With a longer and more severe cold and flu season expected this year, many are questioning whether a single dose of the influenza vaccine will be enough to prevent severe illness and respiratory complications. The rise in conversations around extra vaccine doses and COVID-19 booster shots has led to further speculation—can you receive more than one flu shot in the same season? And would that offer enhanced protection?

The short answer is that one flu shot per year is generally sufficient for most individuals. However, there are some exceptions, particularly for young children receiving the vaccine for the first time. Additionally, because flu season lasts from October through May and multiple strains circulate, it is possible to contract the flu twice within the same season. Understanding flu immunity, vaccine effectiveness, and prevention measures is key to navigating this complex issue.

Flu viruses exist in multiple strains, primarily categorized into influenza A, B, C, and D. The ones responsible for seasonal epidemics are influenza A and B, with various subtypes and mutations occurring each year. When a person gets infected with one strain, their immune system develops antibodies to fight off that particular strain. However, these antibodies do not necessarily provide protection against a different strain, which is why individuals may experience the flu more than once in a season.

How Effective Is a Single Flu Shot?

Each year, the U.S. collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop flu vaccines that target the most prevalent strains expected to circulate. The annual flu shot typically includes protection against two influenza A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and two influenza B strains (Yamagata and Victoria lineages). Despite these efforts, flu vaccine effectiveness varies due to factors such as:

• The accuracy of strain prediction for the season
• The age and health condition of the recipient
• The ability of the vaccine to provide cross-protection against unexpected virus mutations

In years when the vaccine closely matches the circulating strains, it can significantly reduce the risk of severe illness, hospitalizations, and complications. However, mismatches can occur, leading to lower effectiveness rates.

Are Two Flu Shots Necessary for Adults?

While young children receiving their first flu shot require two doses for optimal protection, there is no evidence that a second flu shot benefits healthy adults. Research on immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients, has explored the possibility of additional doses, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains that there is no proven benefit in administering multiple flu shots to the general population.

The CDC explicitly states, “Studies have not shown a benefit from getting more than one dose of vaccine during the same influenza season, even among elderly persons with weakened immune systems.” For now, the standard recommendation remains one flu shot per season.

Can You Get the Same Flu Strain Twice?

If you've had the flu once in a season, the likelihood of contracting the exact same strain again is low. Once your immune system fights off a specific strain, it retains memory of that virus and can respond more effectively to future exposures. However, because multiple strains circulate during flu season, it is possible to become ill with a different strain even after recovering from an initial infection.

Why Do Some People Still Get the Flu After Vaccination?

While flu vaccines are designed to protect against the most common and severe strains, they are not foolproof. A vaccine’s effectiveness depends on how well it matches the circulating strains, how quickly the virus mutates, and individual immune responses. In some cases, vaccinated individuals may still contract the flu but experience milder symptoms compared to those who are unvaccinated.

For example, the 2018 flu vaccine was found to be only 36% effective against the dominant H3N2 strain that year. However, it still provided significant protection against hospitalization and severe complications, highlighting the importance of vaccination even when effectiveness rates vary.

How Long Does Flu Immunity Last?

Flu vaccine-induced immunity typically lasts for about six months. This is why the CDC recommends getting vaccinated in September or October, ensuring protection during the peak flu months of December through February. While early vaccination (such as in July or August) is not harmful, its effectiveness may wane before the flu season concludes.

Additionally, those who have already had the flu in a given season can still benefit from vaccination, as it provides protection against other circulating strains.

How to Prevent the Flu and Reinfection?

Beyond vaccination, there are several measures to reduce flu risk and prevent reinfection:

• Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after touching public surfaces.
• Minimize exposure to infected individuals whenever possible.
• Use a tissue or your elbow to prevent the spread of germs.
• Maintain a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and get adequate sleep.

For high-risk individuals—including infants, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with chronic health conditions—taking extra precautions and seeking medical advice at the first signs of illness is essential.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

If flu symptoms persist beyond a week or worsen significantly, it is important to seek medical attention. High-risk individuals should be especially vigilant, as complications like pneumonia can arise. Contact a healthcare provider if experiencing severe symptoms such as:

• Difficulty breathing or chest pain
• Persistent high fever
• Severe dehydration
• Confusion or dizziness
• Choosing the Right Flu Vaccine

For those over 65, the CDC recommends high-dose flu vaccines that provide stronger immune responses, such as:

• Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent
• Flublok Quadrivalent Recombinant
• Fluad Quadrivalent Adjuvanted

These options offer enhanced protection for older adults who may not respond as robustly to standard flu vaccines.

While flu season can be unpredictable, an annual flu shot remains the best defense against infection and severe complications. Although getting a second flu shot in the same season is not recommended for most adults, staying vigilant with preventive measures can further reduce the risk of illness. If you have concerns about flu vaccination or your personal risk factors, consult a healthcare provider to make an informed decision about your flu prevention strategy.

The emerging COVID variant, BA 3.2, nicknamed “Cicada,” has revived memories of the COVID-19 pandemic that disrupted the world and raised fresh concerns about the possibility of severe illness.

The variant has been given the nickname “Cicada” due to its reappearance after remaining dormant or undetected for a long period, much like cicadas that emerge after years underground.

With the variant already spread to 23 nations, as of February, experts are urging people to use masks to avoid transmission.

What Is The Cicada COVID Variant?

Cicada was first identified in a respiratory sample in South Africa in November 2024.

It is a descendant of the Omicron BA.3 lineage, and is genetically distinct from the previously circulating JN.1 lineages (including LP.8.1 and XFG).

BA.3.2 comprises two major branches, BA.3.2.1 and BA.3.2.2. BA.3.2.2 also has substitutions like: K356T, A575S, R681H, and R1162P.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated BA.3.2 as a Variant Under Monitoring (VUM). It means the variant may not be that dangerous yet, but it may have concerning mutations.

As per the US CDC’s latest Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Cicada has “70 to 75 substitutions and deletions in the gene sequence of its spike protein”.

Time To Mask Up

Dr. Sai Balasubramanian, a doctor and healthcare strategy executive, writing in Forbes, stressed the need to follow COVID practices such as masks and hand hygiene.

"Healthcare professionals recommend taking general precautions, similar to those used to prevent most viral transmission: get vaccinations when appropriate, wear masks in crowded areas or indoors where there is a high risk of transmission," he said.

He also urged “avoid individuals who have known illness or infections, wash hands frequently, and continue to stay apprised of local community guidelines and the infection spread”.

Cicada variant “is different from the (Covid-19) viruses we have been dealing with for the last two years," Prof Ravi Gupta, of Cambridge University, who advised the UK government during the pandemic, was quoted as saying by The Mirror.

Will The Cicada Variant Cause Severe Illness?

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has the potential to turn deadly in people, especially among vulnerable populations such as those with a weak immune system.

The Cicada variant is particularly concerning as it provides no immune protection to people with previous infection or even vaccination.

Yet, the World Health Organization and health experts advise that existing COVID vaccinations can help prevent severe illness and hospitalization.

"It would appear that all the protections we have from our experience with the virus and with vaccines probably offer more limited—not zero—but more limited protection against this strain," Dr. William Schaffner, professor of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, was quoted as saying by Time.

Cicada Variant: Any New Symptoms?

The symptoms of Cicada aren't different from those of previous COVID variants. These include:

• sore throat,
• fever or chills,
• headache,
• cough,
• body aches,
• runny nose
• nausea
• diarrhea.

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has advised patients and physicians not to use the antiviral drug Tecovirimat SIGA (marketed as Tpoxx) to treat mpox disease.

The advisory from the EMA’s Committee for Human Medicines (CHMP) is based on data from four studies carried out in different regions, which showed that compared with placebo treatment with Tpoxx did not

• heal lesions faster
• relieve pain
• help clear the virus from the body faster.

“The animal data demonstrated antiviral activity and a survival benefit when treatment was started early and a reduced efficacy if treatment was initiated later after exposure to the virus,” the EMA said in an official statement.

However, the clade 2 mpox outbreaks, which began in 2022, led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), giving the drugmaker SIGA Technologies an opportunity to conduct efficacy studies in people.

A second PHEIC was declared in 2024 over clade 1 outbreaks.

Key recommendations by the EMA include:

• Restricting the use of Tpoxx over no benefit.
• Due to lack of safety concerns, patients who initiated treatment with Tpoxx can continue till course ends.
• Tpoxx can still be used as an antiviral to treat other orthopoxvirus infections, including smallpox and cowpox
• There is currently no other drug authorized in the EU for treating mpox infections.

Tpoxx For Mpox: What Does The US CDC Say

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also noted that the role of Tpoxx in treating mpox "is investigational".

The federal agency called for "additional clinical trials" to explore the role of Tpoxx in treating mpox infections in patients with severe immunocompromise, including advanced HIV.

"The findings from the clinical trials suggest that most patients with monkeypox who do not have severe disease or risk factors for severe disease (e.g., severe immunocompromise) will recover with supportive care and pain management," the CDC said.

Also read: Missouri Reports 2 Cases Of Deadly Clade I Mpox, US Tally Rises To 3 In 2026

What Is Mpox?

Mpox, earlier known as monkeypox, is a rare viral disease that belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus, the same family as the more well-known smallpox virus.

Though generally less severe, mpox can still lead to serious health complications, especially in immunocompromised individuals, children, and pregnant women.

The virus is transmitted from animals to humans and can spread from person to person through direct contact with infectious sores, scabs, body fluids, respiratory droplets, or contaminated materials.

Also read: Mpox Outbreak: First Case of Severe Strain Reported in New York City

The earliest signs of mpox start within 14 days of being infected. A person may not know they have mpox and can spread the disease.

The common symptoms include:

• fever,
• sweating,
• chills through the body.
• rashes, which start as a distant rash on the face and can continue throughout the body,
• swollen lymph nodes, migraine,
• muscle aches,
• fatigue,
• weakness
• back pain.

Mpox: Current Cases

In February, a total of 1,184 confirmed mpox cases and four deaths were reported from 46 countries, as per the WHO's latest outbreak update.

Of these cases, 58.6 percent were reported in Africa — mainly from Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Burundi, and Liberia.

The WHO said all clades continue to circulate, and transmission of the virus continues mostly within sexual networks, followed by household transmission. All age-groups in some historically endemic areas are being affected.

“Unless mpox outbreaks are rapidly contained and human-to-human transmission is interrupted, there is a risk of sustained community transmission in all settings,” the WHO said.

Even after recovery, the deadly Ebola virus (EBOV) can persist for a longer duration — more than three months — in breastmilk, according to a case report.

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe viral illness that has a 25 percent – 90 percent fatality rate.

Ebola in pregnancy raises significant complications ranging from spontaneous abortion to maternal and neonatal death.

In a case report published in the New England Journal of Medicine, a team of researchers from the Republic of Congo and Senegal shared the case history of a 23-year-old woman in whom Ebola was still detectable in breast milk at 14 weeks.

The case reported the rare occurrence of a pregnant woman who survived EVD with no complications, neither to the mother nor the baby. However, the deadly virus was still present in the mothers' breast milk, which cited the potential risk of post-illness transmission to infants.

What Is Ebola Virus Disease?

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), EVD is a rare but severe illness in humans and is often fatal.

People can get infected with the virus if they touch an infected animal when preparing food, or touch body fluids of an infected person such as saliva, urine, feces or semen, or things that have body fluids of an infected person like clothes or sheets.

Ebola enters the body through cuts in the skin or when one is touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Early symptoms include fever, fatigue and headache.

What Was The Case

The woman from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) contracted EBOV during pregnancy in 2019.

Soon after, she was administered monoclonal antibody therapy and was discharged after three negative reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction blood tests for EBOV.

The woman delivered a healthy baby at 42 weeks of gestation. No evidence of EBOV infection was found in maternal blood, amniotic fluid, vaginal secretions, or the newborn.

Ebola Detectable In Breast Milk At 14 Weeks

Yet surprisingly, the EBOV virus persisted in the placenta and breast milk.

Tests revealed that while the mother’s blood remained negative, viral RNA was still detectable in breast milk at 14 weeks after illness onset. To protect the newborn from transmission, clinicians used the drug bromocriptine to suppress lactation.

As per the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the mother was also isolated from the baby and not breastfed. A prophylactic (preventive) monoclonal antibody was also given to the newborn. During follow-up, the infant exhibited no signs of infection.

Ebola Virus: WHO Guidelines

During the 2018–2020 EVD outbreak in the northeast of DRC, 3,481 confirmed cases were reported. Of these, nearly 60 percent occurred in females, and about 45 percent occurred in children below 18 years of age.

Current WHO guidance recommends that Ebola survivors avoid breastfeeding until viral clearance is confirmed.

The global health body advises women with suspected or confirmed Ebola to immediately stop breastfeeding and be prioritized for diagnostic testing.

Children exposed to Ebola through breast milk

• Must be placed under care,
• Closely monitored for symptoms over 21 days
• Fed with an appropriate breast milk substitute.
• Restarted on breastfeeding after two consecutive negative tests of breast milk.