Health and Me

Tanya Dutt

Primary vs. Secondary Lymphedema: What Is The Swelling That Won’t Go Away? Signs To Spot Early

Lymphedema is a progressive and chronic condition resulting from the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues of the body, causing swelling. Swelling results when the lymphatic system cannot effectively drain protein-rich fluid from the interstitium—a fluid-filled space between internal structures such as organs and muscles and the skin.

Lymphedema swelling may appear in different areas of the body, depending on the severity and advancement of the condition. The most frequently involved areas are the arms and legs, where fluid accumulation is typically most apparent. Lymphedema may, however, involve more sensitive or less conspicuous areas like the genitals, face, and neck. Sometimes the swelling can be in the wall of the chest or even the oral cavity itself, causing inconvenience and functional compromise. The place of swelling depends on the nature of the etiology—either primary or secondary lymphedema—and can actually have a deep impact on a patient's life.

Outside of physical pain and deformity, lymphedema frequently has psychological and social costs. Patients can suffer from pain, decreased mobility, and emotional distress because of swelling that is noticeable or because of ongoing therapy.

<h2>Primary vs. <span rel="noindex">Secondary Lymphedema</span>: What's the Difference?</h2>

<span>Primary Lymphedema</span> is uncommon and usually resultant from birth defects or genetic mutations in the lymphatic system. It occurs in about 1 out of 100,000 individuals.

Secondary Lymphedema is more prevalent, occurring in approximately 1 in 1,000 individuals in the U.S. It arises as a result of injury or blockage of lymph vessels by external factors, including:

<ul><li>Cancer therapies (such as radiation or surgery)</li><li>Infections</li><li>Trauma</li><li>Chronic venous insufficiency</li></ul>

Primary lymphedema is comparatively uncommon, occurring in about 1 in 100,000 people. It is a result of congenital or genetic malformations of the lymphatic system. Dr. Manokaran clarifies, "This condition can occur at birth, during puberty, or even later in adulthood. It usually happens without a visible cause but is based on the patient's genetic structure."

Diagnosis is generally based on careful patient history and sophisticated imaging procedures like lymphangiograms, lymphoscintigrams, or MR lymphangiograms, which provide visualization of structural defects in the lymphatic channels.

Treatment starts conservatively with manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), compression bandaging, and stringent skin hygiene to minimize fluid accumulation and prevent infections. For advanced cases, surgical interventions such as lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) are options. "Microsurgical procedures such as LVA are game-changers for patients whose symptoms don't respond to conservative therapies," explains Dr. Manokaran.

Secondary lymphedema is much more prevalent, affecting about 1 in 1,000 individuals in the United States — frequently as a consequence of cancer therapy, infection, trauma, or surgery. "The etiology is widespread," states Dr. Manokaran, "from parasitic infection in the tropics to post-mastectomy swelling in breast cancer patients."

Infection-related cases can be managed initially with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. But when the condition is chronic, more aggressive interventions are required. These involve surgical removal of fibrotic tissue or advanced reconstructive techniques such as lymph node transfer or super microsurgery, especially when lymphatic function has been severely impaired.

Patient history continues to be a mainstay of diagnosis in secondary lymphedema, since knowledge of the precipitating event can influence the entire treatment strategy.

Though caused by different factors, both forms of lymphedema share common symptoms, such as:

<ul><li>Swelling in limbs or proximal regions such as the chest, genitals, and face</li><li>Limited range of motion</li><li>Heaviness and tightness of limbs</li><li>Pain, changed sensations, and color changes in the skin</li></ul>

These symptoms can hinder daily functioning, so early identification is important. "Delayed treatment can lead to irreversible tissue damage," warns Dr. Manokaran.

Complete healing is still a pipedream, particularly in cases of advanced status. Still, in stage 1 (early-stage lymphedema), usually reversal is feasible through vigilant treatment. The intent is symptom management, diminishment of swelling, and forestalling progression of the disease.

Early detection is important. Those at risk — including cancer patients, those with a family history, or those in endemic areas — need to watch their bodies carefully and take preventative measures such as lymphatic massage and compression garments.

<h2>Management Strategies to Live with Lymphedema</h2>

Since lymphedema can impair skin health, daily skin care and moisturizing are very important. Even small cuts or scrapes can quickly become infected, so it's important to clean wounds immediately and apply sunscreen and insect repellent when in the sun.

Loose clothing, resting swollen extremities, and the avoidance of constrictive jewelry can all help alleviate discomfort. Proper sitting — with legs flat and the avoidance of leg crossing — can also facilitate smooth fluid movement. Compression wear for regular travelers, particularly by plane, is highly advisable.

A symptom diary assists both patients and practitioners in making adjustments to treatment programs. Be on the lookout for changes in swelling, coloration of the skin, or feelings. 

Chronic illness may have psychological consequences. Meeting with support groups or talking with a mental health professional can bring emotional relief and strengthen resilience. "Patients shouldn't underestimate the value of mental health care to treat lymphedema," asserts Dr. Manokaran.

A healthy, balanced diet packed with fruits, vegetables, and lean protein benefits the lymphatic system. A healthy intake of water maintains fluid balance in the body.

Although primary and secondary lymphedema are different in cause and treatment processes, both need early diagnosis, individualized treatment, and a multidisciplinary team approach. With greater awareness, patient activism, and improved medical and surgical procedures, living well with lymphedema is absolutely feasible. 

<em>Dr. G. Manokaran, MBBS, MS General Surgery, MCh Plastic Surgery at Apollo Spectra Hospital, Chennai in India</em>

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Lymphedema is a progressive and chronic condition resulting from the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the tissues of the body, causing swelling. Swelling results when the lymphatic system cannot effectively drain protein-rich fluid from the interstitium—a fluid-filled space between internal structures such as organs and muscles and the skin.Lymphedema swelling may appear in different areas of the body, depending on the severity and advancement of the condition. The most frequently involved areas are the arms and legs, where fluid accumulation is typically most apparent. Lymphedema may, however, involve more sensitive or less conspicuous areas like the genitals, face, and neck. Sometimes the swelling can be in the wall of the chest or even the oral cavity itself, causing inconvenience and functional compromise. The place of swelling depends on the nature of the etiology—either primary or secondary lymphedema—and can actually have a deep impact on a patient's life.Outside of physical pain and deformity, lymphedema frequently has psychological and social costs. Patients can suffer from pain, decreased mobility, and emotional distress because of swelling that is noticeable or because of ongoing therapy.Primary vs. Secondary Lymphedema: What's the Difference?Primary Lymphedema is uncommon and usually resultant from birth defects or genetic mutations in the lymphatic system. It occurs in about 1 out of 100,000 individuals.Secondary Lymphedema is more prevalent, occurring in approximately 1 in 1,000 individuals in the U.S. It arises as a result of injury or blockage of lymph vessels by external factors, including:Cancer therapies (such as radiation or surgery)InfectionsTraumaChronic venous insufficiencyPrimary lymphedema is comparatively uncommon, occurring in about 1 in 100,000 people. It is a result of congenital or genetic malformations of the lymphatic system. Dr. Manokaran clarifies, "This condition can occur at birth, during puberty, or even later in adulthood. It usually happens without a visible cause but is based on the patient's genetic structure."Diagnosis is generally based on careful patient history and sophisticated imaging procedures like lymphangiograms, lymphoscintigrams, or MR lymphangiograms, which provide visualization of structural defects in the lymphatic channels.Treatment starts conservatively with manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), compression bandaging, and stringent skin hygiene to minimize fluid accumulation and prevent infections. For advanced cases, surgical interventions such as lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) are options. "Microsurgical procedures such as LVA are game-changers for patients whose symptoms don't respond to conservative therapies," explains Dr. Manokaran.Secondary lymphedema is much more prevalent, affecting about 1 in 1,000 individuals in the United States — frequently as a consequence of cancer therapy, infection, trauma, or surgery. "The etiology is widespread," states Dr. Manokaran, "from parasitic infection in the tropics to post-mastectomy swelling in breast cancer patients."Infection-related cases can be managed initially with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. But when the condition is chronic, more aggressive interventions are required. These involve surgical removal of fibrotic tissue or advanced reconstructive techniques such as lymph node transfer or super microsurgery, especially when lymphatic function has been severely impaired.Patient history continues to be a mainstay of diagnosis in secondary lymphedema, since knowledge of the precipitating event can influence the entire treatment strategy.Symptoms of LymphedemaThough caused by different factors, both forms of lymphedema share common symptoms, such as:Swelling in limbs or proximal regions such as the chest, genitals, and faceLimited range of motionHeaviness and tightness of limbsPain, changed sensations, and color changes in the skinThese symptoms can hinder daily functioning, so early identification is important. "Delayed treatment can lead to irreversible tissue damage," warns Dr. Manokaran.Is Lymphedema Reversible?Complete healing is still a pipedream, particularly in cases of advanced status. Still, in stage 1 (early-stage lymphedema), usually reversal is feasible through vigilant treatment. The intent is symptom management, diminishment of swelling, and forestalling progression of the disease.Early detection is important. Those at risk — including cancer patients, those with a family history, or those in endemic areas — need to watch their bodies carefully and take preventative measures such as lymphatic massage and compression garments.Management Strategies to Live with LymphedemaMaintain Skin IntegritySince lymphedema can impair skin health, daily skin care and moisturizing are very important. Even small cuts or scrapes can quickly become infected, so it's important to clean wounds immediately and apply sunscreen and insect repellent when in the sun.Adopt Supportive HabitsLoose clothing, resting swollen extremities, and the avoidance of constrictive jewelry can all help alleviate discomfort. Proper sitting — with legs flat and the avoidance of leg crossing — can also facilitate smooth fluid movement. Compression wear for regular travelers, particularly by plane, is highly advisable.Track SymptomsA symptom diary assists both patients and practitioners in making adjustments to treatment programs. Be on the lookout for changes in swelling, coloration of the skin, or feelings. Maintain Emotional WellnessChronic illness may have psychological consequences. Meeting with support groups or talking with a mental health professional can bring emotional relief and strengthen resilience. "Patients shouldn't underestimate the value of mental health care to treat lymphedema," asserts Dr. Manokaran.Nourish the BodyA healthy, balanced diet packed with fruits, vegetables, and lean protein benefits the lymphatic system. A healthy intake of water maintains fluid balance in the body.Although primary and secondary lymphedema are different in cause and treatment processes, both need early diagnosis, individualized treatment, and a multidisciplinary team approach. With greater awareness, patient activism, and improved medical and surgical procedures, living well with lymphedema is absolutely feasible. Dr. G. Manokaran, MBBS, MS General Surgery, MCh Plastic Surgery at Apollo Spectra Hospital, Chennai in India

primary vs. secondary lymphedema: what is the swelling that won’t go away? signs to spot early

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Yeztugo, a powerful, long-acting injection developed by Gilead Sciences, as a twice-yearly preventive treatment against HIV. The move has ignited widespread hope among global health advocates, signaling what many believe to be the dawn of a new era in HIV prevention.

With a 99.9% success rate in preventing HIV transmission in clinical trials, this injectable therapy formally known as lenacapavir, offers a revolutionary alternative to daily pills and could dramatically reshape the global HIV landscape.

<h2>Why Is <span rel="noindex">HIV Drug</span> Approval Such a Big Deal?</h2>

For more than 40 years, HIV has eluded a vaccine. While treatment has transformed HIV into a manageable chronic condition for millions, preventing new infections has remained a formidable challenge. Daily oral PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), such as Truvada, has helped, but adherence is difficult for many especially in vulnerable populations.

That’s where Yeztugo changes the game. Its unique mechanism, longevity, and ease of use have the potential to overcome the barriers of daily pill regimens. Administered once every six months by a healthcare provider, it’s the longest-lasting PrEP option ever approved.

“This is a historic day in the decades-long fight against HIV,” said Daniel O’Day, CEO of Gilead Sciences. “We believe this marks a turning point.”

Lenacapavir is not a vaccine. Instead, it is an antiretroviral that blocks HIV from infecting immune cells and replicating. What sets it apart is its ability to stay in the body for extended periods, providing protection for six months with a single shot.

Gilead conducted two major trials to test the drug’s efficacy in over 2,000 cisgender women in sub-Saharan Africa, the injection showed 100% prevention of HIV infection.

A parallel trial involving men who have sex with men and gender-diverse individuals showed a 99.9% effectiveness rate, with only two breakthrough infections. These outcomes, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, led Science to name lenacapavir its 2024 “Breakthrough of the Year.”

Reported side effects were minimal, limited mostly to injection site irritation, headaches, and nausea.

<h2>How The New Drug Affects HIV Treatment And Prevention?</h2>

Interestingly, lenacapavir didn’t start as a preventive drug. It was initially approved in 2022 (under the brand name Sunlenca) for treating drug-resistant HIV.

Researchers at Gilead quickly recognized two features that made it ideal for prevention: its long half-life and its ability to disrupt multiple stages of the HIV life cycle.

“We saw a fantastic protective effect after just one injection—even in non-human primate studies,” said Tomas Cihlar, Gilead’s VP of Virology. “That’s when we realized we had to pursue prevention aggressively.”

In many ways, yes—at least for now. While lenacapavir isn’t a vaccine in the traditional sense, its efficacy closely mimics one. And since traditional HIV vaccine development has repeatedly hit roadblocks, some experts believe lenacapavir may be the next best thing.

“Lenacapavir used by itself for prevention is a huge breakthrough,” said Dr. David Ho of Columbia University, a pioneer in HIV research. “Its potential to curb the epidemic is enormous.”

Yet ironically, the drug’s success could make it harder to develop a conventional vaccine. Why? Because it would now be unethical to assign people a placebo in vaccine trials when such a highly effective alternative exists.

While the science is exciting, several real-world challenges could stand in the way of Yeztugo’s success, cost, access, and policy chief among them.

Previous injectable PrEP options like cabotegravir, approved in 2021, came with hefty price tags and have yet to make a meaningful global impact. Gilead has not yet announced pricing for Yeztugo, but there’s concern it may follow suit.

Additionally, logistical barriers remain. Yeztugo must be administered in a clinic by a healthcare provider and requires that recipients test negative for HIV before each shot. That’s a significant hurdle for high-risk individuals in low-resource settings.

“There’s huge promise here, but we’ve built a jet without a runway,” said Hui Yang of the Global Fund to Fight HIV, TB, and Malaria. “If we don’t address distribution, affordability, and systemic barriers, the science won’t matter.”

<h2>Who Gets Access To HIV Injection?</h2>

Gilead has signed royalty-free licensing deals with six manufacturers to produce lenacapavir generics in 120 low- and middle-income countries. But critics point out that many middle-income nations, such as some in Latin America, are left out.

Meanwhile, in the U.S., states with strong support for PrEP programs have already seen a 38% decline in HIV infections. In contrast, states without similar support saw a 27% increase, according to The Lancet HIV.

With Medicaid cuts looming and the Supreme Court considering a case that could overturn the requirement for insurers to cover PrEP without copays, the long-term reach of Yeztugo may be compromised.

“We could be standing on the verge of eliminating new HIV infections,” said Carl Schmid of the HIV+Hepatitis Policy Institute. “But without the right policies, this will remain a medical miracle out of reach for too many.”

<h2>What Comes Next In the HIV Battle?</h2>

Gilead is already working on a once-a-year formulation of lenacapavir to make prevention even more accessible. The Global Fund aims to reach two million new PrEP users in the next three years, and Yeztugo could be pivotal to that goal.

There’s also ongoing research into self-administered versions of the injection, which would help reduce the need for in-clinic visits—especially vital for reaching marginalized populations.

The FDA’s approval of Yeztugo is more than a regulatory milestone—it’s a paradigm shift in HIV prevention strategy. Whether this breakthrough can live up to its promise will depend on how quickly and equitably it can be delivered.

hiv drug

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Yeztugo, a powerful, long-acting injection developed by Gilead Sciences, as a twice-yearly preventive treatment against HIV. The move has ignited widespread hope among global health advocates, signaling what many believe to be the dawn of a new era in HIV prevention.With a 99.9% success rate in preventing HIV transmission in clinical trials, this injectable therapy formally known as lenacapavir, offers a revolutionary alternative to daily pills and could dramatically reshape the global HIV landscape.Why Is HIV Drug Approval Such a Big Deal?For more than 40 years, HIV has eluded a vaccine. While treatment has transformed HIV into a manageable chronic condition for millions, preventing new infections has remained a formidable challenge. Daily oral PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), such as Truvada, has helped, but adherence is difficult for many especially in vulnerable populations.That’s where Yeztugo changes the game. Its unique mechanism, longevity, and ease of use have the potential to overcome the barriers of daily pill regimens. Administered once every six months by a healthcare provider, it’s the longest-lasting PrEP option ever approved.“This is a historic day in the decades-long fight against HIV,” said Daniel O’Day, CEO of Gilead Sciences. “We believe this marks a turning point.”How Does Yeztugo Work?Lenacapavir is not a vaccine. Instead, it is an antiretroviral that blocks HIV from infecting immune cells and replicating. What sets it apart is its ability to stay in the body for extended periods, providing protection for six months with a single shot.Gilead conducted two major trials to test the drug’s efficacy in over 2,000 cisgender women in sub-Saharan Africa, the injection showed 100% prevention of HIV infection.A parallel trial involving men who have sex with men and gender-diverse individuals showed a 99.9% effectiveness rate, with only two breakthrough infections. These outcomes, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, led Science to name lenacapavir its 2024 “Breakthrough of the Year.”Reported side effects were minimal, limited mostly to injection site irritation, headaches, and nausea.How The New Drug Affects HIV Treatment And Prevention?Interestingly, lenacapavir didn’t start as a preventive drug. It was initially approved in 2022 (under the brand name Sunlenca) for treating drug-resistant HIV.Researchers at Gilead quickly recognized two features that made it ideal for prevention: its long half-life and its ability to disrupt multiple stages of the HIV life cycle.“We saw a fantastic protective effect after just one injection—even in non-human primate studies,” said Tomas Cihlar, Gilead’s VP of Virology. “That’s when we realized we had to pursue prevention aggressively.”Could This Replace HIV Vaccine?In many ways, yes—at least for now. While lenacapavir isn’t a vaccine in the traditional sense, its efficacy closely mimics one. And since traditional HIV vaccine development has repeatedly hit roadblocks, some experts believe lenacapavir may be the next best thing.“Lenacapavir used by itself for prevention is a huge breakthrough,” said Dr. David Ho of Columbia University, a pioneer in HIV research. “Its potential to curb the epidemic is enormous.”Yet ironically, the drug’s success could make it harder to develop a conventional vaccine. Why? Because it would now be unethical to assign people a placebo in vaccine trials when such a highly effective alternative exists.Is There A the Catch?While the science is exciting, several real-world challenges could stand in the way of Yeztugo’s success, cost, access, and policy chief among them.Previous injectable PrEP options like cabotegravir, approved in 2021, came with hefty price tags and have yet to make a meaningful global impact. Gilead has not yet announced pricing for Yeztugo, but there’s concern it may follow suit.Additionally, logistical barriers remain. Yeztugo must be administered in a clinic by a healthcare provider and requires that recipients test negative for HIV before each shot. That’s a significant hurdle for high-risk individuals in low-resource settings.“There’s huge promise here, but we’ve built a jet without a runway,” said Hui Yang of the Global Fund to Fight HIV, TB, and Malaria. “If we don’t address distribution, affordability, and systemic barriers, the science won’t matter.”Who Gets Access To HIV Injection?Gilead has signed royalty-free licensing deals with six manufacturers to produce lenacapavir generics in 120 low- and middle-income countries. But critics point out that many middle-income nations, such as some in Latin America, are left out.Meanwhile, in the U.S., states with strong support for PrEP programs have already seen a 38% decline in HIV infections. In contrast, states without similar support saw a 27% increase, according to The Lancet HIV.With Medicaid cuts looming and the Supreme Court considering a case that could overturn the requirement for insurers to cover PrEP without copays, the long-term reach of Yeztugo may be compromised.“We could be standing on the verge of eliminating new HIV infections,” said Carl Schmid of the HIV+Hepatitis Policy Institute. “But without the right policies, this will remain a medical miracle out of reach for too many.”What Comes Next In the HIV Battle?Gilead is already working on a once-a-year formulation of lenacapavir to make prevention even more accessible. The Global Fund aims to reach two million new PrEP users in the next three years, and Yeztugo could be pivotal to that goal.There’s also ongoing research into self-administered versions of the injection, which would help reduce the need for in-clinic visits—especially vital for reaching marginalized populations.The FDA’s approval of Yeztugo is more than a regulatory milestone—it’s a paradigm shift in HIV prevention strategy. Whether this breakthrough can live up to its promise will depend on how quickly and equitably it can be delivered.

fda approves hiv shot that’s 99.9% effective; is this the beginning of the end for the viral epidemic?

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When wildfires rage, the first and most visible impact is on air quality. Thick, smoky skies push people indoors to avoid breathing in the hazardous particles. But a new study warns that this very move—to stay safe from smoke—could make people more vulnerable to contagious respiratory illnesses like influenza and <span>COVID-19</span>.

The findings, published in PLOS Climate by researchers from Georgetown University, suggest that increased indoor crowding during <span>wildfire</span> events could create the perfect storm for airborne viruses to spread more easily.

To understand this link, researchers used anonymized mobile phone data tracking visits to more than 4.6 million locations across the United States—ranging from parks and trails to malls and restaurants. They focused particularly on the 2020 wildfire season in Oregon and Washington, when large-scale fires blanketed the states in thick smoke between July and November.

Air quality data helped identify the counties hit hardest. The researchers then compared changes in people’s movements before, during, and after the wildfires.

<h4>People Headed Indoors—and Stayed There</h4>

The analysis showed a clear shift: as the wildfires worsened, people sought refuge indoors.

<ul><li>In Oregon, indoor activity jumped by 14%.</li><li>In Washington, it rose by nearly 11%.</li><li>Major cities like Seattle and Portland saw even bigger increases—16% and 11%, respectively.</li></ul>

More time indoors means more shared air—and a greater chance for viruses to spread among those sharing that space.

<h4>Why This Matters for <span rel="noindex">Flu</span> and COVID-19</h4>

Respiratory viruses like the flu and COVID-19 thrive in enclosed environments, especially where ventilation is poor and people are in close contact. The researchers used computer models to estimate the likely increase in infection rates caused by this behavioral shift.

Their findings? Crowded indoor spaces during wildfire events could significantly boost peak infection numbers—unless precautionary measures are taken.

Fortunately, there’s a simple step that could help counter this risk: mask-wearing indoors.

“Even a modest increase in mask use—just 10%—can help reduce the peak of infection during wildfires,” the researchers wrote. In some places, like Washington County in Oregon or Yakima County in Washington, more robust measures (over 50% masking rates) may be needed to truly reduce transmission.

<h4>Planning Ahead for a Warming World</h4>

As wildfires become more frequent and intense due to climate change, public health officials must start thinking ahead—not just about air quality but also about how people behave in response.

“Our study shows that emergencies like wildfires don’t just affect the environment—they also change how we live day to day,” said lead researcher Giulia Pullano, a postdoctoral fellow in epidemiology. “If we understand that, we can prepare better.”

In short: what protects us from wildfire smoke might leave us exposed to something else. But with awareness and action, communities can stay safe on both fronts.

COVID-19

health and wellness

wildfire

coronavirus

respiratory diseases

When wildfires rage, the first and most visible impact is on air quality. Thick, smoky skies push people indoors to avoid breathing in the hazardous particles. But a new study warns that this very move—to stay safe from smoke—could make people more vulnerable to contagious respiratory illnesses like influenza and COVID-19.The findings, published in PLOS Climate by researchers from Georgetown University, suggest that increased indoor crowding during wildfire events could create the perfect storm for airborne viruses to spread more easily.What the Study Looked AtTo understand this link, researchers used anonymized mobile phone data tracking visits to more than 4.6 million locations across the United States—ranging from parks and trails to malls and restaurants. They focused particularly on the 2020 wildfire season in Oregon and Washington, when large-scale fires blanketed the states in thick smoke between July and November.Air quality data helped identify the counties hit hardest. The researchers then compared changes in people’s movements before, during, and after the wildfires.People Headed Indoors—and Stayed ThereThe analysis showed a clear shift: as the wildfires worsened, people sought refuge indoors.In Oregon, indoor activity jumped by 14%.In Washington, it rose by nearly 11%.Major cities like Seattle and Portland saw even bigger increases—16% and 11%, respectively.More time indoors means more shared air—and a greater chance for viruses to spread among those sharing that space.Why This Matters for Flu and COVID-19Respiratory viruses like the flu and COVID-19 thrive in enclosed environments, especially where ventilation is poor and people are in close contact. The researchers used computer models to estimate the likely increase in infection rates caused by this behavioral shift.Their findings? Crowded indoor spaces during wildfire events could significantly boost peak infection numbers—unless precautionary measures are taken.Masking Can Make a DifferenceFortunately, there’s a simple step that could help counter this risk: mask-wearing indoors.“Even a modest increase in mask use—just 10%—can help reduce the peak of infection during wildfires,” the researchers wrote. In some places, like Washington County in Oregon or Yakima County in Washington, more robust measures (over 50% masking rates) may be needed to truly reduce transmission.Planning Ahead for a Warming WorldAs wildfires become more frequent and intense due to climate change, public health officials must start thinking ahead—not just about air quality but also about how people behave in response.“Our study shows that emergencies like wildfires don’t just affect the environment—they also change how we live day to day,” said lead researcher Giulia Pullano, a postdoctoral fellow in epidemiology. “If we understand that, we can prepare better.”In short: what protects us from wildfire smoke might leave us exposed to something else. But with awareness and action, communities can stay safe on both fronts.

can wildfires increase the risk of covid-19 and flu?

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<span>Cancer</span> often seems like a distant issue, you may hear about other people experiencing it, however, getting a diagnosis yourself can be difficult to imagine. It was the same for Drea Sauceda. A young mother of two, Drea, had made an immediate appointment with her doctor when she felt a lump in her breast. Although she had brushed it off as paranoia initially, the reaction of her healthcare professionals led her to realize that this is in fact serious. 

When Drea Sauceda found a lump in her breast in December 2021, she just told herself, "It's nothing. I'm too young for cancer." Even though she thought she was overreacting, the 39-year-old mom of two quickly made an appointment. But as she waited for her test results, it became clear things were serious. 

After her mammogram and ultrasound, Drea remembers them asking if she'd ever had a biopsy. It felt like a strange question. Then, her nurse rushed to schedule an MRI right away. "It slowly started hitting me that this was going to be serious," Drea said. The very next day, the phone call came with the awful news: she had HER2-positive <span>breast cancer</span>. 

<h2>Navigating Emotional Challenges </h2>

Early on, Drea found it really hard to tell her friends, family, and co-workers about her cancer. Most people were shocked and sad, which was understandable. But it took a lot of her own energy to deal with their emotions again and again. 

"I'm the type of person who never wants to make anyone uncomfortable or sad," Drea explained. "I really hated telling people. I'd ask my husband, my mom, or my sisters to do it." She found herself crying more about having to tell others and seeing their reactions than she cried about the diagnosis itself. "The social side of getting cancer is so strange," she added. 

<h2>Documenting the Treatment Journey </h2>

At first, Drea's treatment plan didn't include chemotherapy. But after more tests, her doctor recommended surgery (a lumpectomy and breast reduction), followed by 12 weeks of chemotherapy, and then radiation. Learning she'd need chemo made Drea very worried. She looked online for others' experiences to know what to expect. But she couldn't find the kind of everyday, personal stories of treatment she was looking for. 

"The doctor gives you a list of side effects you can expect, but I wanted to know what happens to people and how they'd describe it themselves," she said. "I wasn't finding that online, so I decided to write it myself." 

Drea started writing weekly blog posts, sharing every appointment, symptom, and side effect. She started the blog to help others, but it also helped her understand her own journey, especially as treatment became very tough. Drea said her body reacted badly to her second-to-last round of chemo, and she spent most of that week bloated and in pain. 

 "I couldn't even get comfortable lying down," Drea said. "It was to the point where I was almost ready to say, that's it, I'm done, I'm not doing the last dose." 

<h2>Celebrating a Milestone And New Set Of Challenges </h2>

Despite the immense discomfort, Drea pushed through to complete her treatment. She marked this significant milestone by participating in her local Relay For Life. What she hoped would be a "victory lap" turned into a joyous celebration. 

Even though Drea finished her treatment with a celebration, the good feelings didn't last long. For so long, she had a clear plan and a busy schedule of daily appointments. But when treatment ended, life slowed down and became quiet. Soon, she found herself struggling with a strong fear that her cancer would come back, along with other health worries. 

"I'd find myself in the waiting room at my primary doctor's office for a routine six-month check, and I'd start crying," she said. "During treatment, you're powering through. You're being strong. But when it's all supposed to be over, the trauma hits, and you start thinking things like, what will I do if it comes back? Am I going to get to see my girls grow up?" 

To help her with these feelings, Drea joined several cancer survivor groups. Talking with others who had similar experiences helped her realize this is a common struggle. <span>Cancer survivors</span> often face mental health issues even after the physical signs of cancer are gone, and the people who supported them during treatment go back to their normal lives. Drea said a few things have helped her cope after cancer: antidepressant medicines from her doctor, regular talks with a therapist, and breathing exercises to calm her body and mind when panic sets in. 

"I take deep breaths, take myself out of fight or flight, and think through things logically," Drea said, “Cancer is horrible, and not everyone has a good outcome," she said. "But to meet those amazing ladies and be celebrated in such an uplifting way, that was an amazing experience." 

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Young Breast Cancer Survivor

Cancer Survivor Story

Breast Cancer

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Cancer challenges

Cancer often seems like a distant issue, you may hear about other people experiencing it, however, getting a diagnosis yourself can be difficult to imagine. It was the same for Drea Sauceda. A young mother of two, Drea, had made an immediate appointment with her doctor when she felt a lump in her breast. Although she had brushed it off as paranoia initially, the reaction of her healthcare professionals led her to realize that this is in fact serious. Shocking Diagnosis When Drea Sauceda found a lump in her breast in December 2021, she just told herself, "It's nothing. I'm too young for cancer." Even though she thought she was overreacting, the 39-year-old mom of two quickly made an appointment. But as she waited for her test results, it became clear things were serious. After her mammogram and ultrasound, Drea remembers them asking if she'd ever had a biopsy. It felt like a strange question. Then, her nurse rushed to schedule an MRI right away. "It slowly started hitting me that this was going to be serious," Drea said. The very next day, the phone call came with the awful news: she had HER2-positive breast cancer. Navigating Emotional Challenges Early on, Drea found it really hard to tell her friends, family, and co-workers about her cancer. Most people were shocked and sad, which was understandable. But it took a lot of her own energy to deal with their emotions again and again. "I'm the type of person who never wants to make anyone uncomfortable or sad," Drea explained. "I really hated telling people. I'd ask my husband, my mom, or my sisters to do it." She found herself crying more about having to tell others and seeing their reactions than she cried about the diagnosis itself. "The social side of getting cancer is so strange," she added. Documenting the Treatment Journey At first, Drea's treatment plan didn't include chemotherapy. But after more tests, her doctor recommended surgery (a lumpectomy and breast reduction), followed by 12 weeks of chemotherapy, and then radiation. Learning she'd need chemo made Drea very worried. She looked online for others' experiences to know what to expect. But she couldn't find the kind of everyday, personal stories of treatment she was looking for. "The doctor gives you a list of side effects you can expect, but I wanted to know what happens to people and how they'd describe it themselves," she said. "I wasn't finding that online, so I decided to write it myself." Drea started writing weekly blog posts, sharing every appointment, symptom, and side effect. She started the blog to help others, but it also helped her understand her own journey, especially as treatment became very tough. Drea said her body reacted badly to her second-to-last round of chemo, and she spent most of that week bloated and in pain.  "I couldn't even get comfortable lying down," Drea said. "It was to the point where I was almost ready to say, that's it, I'm done, I'm not doing the last dose." Celebrating a Milestone And New Set Of Challenges Despite the immense discomfort, Drea pushed through to complete her treatment. She marked this significant milestone by participating in her local Relay For Life. What she hoped would be a "victory lap" turned into a joyous celebration. Even though Drea finished her treatment with a celebration, the good feelings didn't last long. For so long, she had a clear plan and a busy schedule of daily appointments. But when treatment ended, life slowed down and became quiet. Soon, she found herself struggling with a strong fear that her cancer would come back, along with other health worries. "I'd find myself in the waiting room at my primary doctor's office for a routine six-month check, and I'd start crying," she said. "During treatment, you're powering through. You're being strong. But when it's all supposed to be over, the trauma hits, and you start thinking things like, what will I do if it comes back? Am I going to get to see my girls grow up?" To help her with these feelings, Drea joined several cancer survivor groups. Talking with others who had similar experiences helped her realize this is a common struggle. Cancer survivors often face mental health issues even after the physical signs of cancer are gone, and the people who supported them during treatment go back to their normal lives. Drea said a few things have helped her cope after cancer: antidepressant medicines from her doctor, regular talks with a therapist, and breathing exercises to calm her body and mind when panic sets in. "I take deep breaths, take myself out of fight or flight, and think through things logically," Drea said, “Cancer is horrible, and not everyone has a good outcome," she said. "But to meet those amazing ladies and be celebrated in such an uplifting way, that was an amazing experience." 

'I'm Too Young For Cancer' Young Breast Cancer Survivor Details Her Survivor Story

"i'm too young for cancer" young breast cancer survivor details her survivor story

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