard," she said. "There were mental health issues. I was in the hospital last year for depression."

In January 2024, Anna developed sepsis around her catheter site—a life-threatening complication that led to three weeks in intensive care. Yet despite the setbacks, she refuses to hide her condition.

“I wear shorts, tops—you can see the bag. It doesn’t bother me. People ask questions, and I’m fine with that.”

Because of the paucity of her condition, Anna first felt extremely isolated. "I felt like I was the only person in the world experiencing this," she said. But that ended when she learned about online support groups for Fowler's Syndrome patients.

"Meeting others who understood was life-altering. I finally didn't feel alone," said Anna.

Community support has become a lifeline for so many with chronic illnesses, especially those such as Anna whose conditions are under-recognized or misunderstood by the public and even the medical community.

Anna summed up, "I'm learning to live with it. I want people to know they're not alone. Even with a condition like this, life can still be full."

What is Fowler's Syndrome?

Initially identified in 1985, Fowler's Syndrome is an uncommon etiology of urinary retention in females, generally aged between 20 and 30 years. Fowler's Syndrome affects the urethral sphincter—the muscle that controls the release of urine—making the muscle remain constricted, even when the bladder is full. This leads to a lack of ability to urinate spontaneously.

In contrast to most other causes of urinary retention, Fowler's Syndrome is not associated with neurological disease. It may come on suddenly in some cases with no apparent cause. In others, it may follow surgery or delivery.

Symptoms of Fowler's Syndrome

Symptoms differ from patient to patient. Some may be able to urinate but not completely empty the bladder, while others—such as Anna—are completely retained. With the filling of the bladder, severe pain and frequent infection ensue. Many women experience recurring cystitis, kidney infections, and constant pain.

What Causes Fowler's Syndrome?

To this point, the true cause of Fowler's Syndrome has not been discovered. Scientists are still trying to determine why the urethral sphincter does not relax. Some speculations include hormonal connections, particularly because approximately 50% of patients also suffer from polycystic ovaries, yet no cause has been determined.

The syndrome could develop spontaneously or after surgery—most often gynecological or urological—or after delivery. Without an established cure, symptom management becomes the main priority.

Treatment for Fowler's Syndrome

Treatment of Fowler's Syndrome depends on severity.

Mild Cases: Patients with the ability to urinate partially might only require monitoring to assess residual bladder volume.

Moderate Cases: Those with high residual volumes might need intermittent self-catheterization several times a day to avoid infection and bladder damage.

Severe Cases: In complete retention cases, patients can be considered for sacral nerve stimulation—a treatment involving the use of electrical pulses to stimulate nerves and return bladder function. This is still the only treatment with hope of restoring natural urination in some patients.

Undergarments play a very important role in protecting our health. They not only promote hygiene, but they also reduce the chances of chaffing, infections and keep the sensitive areas dry and prevent any unwanted odor. Most women own several pairs of bras, an undergarment used to support breasts, for different occasions. Sports bras are one such variety that women wear when they are doing active work. These bras are different than a daily wear bra as they are more durable and meant to restrict movement to ensure there are no injuries due to sudden movements.

However, a new study suggests that this restrictive movement may be causing women back pain. The research published in the European Journal of Sport Science suggested that these bras, designed to really hold everything in place, might unintentionally put extra pressure on your spine while you're active.

How Does Movement In Sports Bras Affect Women?

To understand how a bra affected breast movement, researchers observed a woman doing activities like running, to see how it affected her breasts, back and spine movement. To understand the difference of movement in each bra, they ran the same test with no bra, a regular day wear bra and a sports bra. By tracking these movements, the researchers were able to see how each type of bra affected her body's mechanics during the activity. This detailed monitoring helped them understand the potential impact of different levels of breast support on other parts of the body, like the spine.

Understanding the Sports Bra Mechanism

Sports bras are specifically designed to limit how much your breasts move around when you're exercising. This is important because excessive bouncing can be uncomfortable and even cause pain, especially if you have larger breasts. Over time, repeated bouncing without proper support can also strain the skin and ligaments in the chest area. Because of these issues, the focus of many sports' bra designs, especially the newer ones, has been on achieving the highest possible level of breast motion control to maximize comfort and support during physical activity.

The researchers pointed out that when your breasts naturally bounce while you're doing activities like running or spinning, the soft tissues around your chest actually help to absorb some of the force that would otherwise go to your joints and spine. However, a sports bra that's too tight and completely stops this natural bounce might prevent this force absorption. As a result, that pressure could then be transferred back to your spine, potentially causing your back muscles to work harder to compensate, which could eventually lead to pain or discomfort in the back

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Too Much Movement Restriction Can Cause Issues

It is natural for breasts to have movement when one is working out, while too much movement may hurt, allowing some movement can actually be good. This movement allows the surrounding tissues to play a role in shock absorption, protecting the spine and other joints from some of the impact. When a sports bra is so restrictive that it eliminates all bounce, it might disrupt this natural mechanism. This could mean that the forces generated during exercise, which would normally be partially absorbed by the breasts and their supporting tissues, are instead directly transmitted to the back, potentially increasing the load and stress on the spinal structures and muscles.

Used as an umbrella term, dementia is a condition that affects your memory, thinking as well as one's daily activities. While it is concerning to forget things every now and then, dementia essentially chips away at a person’s identity, changing the way they think and behave. Affecting nearly 57 million people worldwide (World Health Organization) in 2021, dementia can occur due to diseases and any sort of injury to the brain. It is the 7th leading cause of death globally and 60-70% of these cases are Alzheimer's disease.

According to the Cleveland Clinic, dementia is caused by damage to your brain, it affects your brain’s nerve cells which blocks the brain’s ability to communicate properly with other parts of your body. They also explained that while dementia cannot be prevented, lifestyle choices can reduce or increase its risk.

Simple and accessible methods, like incorporating exercise into our lives, are seen as very important for helping people maintain a good quality of life as they get older and for reducing the impact of this condition on individuals and their families. While we already know that regular exercise can help keep our brains healthy and lower the chances of getting dementia, new research is pointing towards a specific type of exercise: weight training.

According to a new study published in the GeroScience journal, doing exercises to build muscle might also help protect the brains of older individuals from developing dementia.

How Can Strength Training help Brain Health?

To understand this potential link better, researchers conducted a study with older adults who had already been diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, which are early signs of potential future dementia. They divided these participants into two groups. One group participated in a weight training program that gradually increased in difficulty and intensity, happening twice a week. The other group, acting as a comparison, did not engage in any structured exercise during the study period. This setup allowed the researchers to directly compare the effects of weight training versus no exercise on the brain health of these individuals.

Can This Help Reverse Early Cognitive Decline?

One of the most hopeful findings of the study was that some of the individuals in the weight training group no longer met the criteria for having mild cognitive impairment by the time the study concluded. This suggests that weight training might have the potential to actually change the course of early cognitive decline.

Researchers believe this happens through several ways: by reducing harmful swelling in the brain, by improving how the body uses sugar which can affect brain health, by increasing helpful substances in the brain that support the growth and survival of brain cells, and by improving blood flow to the brain, which is essential for it to function properly.

Looking ahead, researchers are planning to delve deeper into the specific biological processes at a molecular level that explain how weight training has these protective effects on the brain. They also aim to identify specific markers in the body that could help us understand who might benefit most from this type of exercise and what the ideal exercise routines might look like for different individuals.

Laughing gas or nitrous oxide is making headlines not for its role in dental clinics or surgical procedures, but as a potential treatment for depression. Once only considered a part of short-term anaesthetics used to relieve pain or anxiety during surgical procedures, like childbirth, nitrous oxide is now gaining attention in the world of mental health research for its potential to alleviate symptoms of depression, especially in people who have not responded to traditional treatments.

Even A Low Dose Of Laughing Gas Provides Rapid Relief From Depression

Several studies in recent years have shown that even a low dose of laughing gas can provide rapid relief from depressive symptoms. Unlike conventional antidepressants, which can take weeks to show results, nitrous oxide has demonstrated an almost immediate impact in some patients. Scientists believe this fast-acting effect could be a game-changer in managing treatment-resistant depression.

How Was The Research Conducted?

Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine and the University of Chicago conducted clinical trials on people with severe depression who had not responded well to typical medications. Participants were given a single one-hour inhalation session of nitrous oxide. Remarkably, many reported relief from symptoms within just a few hours, and in some cases, the effects lasted for several days.

Laughing gas is thought to work differently from traditional antidepressants, which usually act on serotonin and other neurotransmitters. Nitrous oxide instead affects the NMDA receptors in the brain, which are involved in mood regulation and cognitive functions. This is similar to how ketamine—another fast-acting antidepressant—works. However, nitrous oxide has the added advantage of being less intense and more manageable in terms of side effects.

Patients who received nitrous oxide in the study experienced a noticeable reduction in their depression scores, even when given low concentrations of the gas. Researchers found that a 25% concentration of nitrous oxide was nearly as effective as the 50% dose but caused fewer side effects, such as nausea or dissociation.

Nitrous Oxide Has Advantage Over Others-Its Long Term Medical Use

One of the reasons nitrous oxide is being seriously explored as a depression treatment is its accessibility and long-standing safety profile. It has been used in medical settings for over 150 years, primarily for pain relief. Its safety, low cost, and ease of administration make it an appealing option for rapid intervention in psychiatric emergencies, particularly for those at risk of suicide.

Still, experts caution that laughing gas is not a magic bullet. While it shows promise, more research is needed to understand its long-term effects and how often it can be safely administered without causing dependency or neurological issues. It also needs to be administered under medical supervision. Mental health professionals are optimistic, though. With increasing cases of depression worldwide and many patients not responding to current treatments, the medical community is on the lookout for new and effective therapies. Laughing gas may not be the ultimate cure, but it represents a promising step forward.