National Immunisation Awareness Month: Alongside the excitement of meeting new teachers and friends, the start of the US school year will also bring runny noses, hacking coughs, and bugs that somehow make their way through the entire classroom in a week. If you are sick, it is important to stay home. With a lot of people touching the same thing and germs everywhere, it is just important to watch your child's health and make sure to not spread it to other people.

Of course, handwashing, covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow, avoiding close contact with sick people, and regularly disinfecting frequently touched surfaces like doorknobs and de the first and necessary steps of everyday disease prevention. But there is another powerful shield that should not be ignored at any cost: vaccines.

Vaccines are not just for babies. They are a long-term health investment that keeps everything from the common flu to life-threatening infections at bay. Vaccines work; they help prevent diseases, and they help prevent infections. When enough people in a community are vaccinated, it creates herd immunity, meaning even those who cannot be vaccinated (due to medical reasons) get indirect protection.

Yes, there are conversations and concerns around vaccines, but the best way to clear the air is to get accurate, up-to-date information from trusted sources.

Here is Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) age-by-age vaccine cheat sheet

• At birth: The journey starts right away with the first dose of the Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine, which protects against a serious liver infection.
• At 2 months: It is a busy month for tiny humans. They get doses of DTaP (Diphtheria, tetanus, and Pertussis), Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), IPV (Polio), PCV (Pneumococcal), and RV (Rotavirus).
• 4 months: Time for round two of the same five vaccines, because immunity is built gradually.
• 6 months: Another wave of protection with more DTaP, Hib, IPV (if needed), PCV, and RV doses. This is also when flu vaccines can be taken, and they will be recommended annually thereafter.
• 12–15 months: A milestone moment! Toddlers get the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Varicella (Chickenpox), and HepA (Hepatitis A) vaccines. Some of the earlier series, like Hib and PCV, are also completed here.
• 15–18 months: The final DTaP dose in this stage rounds out protection against those three bacterial infections.
• 4–6 years: The finale before they head deeper into the school years; boosters for DTaP, IPV, MMR, and Varicella to ensure immunity stays strong.

Why this timing matters

What do vaccines do?

Vaccines do not just protect your child; they protect your child’s classmates, teachers, grandparents, and the stranger next to them. With schools reopening, the mix of close contact, shared surfaces, and high-energy kids is a perfect chance for germs to hop from one host to another.

Vaccines are not about fear; they are about freedom. Freedom from the diseases that once claimed far too many young lives. They work quietly so your kids can focus on learning their ABCs, art, and running the school playground without worry. It is time to take a moment to check that your child’s vaccine schedule is up to date.

Search engines like Google and Bing, and AI chatbots like ChatGPT and GPT-4, are now major sources of health information. But how reliable are they?

A new research published in the NPJ Digital Medicine tested four major search engines and seven different large AI models, including leading programs like ChatGPT and GPT-4, by asking them 150 medical questions. Their study looked at how accurate the answers were, how much the results changed based on how the question was asked, and whether giving the AI access to search results helped.

Which Gave Better Answers: AI or Search Engines?

While AI Chatbots, with 80% accuracy, generally outperformed Search Engines, with 50-70% accuracy, on direct health questions, the study found that AI chatbots are good, but their mistakes are worrying.

Confidence in Errors

The biggest and most dangerous problem was that the AI sometimes gave confidently wrong answers that directly disagreed with established medical facts. This is highly risky in a health setting.

Overall Accuracy

The AI chatbots generally did better than search engines, correctly answering about 80% of the questions. The best performers were typically GPT-4, ChatGPT, Llama3, and MedLlama3.

Precision Problem

Search engines like Google usually return answers that are correct when they directly address the question, but they often clutter the results with information that is incomplete or off-topic. They struggled with giving a straight "yes" or "no" answer.

User Habits

The study simulated a "lazy" user, who just trusts the first answer, and a "diligent" user, who checks three sources. Surprisingly, the "lazy" users were sometimes just as accurate as the diligent ones, suggesting that top-ranked results are often good, but this is a risk if a highly ranked answer happens to be wrong.

Bing was the best among search engines, but it wasn't significantly better than Google, Yahoo!, or DuckDuckGo.

How You Ask The Question Matters

The AI's accuracy was highly sensitive to how the question was phrased. Using an "expert" prompt like asking the AI to cite reputable medical sources generally led to better, more medically sound answers, even if they were sometimes less direct.

Giving the AI the top search results before it answered (retrieval augmentation) usually improved performance, especially for smaller AI models. However, this didn't always help; if the search results given to the AI were irrelevant or low-quality, the AI's answer could actually get worse. More information isn't always better.

Things to Keep In Mind

Some points noted by the researchers was,

• Questions about COVID-19 were easier for both AI and search engines, likely because of the huge amount of data available about the pandemic.

• While AI is powerful, its tendency to be swayed by how you word the question and its confident errors mean we need to be very cautious about using it for medical advice.

• The overall conclusion is that AI models are promising for health information, but they are not yet fully reliable on their own. Combining them with high-quality search results is likely the best way forward, but only if the search results fed to the AI are trustworthy.

A recent scientific study found an exciting new way to check if someone is likely to get Alzheimer's disease due to their genetics. Instead of current medical tests, which are often costly, complex, and invasive, this new method uses simple eye-tracking technology. This means diagnosing the risk could become much easier for patients and more affordable for healthcare systems.

As you may know, there is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease. This is a neurodegenerative disease that can affect a person’s memory, skills, as well as behavior. The best way to deal with this disease is by diagnosing it early, so that doctors can provide medicine and treatment options to delay the onset and manage the symptoms. However, it is not easy to spot the symptoms, so how can one know for certain whether they have Alzheimer's disease or not?

How Can Eye Trackers Detect Alzheimer’s Disease

This research, which involved scientists from the University of Strathclyde, looked closely at how well this new technique works. The technology is a specific system called ViewMind Atlas. It works by monitoring a person's tiny, subtle eye movements. Then, Artificial Intelligence (AI) software analyzes these movements.

Since the eyes are closely linked to the brain, the way they move can tell doctors about the brain's health and function. The most important part is that this system can successfully identify the genetic risk in people years before they start showing any actual memory loss or other Alzheimer’s symptoms.

How Accurate Is This Eye Tracking Test?

To test the system, the researchers studied a group of people from extended families in Colombia who have a known genetic mutation that causes Alzheimer’s. The results were incredibly promising:

For the family members who were already showing symptoms of the disease, the ViewMind Atlas test was 100% accurate in identifying them.

More remarkably, for those who carried the gene but didn't have any symptoms yet (asymptomatic), the test was 96% accurate at correctly identifying their risk. The AI model essentially learned to look at the patterns of eye movement and use them to tell apart the people who had or were likely to get Alzheimer's from those who weren't.

Can This Help Improve Early Diagnosis Rate?

The research team found this eye-tracking test detects the disease earlier than standard cognitive tests, which often fail to flag a problem until it is well underway. The lead scientist, Professor Mario Parra Rodriguez, explained why this is such a big deal. He pointed out that today's common tests are "expensive and invasive," often requiring hospital procedures.

The ViewMind Atlas system, however, helps doctors predict Alzheimer’s risk years in advance. This is key for doctors, who often struggle to figure out if a patient’s mild forgetfulness is just a normal part of getting older or a serious risk of dementia. This new tool could help them act quickly to treat or manage the risk instead of having to wait for the disease to fully develop.

A resident in the suburbs of New York City has tested positive for chikungunya, which is a mosquito-borne virus more commonly seen in South America and not reported on the U.S. mainland in over a decade. Health officials confirmed that the virus, which often causes fever and joint pain, was identified in a Long Island patient who began showing symptoms in August after traveling outside the local area, though not internationally.

The infection likely came from a mosquito bite, but it is unclear exactly where. So far, the virus has not been detected in local mosquito populations and cannot spread directly from person to person. As the virus reaches New York, it’s important to understand who is more vulnerable to chikungunya.

Who Is More At Risk For Chikungunya?

According to the World Health Organization, certain groups are more susceptible to severe chikungunya. Older adults, newborns, pregnant women, and individuals with pre-existing conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or heart disease are at higher risk of complications or slower recovery. While chikungunya rarely leads to death, it can produce sudden high fever, headaches, fatigue, rash, nausea, and red eyes.

Symptoms typically appear 2 to 7 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Most people recover within a couple of weeks, but some may experience lingering joint and muscle pain for months or even years after infection.

Where Is Chikungunya Found?

Originally limited to Africa and Asia, chikungunya has now spread rapidly since 2004. Today, more than one-third of the global population lives in areas where the virus can be transmitted. These regions include parts of the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and islands in the Caribbean as well as the Indian and Pacific Oceans, according to Mayo Clinic.

Should You Be Worried About The Chikungunya Spread In The US?

Most people recover within 1 to 2 weeks without additional symptoms. However, some develop chronic chikungunya arthritis, with joint and muscle pain lasting months or years, affecting at least 40% of those infected.

Death from chikungunya is rare, but the virus can cause serious issues in vulnerable groups, including older adults, people with chronic conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure, young children, and pregnant individuals who could transmit the virus to their babies. Complications may involve the eyes, heart, or nervous system. Fortunately, a previous infection usually provides protection against future infections.

Chikungunya: What’s Happening in the United States?

The New York case marks the first locally acquired instance in the U.S. since 2015, meaning the patient contracted the virus without traveling elsewhere. Ten years ago, a single case was reported in Texas, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and two cases occurred in U.S. territories in 2019.

This is also the first locally acquired case ever detected in New York, said the state Health Department. Health officials explained that transmission occurs when a mosquito bites an infected traveler, becomes infected, and then bites another person. The mosquito species known to carry chikungunya, Aedes albopictus, exists in parts of downstate New York. People are advised to prevent bites by wearing long sleeves and removing standing water from items like flowerpots. However, cooler nighttime temperatures in New York currently make the risk of transmission “very low,” said State Health Commissioner James McDonald.

Although locally acquired cases have been almost nonexistent in recent years, the CDC has recorded several travel-related infections in the U.S., including 199 cases in 2024 and 152 in 2023.