The air quality in many Indian cities has reached worrying levels, with thick smog and high pollutant concentrations now a part of daily life. In Delhi, the situation has turned severe, with air quality dipping to its lowest point of the season. A dense layer of smog has settled over the city, and temperatures have fallen well below the usual range. While toxic air is dangerous for everyone, it poses an even greater threat to vulnerable groups, one of them being pregnant women. So, how exactly does pollution affect them? To understand this better, we spoke with Dr. Ashish Saini, Consultant Endocrinologist at Kailash Hospital, Noida, and Sonia Mehta, Nutritionist and Founder of EverBloom, who explained the impact in detail.How Does Air Pollution Affect Pregnancy?Air pollution can directly affect both the mother and her developing baby. According to ScienceDirect, pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide enter the lungs and pass into the bloodstream when inhaled. Once in the blood, these harmful particles can reach the placenta—the organ responsible for supplying oxygen and nutrients to the baby. This exposure may reduce the amount of oxygen available to the foetus and trigger inflammation in the mother’s body, disrupting normal placental function. Over time, such changes can increase the risk of pregnancy-related complications like restricted foetal growth and high blood pressure.Air Pollution and Pregnancy: Can It Lead to Gestational Diabetes?Growing research points to a strong link between long-term exposure to polluted air and metabolic problems such as gestational diabetes. Pollutants like PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide, commonly found in city smog, can cause oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, and chronic inflammation—all of which can interfere with insulin sensitivity. Dr. Ashish Saini explained, “These physiological changes can make expectant mothers more prone to glucose intolerance. For those already diagnosed with gestational diabetes, continuous exposure to polluted air may lead to unstable blood sugar levels and raise complications for both mother and baby. As pollution worsens in the winter months, it becomes vital to stay cautious and take preventive measures.”Why Are Pregnant Women More Vulnerable To Air Pollution?Polluted air is often described as a silent hazard for women’s health, and pregnancy makes women especially sensitive to its effects. For expecting mothers managing gestational diabetes, breathing in polluted air can worsen oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disruption. This can increase the chances of high blood pressure, early delivery, and other health risks for both mother and child.Nutritionist Sonia Mehta highlighted the importance of nutrition as a protective factor: “A balanced diet can help reduce these risks. Expectant mothers should include a variety of colourful fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins C and E, add walnuts or flaxseeds for omega-3, opt for whole grains such as oats or brown rice, and include dal, paneer, or eggs for protein.” These nutrients help fight inflammation and support healthy insulin activity.Precaution Steps for Expecting Mothers During Air PollutionOn days when smog levels are high, it is best to stay indoors, use a good air purifier, and opt for light exercises such as prenatal yoga or simple stretches on the balcony instead of outdoor walks. Small, everyday decisions can go a long way in protecting both mother and baby from the silent harm caused by polluted air, as per Sonia Mehta.Dr. Saini recommends limiting outdoor exposure during peak pollution hours, ensuring proper ventilation at home, and using well-fitted masks. A diet rich in antioxidants, safe indoor physical activity, staying hydrated, and regular glucose monitoring under medical guidance can further strengthen metabolic health.Air quality awareness should be an essential part of prenatal care. Taking these steps not only safeguards maternal health today but also shapes a healthier future for the next generation.
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