Being dishonest doesn’t come naturally to people, it is a learned virtue, whether out of necessity or pleasure. When kids lie, a lot of it stems from them not wanting to get in trouble, for example, breaking a household item or doing something they were told not to do like running around inside the house. However, when people do learn to tell lies, it can become like a go to tendency for many. It is easier to make something up rather than explaining complex truths.

According to a study published in the Psychological Science 2015, kids start lying around the age of two to three years old. Their habit then progresses rapidly, till the age of 3 and 7.

Not all lies are the same, some are really small and don't hurt anyone, like saying you like someone's new haircut even though you don't. These little white lies often just help keep things smooth and make people feel good. Then there are much bigger lies, like saying someone else did something wrong when they didn't, or lying to people about money. These kinds of lies can cause a lot of damage and have bad consequences for people's lives.

Stress Response of Lying

When we know that being dishonest could really hurt how others see us, the act of lying itself makes our bodies feel stressed. When we tell a lie, things start to happen without us even thinking about it. A 2015 review published in the Current Opinion in Psychology explains that our heart might beat faster, we might start to sweat a little and our mouth can feel really dry. These physical changes are what those old-fashioned lie-detector tests used to try and pick up on.

Some people don't feel as much empathy as others, and they might not have the usual stressed reaction when they lie. The American Psychological Association explains that some people can learn to control their bodies really well and might be able to lie and still pass a lie-detector test. On the other hand, someone who is telling the truth but is just really nervous about being tested might look like they are lying.

Gut-Brain Connection and Extreme Reactions

While it's not common, some people might have a really strong physical reaction to lying, like feeling sick to their stomach or even throwing up a lot. This shows how connected our gut and our brain are. When we feel really anxious, like when we are worried about getting caught in a lie, it can actually make our stomach feel bad. So, for someone who is constantly lying and worried about it, this anxiety could potentially lead to physical sickness.

Living a life where you are often not telling the truth can actually take a toll on your health over time, not just in the moment. Research has suggested that people who lie a lot might have problems like high blood pressure, their heart might beat faster more often, their blood vessels could get tighter, and they might have more stress hormones in their bodies on a regular basis.

Emily Kramer-Golinkoff, 40, today struggles to take in enough oxygen with each breath. She is living with advances cystic fibrosis, which makes simple activities like walking or showering, exhausting for her. She is one of the 40,000 Americans who are affected and are living with the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States.

As per the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that changes a protein in the body. The faulty protein then affects the body's cells, tissues, and the glands that make mucus and sweat. Cystic fibrosis cause mucus to become thick and sticky. As a result, it builds up and causes blockages, damages, or infections.

While most are born with this condition and continue to be on the medication throughout, for Kramer-Golinoff's rare genetic mutation cannot be managed by the same medication that help about 90% of cystic fibrosis patients.

"For our friends who have been lifting from the sinking ship, we feel such pure joy. But we just feel so eager and desperate to join them. It is really hard to be in this minority of people left behind," Kramer-Golinoff told the Associated Press (AP).

Rare Mutation And Its Challenges

The gap between patients with common and rare mutations is a growing concern. Advances in genetic science have uncovered the precise causes behind many brutal diseases, offering treatments to some but not all. Patients with rare mutations often face fewer treatment options and a much grimmer outlook.

Market forces contribute to the problem. Drug companies tend to focus on treatments that serve the largest groups of patients. “You need a sufficiently large number of patients in a major market in order for a company to be interested in going forward,” said Dr. Kiran Musunuru, a gene editing expert at the University of Pennsylvania. He described this reality as "mutational discrimination."

Charities, including Emily’s Entourage—a nonprofit co-founded by Kramer-Golinkoff—are working to change this. Their fundraising efforts have helped jump-start gene therapy research that could benefit patients with any mutation. Although these treatments are likely years away, "just to have these therapies in trials provides so much hope," she told the AP.

To Live With Cystic Fibrosis

Kramer-Golinoff was diagnosed with this condition at just six weeks old. “As I’ve gotten older … my CF has gotten worse, despite all my best efforts to delay it,” she shared with the AP. Before her condition worsened, she earned a master’s degree in bioethics from the University of Pennsylvania, traveled, worked, and spent time with friends. But over time, she developed CF-related diabetes and other complications, including frequent infections. Since the pandemic began, she has lived in isolation with her parents in Greater Philadelphia. “CF is a real monster of a disease,” she said.

Meanwhile, newer therapies known as CFTR modulators have dramatically improved life for many cystic fibrosis patients. However, these drugs don't work for those with rare or unknown mutations, often leaving people from underrepresented groups, including Black patients, at a disadvantage.

A Ray Of Hope

One promising solution is developing "mutation agnostic" gene therapies that would work for all patients, regardless of the specific genetic mutation. “There’s a huge push to develop these therapies," said Dr. Garry Cutting of the Johns Hopkins Cystic Fibrosis Center, as reported by AP.

The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation reports that 14 experimental gene therapies are currently in development. Many aim to deliver a healthy copy of the CFTR gene to patients' cells, enabling proper protein function.

Spirovant Sciences, a company partly funded by Emily’s Entourage, is sponsoring one such therapy. The first patient received it in a 53-week clinical trial at Columbia University last November.

Despite her worsening condition—living with 30% lung function, kidney issues, and pulmonary hypertension—Kramer-Golinkoff remains hopeful. “You have to make really conscientious choices … throughout the day on how to use your limited energy,” she told the AP. “We’re incredibly excited about the promise of gene therapies. They can’t come soon enough.”

Emily Kramer-Golinkoff struggles to breathe easily. Living with advanced cystic fibrosis, she finds everyday tasks like walking and showering draining and difficult.

Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease in the United States, affecting around 40,000 people. Yet Kramer-Golinkoff’s case is particularly challenging because her condition stems from a rare mutation. As a result, the treatments that benefit 90% of cystic fibrosis patients are ineffective for her.

This situation isn’t unique to cystic fibrosis. Across many genetic diseases, major scientific breakthroughs have uncovered hidden mutations behind severe illnesses and led to life-changing treatments. However, for patients with rare genetic variations, therapeutic options remain limited, forcing them to place their hopes in emerging gene therapies.

“We feel pure joy for our friends who have been saved from this sinking ship,” said Kramer-Golinkoff, 40. “But we’re also desperate to join them. It’s incredibly hard to be among the few left behind.”

The difficulty isn’t just scientific—market forces are also at play. Drug companies prioritize developing treatments for the most common mutations to ensure larger markets.

“You need a large enough patient group in a major market for a company to stay interested,” explained Dr. Kiran Musunuru, a gene-editing specialist at the University of Pennsylvania. This results in what he calls “mutational discrimination.”

Charities like Emily’s Entourage, a nonprofit Kramer-Golinkoff helped establish, aim to break these barriers. Their fundraising has fueled early-stage gene therapy research that could benefit patients regardless of their specific mutations.

Although widespread availability of these therapies is still years away, “just having these treatments enter clinical trials provides immense hope,” Kramer-Golinkoff said.

Kramer-Golinkoff’s journey with cystic fibrosis began when she was diagnosed at six weeks old. The disease causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the body due to a malfunctioning CFTR protein, leading to infections, blockages, and organ damage.

Despite her best efforts, her condition has deteriorated over time. She earned a master’s degree in bioethics, traveled, worked, and built friendships, but eventually developed CF-related diabetes and other complications. The pandemic forced her into isolation with her parents in the Greater Philadelphia area.

“CF is truly a monster of a disease,” she said.

Meanwhile, many others with cystic fibrosis have experienced remarkable health improvements thanks to CFTR modulator therapies that correct the defective protein. These treatments significantly boost lung function, alleviate respiratory symptoms, and enhance overall quality of life.

Unfortunately, these modulators aren’t an option for patients with rare or unknown mutations. Gaps in genetic testing, particularly in underrepresented communities, contribute to these inequities. Research indicates that Black cystic fibrosis patients are more likely than white patients to fall into the group who don’t benefit from available therapies.

To address these disparities, scientists are focusing on “mutation-agnostic” gene therapies—treatments designed to work across all mutations. This strategy is gaining traction in diseases affecting both the lungs and the eyes.

“There’s a strong push to develop these therapies,” said Dr. Garry Cutting of the Johns Hopkins Cystic Fibrosis Center.

Most of the 14 experimental gene therapies for cystic fibrosis aim to deliver healthy CFTR genes directly into patients' cells, correcting the underlying defect regardless of the mutation.

One such therapy, partially funded by Emily’s Entourage, began a clinical trial in November at Columbia University. The goal is to assess the treatment’s safety and effectiveness.

Despite her worsening condition—living with just 30% lung function, diabetes, and lung hypertension—Kramer-Golinkoff remains hopeful.

“You have to make careful choices about how to spend your limited energy,” she said. “But we’re incredibly excited about the promise of gene therapies. They can’t come soon enough.”

When we think of sleep, we often imagine a passive, resting state. However, the brain is remarkably active during certain stages of sleep, particularly during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. This unique phase, characterized by vivid dreams and increased brain activity, plays a crucial role in maintaining brain health across the lifespan.

Scientists have long known that sleep is essential for memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and cognitive function. But REM sleep, which makes up about 20-25% of an adult’s sleep cycle, appears to be especially important. During this phase, the brain undergoes processes that not only strengthen neural connections but also clear out potentially harmful waste products that accumulate during waking hours.

One significant study published in *Science*, 2013, demonstrated that sleep, particularly REM and deep sleep stages, enhances the brain’s glymphatic system—a network responsible for removing toxins. Researchers found that during sleep, brain cells shrink slightly, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to wash more freely through the brain tissue, flushing out metabolic waste. Accumulation of such waste, including proteins like beta-amyloid, has been closely linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. This study suggests that insufficient REM sleep could impair the brain’s cleaning system, potentially increasing the risk of cognitive decline over time.

Beyond waste clearance, REM sleep appears to play a vital role in emotional health and learning. A study published in *The Lancet Neurology*, 2020, highlighted that REM sleep enhances the brain’s ability to process and store emotional memories. Participants who achieved more REM sleep after exposure to emotionally charged images were better able to manage their emotional reactions the next day. The findings point to REM sleep as a kind of overnight therapy, helping individuals recalibrate emotional experiences and maintain psychological resilience.

Lack of REM sleep, on the other hand, has been linked to a range of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and even increased susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researchers believe that when REM sleep is disrupted, the brain's ability to regulate emotions falters, potentially leading to heightened emotional reactivity and poorer stress management.

Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that REM sleep might be essential for creativity and problem-solving. During REM, the brain forms novel connections between seemingly unrelated pieces of information—a process thought to underpin moments of insight and creative thought. This might explain why "sleeping on a problem" often leads to a clearer solution the next morning.

Given the importance of REM sleep, ensuring healthy sleep habits becomes critical. Experts recommend maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a restful sleeping environment, and limiting substances like caffeine and alcohol, which can interfere with REM sleep. Additionally, managing stress through mindfulness, exercise, and relaxation techniques can help promote deeper, more restorative sleep.

In a world that often glorifies sleeplessness and hustle culture, recognizing the profound impact of REM sleep on brain health serves as an important reminder: sometimes, the smartest thing you can do for your mind is simply to get a good night’s sleep.