Inside all your blood vessels is a layer of specialized cells called the endothelium. But inside your brain, this layer is different. While this layer allows the exchange of fluids, nutrients, and gases between the blood and surrounding tissues in the rest of the body, it is tightly packed in the inside of your brain's blood vessels and forms the blood-brain barrier.

They're so tightly packed that there's almost no space for anything to slip through without help. These cells have a lipid-based outer membrane. It is because of this tightly packed structure that it is able to defend the brain from harmful substances, germs and other dangerous things. Besides, this layer also protects the delicate chemical balance inside the brain.

Now, a new research study, led by Jonathan D Santoro, MD, Director of the Neuroimmunology Program at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, linked the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and inflammation in the central nervous system with Down syndrome Regression Disorder (DSRD). The study was published in the Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology in February 2025. The researchers analyzed cerebrospinal fluid from three groups-individuals with DSRD, those with neuroinflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis, and healthy controls. Using advanced proteomic, metabolomic, and immune marker profiling, they found that DSRD patients showed signs of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction—similar to patterns seen in other immune-related neurological disorders. The study, led by Dr. Santoro, found elevated immune proteins and metabolites indicating a disrupted immune system and poor barrier integrity in the brain. These findings support the idea that DSRD may be driven by immune-related processes.

What Is Down Syndrome?

When a baby is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21, the condition is referred to as Down syndrome. This condition affects how an individual's brain and body develop, impacting their usual growth timeline. Down syndrome occurs due to genetic defects, and not because of any mistake during pregnancy. People with the condition cannot be generalised into a single group showcasing the same types of symptoms, as they may vary from person to person. However, there are certain common cognitive, behavioural and physical patterns traced in people with Down syndrome.

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How To Identify Down Syndrome?

People with Down syndrome may showcase various degrees of symptoms, depending on the severity of their condition. From behavioural to cognitive differences being traced with the average person as context - there are certain recognisable tell-tale signs of Down syndrome.

Some behavioural symptoms of this condition may include impulsiveness, stubbornness, obsessive disorders and compulsive movements. They may often throw tantrums and fail to pay attention for long spans of time.

Besides, there are physical symptoms too, which may also manifest in the child, and become more prominent as they grow up. For example, upward pointed slanting eyes, a flatter nose bridge region, shorter neck, smaller hands, ears and feet, palmar crease, small-pinky finger inclining towards the thumb, overall shorter stature and non-prominent muscle tone are some physical signs of the condition.

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Just when the world seemed to settle into a post-pandemic rhythm, a new COVID-19 variant—NB.1.8.1, nicknamed Nimbus—is gaining ground and rattling global health authorities. With its hallmark symptom being an agonizing sore throat that patients describe as feeling like “swallowing razor blades,” the variant has already led to a noticeable rise in infections across several countries.

First identified in early 2025, this Omicron subvariant is making headlines as cases spike across Asia and begin to surface in North America, Europe, and Australia as well. With international mobility returning to pre-pandemic levels, global health experts are closely monitoring its trajectory.

NB.1.8.1 is a mutated form of the Omicron variant, it is continuing the trend of subvariants that are more transmissible but, so far, not necessarily more severe. It was first detected and quickly spread through densely populated regions of China and Hong Kong.

By late April, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that NB.1.8.1 accounted for approximately 10.7% of globally submitted genomic sequences—up from just 2.5% a month earlier. This rapid expansion prompted the WHO to designate it as a “variant under monitoring” on May 23.

What Makes NB.1.8.1 Different?

What sets NB.1.8.1 or Nimbus, apart from earlier COVID-19 variants is its unique set of symptoms, most notably the intense sore throat.

Patients across various countries, including Thailand, Indonesia, and the UK, have described a "razor blade" sensation in the throat, far more painful than the sore throats associated with previous variants.

Virologists, including Australia’s Dr. Lara Herrero of Griffith University, believe this new variant has a higher transmission potential and increased immune evasion capabilities, meaning it can more easily bypass natural or vaccine-induced immunity, contributing to its rapid spread.

Key Symptoms of New COVID Variant NB.1.8.1 To What to Watch For

While the classic COVID symptoms like fever and fatigue remain present, NB.1.8.1 adds a painful twist to the mix. Here’s what patients have been reporting:

• Severe sore throat described as 'swallowing razor blades'
• Fatigue and body aches
• Mild to moderate fever
• Congestion and runny nose
• Persistent mild cough
• Gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea and nausea in some cases

Healthcare professionals caution that these symptoms can be confused with the flu or seasonal allergies, making early detection more challenging without testing.

How Dangerous Is New COVID Variant NB.1.8.1?

Despite its painful symptoms and swift spread, current data suggests that NB.1.8.1 is not more deadly than prior variants. The WHO has emphasized that existing COVID-19 vaccines remain effective at preventing severe disease and hospitalization caused by this strain.

A pre-print study (still pending peer review) also indicates that although the variant demonstrates high immune evasion, the severity of illness appears consistent with previous Omicron variants. That said, under-testing in many parts of the world means the actual scale of spread may be underreported.

Several factors contribute to the rise in COVID cases globally:

Reduced testing and complacency: Fewer people are getting tested for COVID-19 compared to the height of the pandemic, making tracking more difficult.

Seasonal mobility: Increased travel and fewer restrictions may be aiding the variant’s spread.

Vaccine fatigue and rollback of mandates: Recent policy changes, such as the rollback of vaccine recommendations for children and pregnant women in the U.S., could affect future immunization rates.

Dr. Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Health and Human Services Secretary under the Trump administration, recently stated a controversial shift in vaccine recommendations, despite evidence supporting vaccination—especially for pregnant women—to protect both mother and baby.

How To Stay Safe and Protected?

Health experts explain that COVID-19 vaccines continue to be a first and most important aspect of defense and protection, including against NB.1.8.1. There is no current evidence that the variant undermines vaccine effectiveness against severe illness.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) also urges pregnant women to stay up to date on their COVID vaccinations, citing strong data showing that vaccinated mothers pass antibodies to their newborns, offering early protection.

While NB.1.8.1 isn’t considered a “variant of concern” yet, its rapid rise in numbers and severe sore throat symptoms have placed it on the global radar. The good news is that existing public health measures—vaccination, hygiene, mask-wearing in high-risk settings—still work.

Individuals who experience persistent throat pain, especially if accompanied by other flu-like symptoms, are advised to get tested and isolate as necessary.

The present guidance from public health officials mirrors what the international community has collectively embraced as received wisdom:

• Keep practicing proper hand hygiene.
• Use masks in indoor, poorly ventilated, or congested settings.
• Self-isolate and get tested if having cold-like symptoms.
• Stay home and refrain from unnecessary social contacts if ill.

The emergence of NB.1.8.1 is a sharp reminder that COVID-19 is far from over. While it may no longer dominate headlines like it did during the global crisis, its ability to mutate and spread remains potent.

If your sore throat feels unusually painful—like swallowing glass or razor blades, it might be time to test, mask up, and protect those around you.

The U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on Wednesday unveiled eight new members to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), days after abruptly dismissing the previous 17-member panel. Health and Me had previously reported on the JFK Jr.'s decision to 'retire' the existing members of the ACIP.

This move has stirred concern among doctors, scientists, and public health groups, who fear Kennedy is steering federal vaccine policy in a direction driven more by ideology than science.

The new appointments include individuals known for their skepticism about mainstream vaccine science, including critics of COVID-19 vaccines and public health measures implemented during the pandemic.

A Shift in Tone and Credentials

Among the new advisers is Dr. Robert Malone, a scientist who once worked on mRNA vaccine technology and later gained notoriety for promoting conspiracy theories about COVID-19 vaccines. Malone has suggested that Americans were “hypnotized” into taking vaccines and claimed the shots cause a form of AIDS—both statements widely debunked by scientific communities.

Also joining the panel is Dr. Martin Kulldorff, a co-author of the controversial Great Barrington Declaration that argued against pandemic lockdowns, and Dr. Cody Meissner, a pediatric infectious disease expert who previously served on both ACIP and the FDA’s vaccine advisory panel.

Vicky Pebsworth, a regional director for the National Association of Catholic Nurses and former board member of the National Vaccine Information Center—often cited for spreading vaccine misinformation—was also appointed.

Concerns About Qualifications and Bias

Public health experts expressed alarm over the new composition. “The previous ACIP was made up of technical experts who have spent their lives studying vaccines,” said Abram Wagner, a University of Michigan public health researcher. “Most people on the current list don’t have the technical capacity we expect from those making complex, science-driven decisions.”

Wagner added that the inclusion of Pebsworth was “incredibly problematic,” due to her association with groups accused of spreading vaccine misinformation.

Despite public concerns, Kennedy stated the committee would not be composed of “anti-vaxxers” but of “credentialed scientists.”

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A Closer Look at the Appointees

Other appointees include:

• Dr. James Hibbeln, a former NIH neuroscientist focused on nutrition and brain health.
• Retsef Levi, an MIT operations management professor who called for an end to the COVID-19 vaccine program in a 2023 video.
• Dr. James Pagano, an emergency medicine physician from Los Angeles.
• Dr. Michael Ross, a Virginia-based obstetrician and gynecologist.
• Dr. Meissner, arguably the most experienced in vaccine policy among the new members, served on ACIP and the FDA’s vaccine advisory committee. During his term, he notably voted against broad booster recommendations in 2021—a decision later overturned by the FDA.

Changing Course on Public Health Policy

The ACIP, created in 1964, advises the CDC on how to use FDA-approved vaccines. While Kennedy promised during his Senate confirmation to uphold the vaccination schedule, he has since overridden ACIP’s guidance. In May, he independently altered COVID-19 vaccine recommendations for children and pregnant women.

On Monday, he dismissed all 17 existing ACIP members, pledging to install a new team before the committee’s next meeting in late June. The upcoming agenda includes key decisions on vaccinations for flu, COVID-19, HPV, RSV, and meningococcal disease.

Kennedy, long a polarizing figure in the vaccine debate, has accused the former panel of being too aligned with pharmaceutical companies. Critics warn that his restructured committee may prioritize politics over public health science.

At just 14 years old, Siddharth Nandyala is already changing the face of modern medicine. A native of Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh in India, living in Frisco, Texas, this young genius is causing global waves with the development of CircadiaV, a revolutionary AI-powered mobile app that can diagnose heart disease within a record seven seconds. With nothing more than a smartphone and sophisticated machine learning, Siddharth's invention has the potential to transform cardiovascular disease screening—one of the globe's top causes of death.

With certification from international tech giants such as Oracle and ARM, Siddharth is officially the world's youngest AI-certified professional but behind the titles and accolades, it's his vision for affordable, early healthcare interventions that really sets him apart. While most teenagers are at the age playing around with social media and video games, Siddharth is addressing medical challenges on a global scale.

Heart disease remains the primary cause of death in the world, resulting in more than 17.9 million deaths annually, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). A significant portion of those deaths are avoidable if diagnosed early enough. Unfortunately, the absence of medical diagnostic infrastructure in remote and underprivileged regions—particularly in developing nations—is an enormous challenge.

How CircadiaV Works?

What sets CircadiaV apart is its non-invasive, fast, and precise method for early detection of heart disease. The app can capture heart sounds by holding a smartphone against a patient's chest. It removes ambient noise, analyzes the audio data through a cloud-based machine learning model, and provides results in seven seconds.

The program can identify various cardiac anomalies, such as:

• Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats)
• Early indications of heart failure
• Indicators of coronary artery disease
• Abnormalities in the heart valves

And it's amazingly precise—with a detection accuracy of more than 96%, as confirmed through testing on over 15,000 patients in America and another 700 in India, including at the Guntur Government General Hospital (GGH).

This application does not substitute for the EKG but is used as a quick, scalable pre-screen," Siddharth said to the Smithsonian Magazine. That clarification is important—it is not intended for consumer use at home or consumer diagnostics, but is designed to assist medical personnel, especially in impoverished environments where full cardiac diagnostics might not be within reach.

That is where CircadiaV comes in. Its low-cost, cloud-based, and portable nature makes it a perfect device for community clinics and frontline health workers. The application can be utilized in rural areas to give an early diagnosis, leading to early referrals and possibly cutting long-term morbidity and mortality.

An initial potential diagnosis in patients otherwise unlikely to have had access to medical treatment may in the end save long-term morbidity and mortality from this disease.

That is, this app could literally be a lifesaver—particularly for patients in rural towns, refugee camps, or even wartime zones where cardiologists and expensive diagnostic technology are scarce.

More Than Just a One-Time Invention

Siddharth's foray into innovation had not begun with CircadiaV. Prior to this, he had created a low-cost prosthetic arm, a innovation to enhance mobility for individuals with limb loss in underprivileged communities. He also had started STEM IT, a company that creates science and technology kits for children, enabling experiential STEM learning across socioeconomic barriers.

His success has already seen him receive national and international acclaim, including a Certificate of Recognition from the US House of Representatives and a congratulatory letter from President Joe Biden.

And although he is as old as some of his classmates are young, Siddharth has just become a computer science major at the University of Texas. And his goals don't end there. He hopes to make CircadiaV capable of not just detecting lung diseases like pneumonia and pulmonary embolism, but also of analyzing recordings of lung sounds just like the app presently analyzes heart sound recordings.

Clinically, prompt detection is the key to success with cardiovascular treatment. Most terminal cardiac illnesses—such as congestive heart failure or severe coronary artery disease—are salvageable if detected early. But when symptoms intensify, choices narrow, and survival rates plummet.

By providing healthcare professionals with an advantage with CircadiaV, Siddharth is delivering:

• Earlier detection = quicker decision-making on treatment
• Non-invasive screening guarantees greater uptake in community-based screening
• Cloud-fueled insights enable real-time collaboration among rural clinics and urban hospitals

Consider the following: a community health worker in a remote village in India uses a smartphone to identify early-stage heart failure in a 55-year-old man. Rather than waiting weeks for a cardiology visit, that patient can be expedited for further testing and treatment—saving his life.

The app is particularly useful for terminal heart patients whose survival chances raise significantly if the condition is detected at the asymptomatic or initial phases. With correct warnings regarding the development of arrhythmias or valve malfunctions, the technology enables physicians to act before it is too late.