One of the most difficult things a person can go through is dementia. Watching your parents and loved ones grow older and slowly forgetting their usual routines, their memories as well as other important aspects of their lives. Dementia is not just memory loss, it changes a person’s behavior, the way they think as well as personality traits that they have possessed for years.

There are different types of dementia, one of which is Alzheimer’s. According to the World Health Organization, 57 million people worldwide have dementia in 2021 and 10 million new cases each year. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, with 70% of cases being of it. While there is no cure for this, the best way to deal with this disease is by getting it diagnosed early.

However, diagnosing Alzheimer's disease isn't a single test but usually involves a combination of checks like thinking assessments, brain scans, and lab tests. Many adults, especially those over 45, would want to know if they're at high risk for the disease.

How Doctors Diagnose Alzheimer's

Thinking and Memory Tests

If you're noticing changes in your thinking, the first step is usually to talk to your doctor. It's really helpful to describe any worries openly and give specific examples. Your doctor can then do some initial checks on your thinking abilities. They might also send you to a specialist for more detailed tests that look at your memory, language, spatial skills, and more.

Brain Scans (Imaging Tests)

Some special types of PET scans can look for signs of Alzheimer's in your brain, though these aren't always widely available. Amyloid PET scans search for sticky clumps called amyloid plaques, which are a hallmark of Alzheimer's. FDG PET scans can show changes in how active your brain cells are, like nerve cell damage. Tau PET scans look for a buildup of a protein called tau, another key feature of Alzheimer's.

Other scans, like CT or MRI, can help rule out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms, but aren't specifically for diagnosing Alzheimer's itself.

Lab Tests

Your doctor might perform a test on your cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord. This can help rule out other types of dementia. There's a big demand for simpler tests, like blood tests, and scientists have developed accurate ones that measure Alzheimer's-related proteins. However, these blood tests are mostly used in research or specialized clinics and aren't fully approved or generally recommended for people just curious about their brain health yet.

Is It Normal Aging or Alzheimer's?

It's common to have some minor memory changes as you get older, like forgetting why you walked into a room. With normal aging, that forgotten information usually comes back to you eventually.

Alzheimer's disease typically starts in your mid-60s, but signs can appear earlier. The key difference is that someone with Alzheimer's might be too far along to notice their own symptoms; often, it's their loved ones who first spot the warning signs. If you're just experiencing normal aging, you can usually recall forgotten information if you think hard enough.

Future of Alzheimer's Testing

Researchers are studying whether treating the disease before symptoms appear can prevent or delay Alzheimer's. In the future, there might be therapies for people diagnosed before they have noticeable problems.

For now, major groups and experts don't recommend intensive testing for people without symptoms. A simple memory check during your yearly physical is likely harmless. There might be a future where proactive blood tests for Alzheimer's are routine, similar to other health screenings, but we're not quite there yet.

Should You Get Screened Early?

Alzheimer's is a disease that develops slowly, sometimes even 20-25 years before the first symptoms show up. Because of this, it's possible to test for biological signs of the disease before memory issues begin. Early screening might encourage you to make lifestyle changes that could potentially prevent or delay dementia, such as:

• Quitting smoking.
• Eating a balanced diet.
• Exercising regularly.
• Staying mentally and socially active

What is better than being able to ward off one of the most devastating brain diseases? And guess it did not necessarily involve a prescription or a breakthrough drug but simply tweaking your daily habits. That is the message Irish neuroscientist Dr. Sabina Brennan shared when she sat down with Davina McCall on the Begin Again podcast. With dementia cases in the UK soaring and projected to rise, her tips could not come at a better time.

Though the underlying causes of Alzheimer’s, the most common type of dementia, still puzzle experts, Dr. Brennan is certain of one thing: we have more control than we think. Through simple, everyday choices, we can give our brains a fighting chance.

Here is what she says we all should be doing:

1. Sweat It Out for a Sharper Brain

Dr. Brennan insists the real magic lies in movement. “Physical exercise is one of the best things you can do for your brain health,” she told Davina. That is not something most people expect to hear when it comes to dementia, but the link is undeniable.

The secret weapon here is a protein known as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF. Think of it as plant food, but for your brain. “I call it ‘Miracle-Gro for the brain’. It makes it easier for you to grow new brain cells and new connections between them. And that is what you want in a healthy brain. Lots of brain cells and connections.”

She goes on to explain why that is so critical in the early stages of dementia. “If you get Alzheimer's disease pathology in your brain in the early stages, it is not about how much pathology, how much disease you have in your brain. It is about how much healthy brain you have to cope with that disease that will allow you to continue functioning for as long as possible.” So build up that mental muscle now, and you may buy yourself more time down the road.

2. Socialise More

If you needed a reason to chat with your neighbour or call your grandmother, here it is. “A challenging activity for your brain” is how Dr. Brennan describes conversation. “Your brain has to work hard. And that is really, really good.”

She is not talking about small talk alone. It is the deeper connections and dynamic conversations that really get the grey matter going. And crucially, she urges us to be intentional about who we socialise with.

“We tend to hang out with people of the same age as us,” she points out. “But there is no nice way to say it. As you get older, your age cohort will die off. And so people end up socially isolated through no fault of their own.”

Her solution? Build intergenerational friendships before it is too late. “We have to have more intergenerational friendships. And the research shows that everybody benefits in that case; younger people interacting with older people have to do something about that.”

Isolation is not only emotionally draining, she warns; it is mentally damaging too. And visiting older relatives should not be seen as a one-way street. “Visit them as an equal. Do not visit them as someone who is doing a good deed. Talk to them as an intelligent individual.” It is a brain-boosting strategy that doubles as a social fix.

3. Learn Something New

If you have been meaning to learn the ukulele or brush up on French, now is the time. Dr. Brennan’s rallying cry? “Go mental.”

“Learn something new because that is when you harness neuroplasticity,” she says, referring to the brain’s ability to reorganise and adapt. But she admits the word “learning” comes with baggage. “I just wish there was another word for learning because it has got such connotations about education and school and, for a lot of people, a lot of negative [connotations].”

Still, learning, in the broadest sense, is key. She even uses the simple act of opening a door to make her point. “When you open a door for the first time, you are learning how to open that door. Your brain is learning how much pressure to put on that door and how much force you have to push it.”

So, yes, Sudoku is great, but do not stop there. “Once you are good at it and you are comfortable, you have to push yourself to the next level. Go from a simple crossword to a complex crossword. Put a timer on so you do it more quickly. You know, you just have to keep challenging yourself. But it can be anything. If you play a musical instrument, learn another technique.”

Whether it is mastering a new recipe, joining a dance class, or finally tackling those cryptic crosswords, the goal is to keep your brain guessing.

And do not forget rest. Dr. Brennan wraps up her advice with one final reminder: all that mental hard work needs to be processed. “Getting enough sleep so your brain can effectively process and categorise all those new skills is crucial.”

We might not have a cure for Alzheimer’s yet, but according to Dr. Brennan, we are far from powerless. Move your body, keep your social circle diverse, and challenge your mind, not just to stay sharp, but to stay connected and alive. It is simple science with life-changing impact.

The lazy ones know that facial bleach is one beauty product that comes in handy at any point in time. Whether it was for that last-minute party glow-up or to hide a sudden tan line, facial bleach has long been a last-minute resort in Indian homes. But what really happens when you apply that potent cream on your skin and wait for its effect? We dug in to find out exactly what is going on when your face starts tingling mid-bleach.

What is facial bleach?

Facial bleach usually contains hydrogen peroxide as the main ingredient. This acts as a lightening agent, breaking down melanin, the pigment responsible for skin colour. When you apply bleach, you are not removing hair or tanning; you are just lightening it to make it blend in with your skin.

What is happening under the surface?

When you apply bleach to your skin, it sets off a chain reaction. The hydrogen peroxide oxidises, which in simple terms means it reacts with the pigment and hair proteins, breaking down melanin and making everything lighter in colour. Your facial hair goes blonde, and your skin tone appears brighter, not because it has suddenly become radiant, but because there is less visual contrast.

It comes with side effects

If you have ever felt your face heat up or sting while bleaching, you have experienced a minor chemical reaction. Bleach is harsh. It strips the skin’s protective barrier ever so slightly, which is why your skin might feel sensitive, look a bit red, or feel tight afterwards.

Sensitive skin types should deal with it very carefully. Facial bleach can cause inflammation, itchiness, or even mild burns if left on too long or applied too often. And those with active acne, eczema, or any skin condition should steer clear altogether.

Can it damage your skin in the long run?

In moderation, bleaching every now and then might not wreak havoc, especially if you are using a reputable brand and following instructions to the dot. But using it too frequently is when trouble begins. Long-term, overuse can cause skin thinning, sensitivity to sunlight, and uneven pigmentation.

Also, your skin does not get used to bleach. It tolerates it up to a point and then acts up. You might suddenly develop a sensitivity you never had before.

Should you bleach at all?

Bleach has its moment. If you are prepping for a function, want that one-off glow, or just feel like softening the appearance of facial hair, go ahead; just be smart about it. Patch test always. Stick to the recommended time. Do not pile it on like it is moisturiser. And do not expose your skin to the sun immediately.

Use facial bleach sparingly, respect your skin, and be okay with skipping it altogether if your face is already protesting. Because no glow-up is worth a full-blown skin tantrum.

Recently, BRCA testing has garnered considerable attention, especially in the realm of reproductive medicine. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are known to significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. But as we begin considering their routine inclusion in IVF workups, we must ask: Are we proactively protecting future generations, or are we crossing into ethically uncertain territory?

In India, regulatory guidelines limit the number of donations from a donor to only a single recipient, placing significant constraints on donor selection. Moreover, potential genetic risks are already evaluated during donor screening through a detailed family and medical history. Sperm banks are careful to exclude donors with a known history of hereditary diseases that could impact the offspring. In addition, donors undergo stringent infectious disease screening, including sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis, to safeguard recipient health. These processes significantly mitigate both genetic and health-related risks.

This is not to undermine the value of BRCA or other genetic testing when clinically indicated. BRCA testing should be offered in IVF when there is a relevant personal or family history of cancers or where BRCA genes have been detected in the family. Couples who have experienced repeated miscarriages or have had a previous pregnancy loss where a genetic abnormality was found may benefit from more comprehensive genetic testing.

For women above the age of 35, another layer of screening becomes important: preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). This is not about hereditary mutations but chromosomal abnormalities, which are more common as maternal age advances and lead to conditions like Down’s Syndrome in the child or recurrent miscarriages and IVF failures. PGT-A screens the embryos ensure that only chromosomally normal embryos are transferred into the uterus thus improving IVF success rates in older women.

Genetic screening plays a valuable role in safeguarding the health of future generations, but its use must be balanced with clinical relevance and ethical responsibility. The patients need extensive counselling on the procedure as it is invasive testing where afew cells are removed from the embryo and tested. In a small percentage because of mosaicism in embryo, there are also false positive reports (where abnormality is detected when none exists) and false negative reports (where abnormality exists but the report states a normal embryo). Patients must also be made aware of alternative methods of testing the child during pregnancy like NIPT (non invasive prenatal testing) and level 2 ultrasound during pregnancy to help them to take an informed decision.

However, incorporating BRCA testing or any advanced genetic screening into the routine workup for all IVF patients can significantly increase the financial burden of an already expensive procedure. While such tests are undoubtedly important in certain high-risk cases, they should be recommended judiciously, based on personal or family history, recurrent pregnancy loss or IVF failures, or previously identified genetic abnormalities. A targeted, case-by-case approach remains the most ethical and effective path forward in reproductive care.