Pneumonia has been feared for its deadliness and unpredictability. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it claimed countless lives. Sir William Osler, often called the father of modern medicine, once referred to pneumonia as “the most fatal of all acute diseases,” as it was responsible for the death of one in four individuals infected during the Civil War.

Though medical advances have significantly reduced the mortality rate, pneumonia still presents a major global health concern. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it sends over 1.4 million Americans to the emergency room annually and causes around 41,000 deaths in the U.S. alone.

So, what exactly is pneumonia, how does it spread, and—most importantly—is it contagious?

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung tissue, most often caused by infections. It can affect one or both lungs and can range from mild to life-threatening, especially in vulnerable populations like the elderly, young children, or those with underlying health conditions.

There are several types of pneumonia, classified based on their causes—bacterial, viral, and fungal—and each has distinct patterns of transmission and severity.

What Causes Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is not a single disease but a syndrome resulting from various infectious agents:

Bacterial Pneumonia: This is the most common type, often developing as a secondary infection after a cold or flu. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent culprit.

Viral Pneumonia: Caused by viruses like influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), this type often starts in the upper respiratory tract and spreads to the lungs.

Fungal Pneumonia: This type is less common and usually affects individuals with weakened immune systems. It's typically contracted through environmental exposure, such as to soil or bird droppings.

Is Pneumonia Contagious?

The answer is both yes and no—depending on the cause. Viral and bacterial pneumonia are contagious forms of the illness, capable of spreading through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or even talks. These droplets, once inhaled, can allow harmful pathogens to infiltrate the lungs and cause infection. In contrast, fungal pneumonia is not contagious and cannot be transmitted from person to person. Instead, it is typically contracted by inhaling spores present in the environment, often found in soil or bird droppings. However, being exposed to a contagious form of pneumonia doesn't necessarily mean an individual will become ill. People with strong immune systems can often fend off the infection without developing symptoms. Those with weakened immunity—such as older adults, young children, or individuals with chronic health conditions—are more susceptible to serious illness from these infections.

Early Warning Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore

Pneumonia can be insidious. It often begins with symptoms that mimic the flu: headache, fatigue, and fever. But as the infection progresses, signs become more serious:

• Persistent cough with green, yellow, or even bloody mucus
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain, especially when breathing or coughing
• High fever, chills, and night sweats
• Confusion, especially in the elderly
• Nausea or loss of appetite

The severity of symptoms often depends on the individual's age, overall health, and the type of pneumonia contracted.

What Is "Walking Pneumonia"?

Walking pneumonia—medically known as Mycoplasma pneumoniae—is a milder form of bacterial pneumonia. It’s dubbed “walking” because people often feel well enough to carry on with their daily routines despite being infected.

Though it’s less severe, it is still contagious and can spread in schools, workplaces, and homes. Symptoms can linger for weeks and include a dry cough, low-grade fever, and fatigue. It's often mistaken for a common cold, which makes controlling its spread more difficult.

Certain groups are more prone to catching pneumonia or suffering severe complications:

• Adults over age 60
• Children under age 2
• Hospitalized patients or those in long-term care facilities
• Individuals with chronic illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, or heart disease
• Smokers and people with compromised immune systems

Seasonality also plays a role—cases spike during colder months as people spend more time indoors in close proximity, facilitating the spread of germs.

How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed and Treated?

Doctors diagnose pneumonia through a combination of clinical examination, chest X-rays, and laboratory tests, including blood work and sputum analysis. The treatment approach depends on the underlying cause of the infection. Bacterial pneumonia is typically treated with antibiotics, and most patients recover within a few days to weeks if treated promptly. Viral pneumonia, on the other hand, is managed with antiviral medications along with supportive care such as rest, hydration, and fever-reducing medications. Fungal pneumonia requires antifungal medications and often involves a longer recovery period. In more severe cases—especially when oxygen levels drop or complications develop—hospitalization may be necessary to ensure proper medical support and monitoring.

How Can You Protect Yourself?

Prevention plays a crucial role in reducing pneumonia cases and severity:

• Pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for older adults and people with certain medical conditions.
• Flu shots help prevent influenza, a major cause of viral pneumonia.
• COVID-19 and RSV vaccines also play a preventive role.
• Wash hands regularly, avoid touching your face, and use hand sanitizer when soap isn't available.
• Don’t smoke, limit alcohol, eat a nutrient-rich diet, and ensure adequate sleep to support a strong immune system.
• Keeping diseases like diabetes, COPD, and heart conditions under control reduces vulnerability.

While pneumonia may not be the lethal giant it once was, it still commands attention—particularly for its contagious potential. Understanding the ways it spreads, the differences between its types, and how to recognize and respond to symptoms can make a world of difference.

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world, many studies and experts predicted that COVID-19 is here to stay. While the extent to with it would affect an individual's health may have gone down, the virus, in fact, has continued to stay, and mutated. Almost like a viral fever, every year, there is a new variant and the virus seems to make head lines all over again.

This year, COVID-10 made a come back when Singapore and Hong Kong reported a spike in its cases. As per the Ministry of Health, the spike in the cases is attributed to the new variant, which is said to be on the loose - LF.7 and NB.1.8.1. These two are descendants of the JN.1 variant.

COVID-19 Variants In 2025

As per the World Health Organization, as of May 23, 2025, the following COVID-19 variants are currently circulating and are under monitoring:

KP.3 - This is a sub lineage of the JN.1, which comes from the Omicron variant. It evolved from the JN.1 and has a very similar structure too, with only two changes in spike as compared to JN.1. It also causes gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, etc. apart from the other common COVID-19 symptoms.

KP.3.1.1 - As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), KP.3.1.1, of the Omicron family, is the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant, which is an offshoot from within the KP.3 family.

LB.1 - It is said to be a spinoff of JN.1 with additional mutation, which sets it apart from the other strains.

XEC - As per the CDC and WHO, it is a highly transmissible coronavirus subvariant that comes from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain. What makes it different is its hybrid result from a merger and rearrangement of two pre-existing COVID subvariants: Omicron sub-lineages KP.3.3, and KS.1.1.

LP.8.1 - This is also a variant of SARS-CoV-2, a descendant of the JN.1 lineage, with notable mutation in the spike protein. However, its ability to spread is not fully understood. Although, the resistance of LP.8.1 is similar to that of XEC and KP.3.1.1 across all serum groups tested. These results suggest that while LP.8.1 has lower pseudovirus infectivity than JN.1, its immune resistance is comparable to XEC and KP.3.1.1.

NB.1.8.1 - This is the new mutation causing a spike in cases in China and is part of the Omicron family. However, this means that the current vaccines and immunity from the recent infections should provide some protection against it. This is a highly contagious mutated variant, which has been detected in several US states and have prompted concerns among medical and health professionals.

As per Nebraska Medicine, this variant makes up for the 73% of cases in the US.

ALSO READ: Covid Cases Surge In Singapore: What Do We Know About The New Variant On The Loose?

Which Variant Is Active In India?

Like most of the active variants from the WHO list of variants under monitoring (VUM) comes from JN.1, the case of India is no different.

The current active variant in India is JN.1, which is a subvariant of the Omicron, which has evolved from the BA.2.86 variant, also known as Pirola. This was first identified in Luxembourg in 2023. Since then, it has spread to other parts of the world, including India.

It is more transmissible than the previous variants, the reason being, its specific mutations in its spike protein. These mutations help the variant to bind to humans easily.

As per the Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (NSACOG) data, India has reported cases of LF.7 and NB.1.8.1 cases, both of which are descendants of JN.1.

The other common variants in India, apart from the JN.1, which comprises of the 53% of samples which have been tested as of now, are BA.2 with 26% cases, and other Omicron sub lineages at 20% of cases.

Starting a family is a very personal experience—one that comes with optimism, questions, and sometimes, unforeseen setbacks. If you've been the one asking, "Is it too early or too late for IVF?" or "How many attempts can we make before we give up?"—you're not the only one. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) has brought new possibilities to couples fighting infertility, but timing, expectations, and psychological preparation are vital. From biological clocks to financial realities, understanding when and how to begin IVF can make all the difference.

An IVF expert helps break down all the elements involved in conceiving via In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). As assisted reproduction becomes more prominent and mainstream, it's important to consider IVF from a broader picture than the mere clinical procedure. Whether one is successful or not with IVF depends on an intricate mix of biology, preparedness, and timing—factors that are very personal and specific to each and every individual and couple.

Why Timing in IVF Matters?

Timing in IVF is not so much a matter of calendar or age—it is a question of coordinating physical health, emotional readiness, and financial capability.

Biologically, age plays a pivotal role, particularly for women. A woman is born with all the eggs she will ever possess, and as she gets older, both the number and quality of these eggs decrease. This natural decline generally becomes appreciable after age 30 and more sharply after 35. In Dr. Pavithra M, Fertility Consultant at Garbhagudi IVF Centre's opinion, "The best time for a woman to opt for IVF is between her early to mid-30s. Fertility starts decreasing gradually from age 30, and after 35, the possibilities fall sharply." Conversely, men have a more insidious decline in fertility, with sperm quality usually decreasing after 40–45 years of age. Reduced motility, sperm density, and elevated DNA fragmentation can impact IVF success when paternal age is increased. While men can theoretically sire children at older ages, older paternal age has been linked to greater conception and pregnancy complications.

IVF initiated at an earlier reproductive age offers higher chances of success per cycle, requires fewer attempts, and can be more cost-effective. “Success rates are significantly higher in younger women,” says Dr. Pavithra. “That’s why early intervention is key.”

How Many Times Can Couples Try IVF?

IVF is not a single-process affair, and the number of attempts necessary can range widely. Although there is no theoretical limit to the number of cycles an individual or couple may attempt, professionals insist on a realistic strategy.

"Usually, if the patient has failed to conceive after three to four IVF cycles, it might not be worth continuing," says Dr. Pavithra. She adds that repeated failure of cycles deserve a more in-depth examination of protocols, lifestyle influences, and possible underlying pathology.

For others, it is in the first or second try. For others, it may be six or more. But the process is physically and psychologically draining. Many insurance policies don't entirely cover fertility treatment, so couples are left with significant out-of-pocket costs. Aside from cost, the bodily and psychological price of hormone shots, egg retrieval, and successive failures is significant.

Clinically, once three to six cycles have failed, physicians usually re-evaluate everything right from the embryo quality to uterine status and even immunological variables. "Every failed cycle is also a diagnostic," Dr. Pavithra says. "We know more about the reproductive health of the couple after each attempt."

Waiting Between IVF Cycles: How Long Should You Pause?

The mind and body require time to recuperate between IVF cycles. Experts normally advise a break of one to three months between tries, depending on how the person has coped physically and emotionally.

"The waiting time between cycles is very important for emotional recuperation," says Dr. Pavithra. "It also provides time to analyze embryo growth from the previous cycle, make necessary changes to protocols, and mentally prepare for the next step."

In some situations—particularly with diminished ovarian reserve or age-related drop)—physicians might start another cycle in as brief a time as a month. This accelerated timing is often selected if waiting would result in a subsequent diminishment of egg quantity and quality. It is not typically recommended, though, to hurry into back-to-back cycles, because physical stress can compromise oocyte (egg) quality and affect results.

What if IVF Fails?

When IVF fails the first time, there is usually an emotional rollercoaster for couples. Understand that a failed cycle does not necessarily mean something is "wrong" with you—but it may indicate that further investigation is needed.

About 50–70% of implantation failure is due to chromosomal defects in the embryo. Other problems are due to poor development or inadequate lab conditions on the embryo side. On the maternal side, some causes of failure include uterine abnormalities such as fibroids or polyps, thin endometrium, or even immunological disorders.

"Sometimes" and even with" all" being "good quality eggs," "embryos," and "a healthy uterus," implantation just doesn't happen," explains Dr. Pavithra. "Those are termed idiopathic or unexplained cases." In these cases, additional testing would usually be carried out to detect any immunological reasons why" the body is rejecting the embryo, and treatment would be designed to curb overactive immune reactions.

Hormonal instability, endometriosis, blood clot disorders, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol drinking, or major weight concerns also contribute to outcomes. IVF involves considering the whole person, usually with lifestyle changes alongside medical treatments.

What Couples Should Expect?

IVF is not just a fertility treatment, it is a journey that is as much diagnostic as it is therapeutic. For several couples, IVF is the start of an understanding of their reproductive well-being. Even though pregnancy may not be achieved in the first try, the process provides insight into egg quality, sperm condition, and the body's reaction to assisted reproduction.

Couples have to enter this process educated and emotionally equipped. They need to be patient, resilient, and realistic. While science and medicine can lay out the route, the choice of when to begin, how many times to attempt, and when to stop or take a break is a highly personal decision.

Statistics reveal that the majority of successful IVF pregnancies happen during the first three to six cycles, but there can be variations depending on age, reason for infertility, and other medical factors. The process tends to be non-linear, and support in any form—whether from medical providers, therapists, or loved ones—can be the turning point.

Is There A "Perfect Timing"?

In the end, the optimal time to start IVF is not a number, but rather defined by personal health, relationship maturity, and life situation. For certain individuals, beginning in one's early 30s can be the highest likelihood of success. For others, IVF at an older age is still a viable and worthwhile option—particularly with newer developments such as egg freezing and donor assistance.

As Dr. Pavithra notes, "IVF is a journey of hope, science, and strength. It's crucial that couples don't lose hope with one or even more failed attempts. Every step brings us closer to knowing what the body needs to nourish new life."

Miley Cyrus has proven her longevity and love for her craft as a musician, known for her extensive career, spanning from her time as Disney’s Hannah Montana, to her recent achievements as a singer. Recently she shared the reason behind her signature singing style, sharing that her famous raspy voice is due to a rare voice condition called Reinke’s edema. She explained that this condition also makes singing live incredibly challenging.

People and fans had noticed the shift in Miley’s voice, which is much more apparent when you listen to her early music or interviews, and compare them to her current songs.

During an interview in Apple Music’s "The Zane Lowe Show," Cyrus described Reinke’s edema as a form of "abuse of the vocal cords" that she’s had for a long time. She admitted that her lifestyle in her early twenties, which included a lot of late nights as a performer, staying up late, drinking, and smoking after shows. She admitted that these things didn't help her condition, as her voice continued to shift. However, she emphasized that these habits didn't cause the condition, as her voice always had that unique quality.

How Did Her Voice Change Over Time?

Cyrus explained that she has a large polyp on her vocal cord, which gave her a lot of tone and the texture to her voice, saying it made her who she is today.

Despite making her voice distinctive, the condition makes performing live very difficult. She compared it to "running a marathon with ankle weights on." Even just talking by the end of the day can be exhausting, leading to a deep, tired vocal sound that her mom notices.

What is Reinke's Edema?

According to StatPearls journal, Reinke’s edema is a condition that causes the vocal cords to swell. It's also known by other names like vocal cord edema or polypoid corditis. While it's most common in people who smoke for a long time, it can also affect individuals with acid reflux or those who frequently use their voice, like singers. In some cases, the swelling can even form growths that look like small polyps on the vocal cords.

This condition is quite rare, affecting less than 1% of the population and it causes a noticable shift in a person’s vocal abilities you may notice how people who have this condition have

• Hoarseness or a raspy voice
• A deeper-sounding voice
• Trouble speaking loudly

What Causes Reinke's Edema?

The Cleveland Clinic explains that the most common reason people develop Reinke's edema is long-term smoking. The chemicals in smoke severely irritate the vocal cords. Other things that can lead to this condition include

Acid reflux (GERD/LPR), which is a condition where stomach acid can travel up to your throat and irritate your vocal cords.

Being around irritants for a long time can also be a cause as this means breathing in chemicals or other substances that can harm your throat.

Overusing or straining your voice, meaning you may be constantly speaking, singing, or shouting in ways that put too much stress on your vocal cords can also contribute.

Is There A Cure?

There are different ways to treat Reinke’s edema, including both surgery and non-surgical methods. Surgery might involve using a laser or small tools to remove the swollen tissue. Non-surgical approaches include speech therapy and addressing the root causes, such as quitting smoking or taking medication for acid reflux.

However, Miley Cyrus is currently choosing to avoid surgery. She's not willing to sever the tissue that causes this vocal fry, because of the chance that she wakes up from the surgery and doesn’t sound like herself. Despite the difficulties it presents performing, Cyrus sees the condition as an integral part of what makes her voice so unique.