While salts have been known to mitigate its effect, researchers have said that the Dead Sea in particular is effective in soothing eczema.

Eczema is a common skin condition that causes red or discoloured, itchy patches of skin. It is a type of dermatitis that breaks your skin's barrier functions, which are responsible for helping it retain moisture and protect your body from outside elements. While it can affect people of any age, children are more at risk.

What Is Dead Sea Salt?

As the name suggests, dead sea salt refers to salt and other mineral deposits collected from the Dead Sea. It is rich in nutrients because sea salt products are minimally processed and are made from evaporated seawater. It is the minerals in this water that make it effective on skin conditions.

While salts have been known to mitigate its effect, researchers have said that the Dead Sea in particular is effective in soothing eczema. Dead Sea salt, unlike regular table salt or Epsom salt, is rich with nutrients like magnesium, calcium, sulfur and zinc.

A study in 2005 concluded that soaking in a bath with salt from the Dead Sea can improve your skin's barrier strength, compared with a tap-water soak. This study found that topical treatments with Dead Sea salt improved moisture in the skin. After the sea salt bath, the salt also reduced: inflammation.

How To Use Dead Sea Salt For Eczema

Dry skin makes eczema more severe, so treatments that can replace moisture in the skin are recommended. The National Eczema Association (NEA) suggests a warm bath followed by a moisturizer to help replace some of that moisture. You can follow these steps when using a salt soak:

Follow the directions on the salt product you buy to get the right solution. Typically, 1 to 2 cups of salt are used per bath.

Pour a warm, not hot, water bath. Pour the salt product into the bath before you soak.

Soak for 5 to 10 minutes. Soaking too long can make dry skin worse. Hot water can also irritate and dry out skin.

Use a cleanser designed for sensitive skin. Most are free of dyes, fragrances, or exfoliating ingredients.

Gently wash your skin, and rinse off cleansers.

Use a towel to pat dry, not rub, your skin. This may leave your skin slightly damp.

Apply any prescription topical medications to your skin.

Use an approved moisturizing lotion all over your body within 3 minutes of getting out of your bath. The best lotions for people with eczema are ones with a high oil content but no fragrances or dyes.

Give your skin several more minutes to fully absorb the medications and moisturizer before getting dressed.

What Causes Eczema?

Eczema flares up when your skin comes into contact with substances that irritate it, such as smoke, small bugs in dust, or harsh chemicals. This overburdens your immune system. Some people may be prone to eczema due to genetic factors. It implies individuals are born with certain genes that influence how well their skin protects them. When the skin's defence is weak, it can't retain moisture and protect against bacteria, allergens, and other environmental factors.

• Consult a skin specialist or dermatologist, if you see these symptoms:
• Ingredients in cleaners and detergents
• Things that have a strong odour
• Cigarette smoke
• Things from the outside, such as pollen, mould, dust, or tiny creatures in dust
• Wool and other scratchy fabrics
• Fabrics that are not real
• Sweating
• Temperature shifts
• Stress
• Specific food allergies
• Pet hair
• Infections in your upper respiratory system

Returning to shared spaces—like schools or offices—also means returning to public restrooms. For some individuals, this transition comes with more than just minor discomfort. The anxiety around using public toilets, especially for defecation or urination, can be so intense that it interferes with daily functioning. This condition is medically recognized as parcopresis (shy bowel syndrome) and, in some cases, paruresis (shy bladder syndrome).

What Is Shy Bowel and Shy Bladder Syndrome?

Parcopresis refers to the difficulty or inability to defecate in the presence of others, especially in public restrooms. Similarly, paruresis describes the difficulty in urinating under similar circumstances. These conditions are not simply a preference for privacy—they are marked by psychological and physiological barriers that inhibit normal bodily functions.

Individuals with parcopresis often find themselves unable to initiate or complete a bowel movement unless they are in a perceived safe, private, and predictable environment, typically at home. The same applies to paruresis, where individuals may only be able to urinate in the comfort of familiar surroundings.

In public or semi-public restrooms, anxiety can trigger the sympathetic nervous system—the body’s fight-or-flight response—which disrupts the relaxation of pelvic muscles required for urination or defecation. As a result, individuals may freeze mid-process, feel pressured to rush, or avoid the restroom altogether, leading to discomfort or medical complications such as constipation or urinary retention.

The Psychological Link

Both shy bladder and shy bowel syndromes are linked to social anxiety disorder. The fear is not necessarily of the act itself but of being heard, judged, or perceived negatively by others. This can create a feedback loop: the more one worries about not being able to go, the harder it becomes.

Over time, this anxiety can escalate to significant social avoidance. People may plan their day around access to private restrooms, avoid travel, limit hydration or food intake, and even decline job opportunities or social engagements. In severe cases, this avoidance behavior can lead to agoraphobia—a fear of being in places where escape might be difficult.

Possible Contributing Factors

While psychological in nature, these syndromes may be more pronounced in individuals with pre-existing physical conditions. For instance, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary tract infections, or prostate conditions can exacerbate restroom-related anxiety due to urgency or frequency, increasing the likelihood of distress in public settings.

Management and Treatment

Despite the challenges, both conditions are treatable. The first step is a medical evaluation to rule out or address any underlying physical health issues. Once physical causes are excluded or managed, psychological approaches become central to treatment.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered the gold standard. It helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns and gradually exposes them to anxiety-inducing situations—a process known as exposure therapy. In this case, it may involve slowly increasing comfort with public restroom use.

Relaxation techniques, including deep breathing and mindfulness, can help regulate physiological responses to anxiety. In some cases, short-term use of anti-anxiety medications may be recommended to support behavioral therapy.

With the right interventions and support, individuals affected by shy bladder or bowel syndromes can regain confidence and return to normal daily functioning—including using public restrooms without distress.

In a controversial move with far-reaching health consequences, the U.S. House passed the Trump administration’s sweeping domestic agenda legislation—dubbed the “Big Beautiful Bill”—just before the July 4 deadline set by the president.

While its proponents claim it will make the country “stronger, safer and more prosperous,” leading health experts warn the bill is a dangerous and unethical setback for public health in the U.S.

With major cuts to Medicaid, significant changes to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and reduced access to basic nutrition and reproductive services, the legislation’s health implications are vast and immediate.

What’s at Stake

At the heart of the bill is a $930 billion cut to Medicaid funding over the next decade—the deepest reduction to the program in its history.

In addition, for the first time, work requirements will be imposed on certain able-bodied adults aged 19 to 64 to retain their Medicaid benefits. Parents of children aged 14 and older must also meet this 80-hours-per-month rule through employment, training, volunteering, or school.

Dr. Jason M. Goldman, president of the American College of Physicians (ACP), as reported in healio.com, called the cuts “devastating” and warned they would cripple the U.S. health care system and worsen public health outcomes.

Similar concerns were echoed by the American Medical Association (AMA), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the Emergency Nurses Association, all of whom opposed the bill.

Dr. Arthur L. Caplan, founding head of the Division of Medical Ethics at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, called the bill “immoral, unethical, and tragic,” also reported in healio.com.

“Slashing Medicaid and imposing work requirements is punishing our poorest, most vulnerable, and mentally ill populations,” Dr. Caplan said.

“It’s unconscionable that the solution to economic reform is to cut basic health care.”

No Access To Affordable Care Act

The bill also weakens the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which could lower enrollment rates and disrupt access to care. One of the major changes is the elimination of automatic re-enrollment in ACA plans. Policyholders must now update their information annually, and the open enrollment window has been shortened by a month.

For individuals applying outside the open enrollment period—due to life events like job loss or family additions—advance premium subsidies will no longer be available immediately. Under current rules, applicants get up to 90 days of help while their paperwork is processed. The new law forces applicants to wait for full documentation approval before receiving assistance.

According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the result will be catastrophic: an estimated 11.8 million more uninsured Americans by 2034.

“These patients don’t disappear,” Dr. Caplan said. “They flood emergency rooms with preventable issues—headaches, infections, chest pain—overburdening a system already stretched thin.”

Emergency Rooms on the Brink

With millions projected to lose insurance, ERs may become the default safety net—a role they are not equipped to handle.

“Hospitals will close. Services will shrink. Waiting times will skyrocket,” Dr. Caplan warned. “And it won’t just affect the poor—it will affect everyone.”

He also criticized the bill for ignoring the root cause of health care costs in the U.S.

“We have the most expensive, inefficient system in the world. Yet instead of tackling pricing, this bill cuts access,” he said.

SNAP Benefits, Nutrition & Health Impact

The bill also drastically alters the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), affecting roughly 42 million Americans. The age for work requirements has been raised from 54 to 64, and overall benefits will be reduced.

Many families will now receive less support—$292 for an individual and $975 for a family of four.

Nutrition is a cornerstone of preventive health, and public health experts say this rollback will contribute to higher rates of malnutrition, particularly among older adults and low-income families.

Reproductive Health and Planned Parenthood Defunded

In another blow to health access, the bill defunds Planned Parenthood, making it ineligible to serve Medicaid patients. According to the Contraceptive Access Initiative, 10% of Medicaid-covered women who received family planning services in 2021 did so through Planned Parenthood.

The move will severely limit access to contraception, STD testing, cancer screenings, and reproductive counseling, particularly in underserved areas.

Physician Payments, Rural Hospitals, and more

To soften the backlash, the bill includes a 2.5% temporary increase to Medicare Physician Fee Schedule rates in 2026, and reinstates certain telehealth flexibilities, as noted by the American Telemedicine Association.

However, experts like Dr. Caplan argue that these are inadequate responses to a much deeper crisis.

“That’s like saying the ship is sinking, but we’ve added two lifeboats,” he said. “Increased reimbursement won’t matter if your patient population loses coverage.”

A new UK-based study published in ERJ Open Research, has found that women who work permanent night shifts face a significantly higher risk of developing moderate to severe asthma compared to those who work during the day.

The findings add to the growing body of evidence that shift work, particularly night shifts, can have adverse effects on health—this time, with a gender-specific warning.

How Was The Study Conducted?

The study, conducted by researchers using data from over 280,000 participants in the UK Biobank, observed that 5.3% of the cohort had asthma, and 1.9% had moderate to severe asthma. Among these, female night shift workers stood out: those who worked permanent night shifts were found to have 50% higher odds of developing moderate-severe asthma than female day workers.

Interestingly, this association was not observed among male shift workers.

Circadian Disruption and Lung Health

Dr. Sunil Kumar K, Lead Consultant - Interventional Pulmonology at Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, explained how circadian rhythm disruption could increase respiratory risk.

“When our body’s natural rhythm is thrown off by night shifts or irregular sleep, it impacts not just our sleep cycles but also lung function,” he explained.

“The lungs don’t get the recovery time they need. Over time, this can impair breathing, reduce oxygen levels, weaken immunity, and elevate the risk of serious respiratory issues—especially in those already predisposed to asthma or COPD.”

The Hormonal Link

The researchers also suggested that hormone levels—specifically testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)—may play a protective role against asthma. Women, especially post-puberty, tend to have lower levels of these hormones, possibly explaining their greater vulnerability.

Dr. Sunil noted that recent studies have reinforced the protective role of testosterone in reducing airway inflammation, which is a key concern in asthma management. “This could explain why asthma tends to be more severe in women after puberty,” he said. While hormone testing is not standard in asthma diagnosis yet, he believes that advancing research may soon shift clinical protocols.

Gender-Specific Vulnerability

The study further found that women who had undergone hysterectomies—with or without oophorectomies—also faced a higher risk of moderate to severe asthma, suggesting that hormonal changes could further exacerbate vulnerability.

“Female biology is more sensitive to circadian disruption,” Dr. Sunil pointed out. “Estrogen may worsen airway inflammation when sleep cycles are disturbed, while testosterone seems to offer some protection—something men naturally benefit from.”

He added that these findings should encourage workplaces to consider flexible schedules or regular lung health screenings for female night shift workers.

Underdiagnosed, Underdiscussed

Women working night shifts also reported more frequent symptoms such as wheezing or chest whistling and had greater odds of obstructed lung function compared to their male counterparts.

“In practice, we often see female patients with wheezing and breathlessness, but the link to lifestyle factors like night shifts is rarely discussed,” Dr. Sunil said. “These patterns are crucial for early diagnosis and management but remain under-addressed.”

Could HRT Be a Solution?

Given the hormone connection, researchers suggested that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) might be explored as a preventive measure for postmenopausal women doing night shifts.

“HRT could help balance hormone levels, protect lung function, and reduce inflammation,” Dr. Sunil said. “But it must be approached cautiously, given known risks like blood clots or heart disease. Tailored care strategies and careful risk assessment are key.”