With a longer and more severe cold and flu season expected this year, many are questioning whether a single dose of the influenza vaccine will be enough to prevent severe illness and respiratory complications. The rise in conversations around extra vaccine doses and COVID-19 booster shots has led to further speculation—can you receive more than one flu shot in the same season? And would that offer enhanced protection?

The short answer is that one flu shot per year is generally sufficient for most individuals. However, there are some exceptions, particularly for young children receiving the vaccine for the first time. Additionally, because flu season lasts from October through May and multiple strains circulate, it is possible to contract the flu twice within the same season. Understanding flu immunity, vaccine effectiveness, and prevention measures is key to navigating this complex issue.

Flu viruses exist in multiple strains, primarily categorized into influenza A, B, C, and D. The ones responsible for seasonal epidemics are influenza A and B, with various subtypes and mutations occurring each year. When a person gets infected with one strain, their immune system develops antibodies to fight off that particular strain. However, these antibodies do not necessarily provide protection against a different strain, which is why individuals may experience the flu more than once in a season.

How Effective Is a Single Flu Shot?

Each year, the U.S. collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop flu vaccines that target the most prevalent strains expected to circulate. The annual flu shot typically includes protection against two influenza A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and two influenza B strains (Yamagata and Victoria lineages). Despite these efforts, flu vaccine effectiveness varies due to factors such as:

• The accuracy of strain prediction for the season
• The age and health condition of the recipient
• The ability of the vaccine to provide cross-protection against unexpected virus mutations

In years when the vaccine closely matches the circulating strains, it can significantly reduce the risk of severe illness, hospitalizations, and complications. However, mismatches can occur, leading to lower effectiveness rates.

Are Two Flu Shots Necessary for Adults?

While young children receiving their first flu shot require two doses for optimal protection, there is no evidence that a second flu shot benefits healthy adults. Research on immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients, has explored the possibility of additional doses, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains that there is no proven benefit in administering multiple flu shots to the general population.

The CDC explicitly states, “Studies have not shown a benefit from getting more than one dose of vaccine during the same influenza season, even among elderly persons with weakened immune systems.” For now, the standard recommendation remains one flu shot per season.

Can You Get the Same Flu Strain Twice?

If you've had the flu once in a season, the likelihood of contracting the exact same strain again is low. Once your immune system fights off a specific strain, it retains memory of that virus and can respond more effectively to future exposures. However, because multiple strains circulate during flu season, it is possible to become ill with a different strain even after recovering from an initial infection.

Why Do Some People Still Get the Flu After Vaccination?

While flu vaccines are designed to protect against the most common and severe strains, they are not foolproof. A vaccine’s effectiveness depends on how well it matches the circulating strains, how quickly the virus mutates, and individual immune responses. In some cases, vaccinated individuals may still contract the flu but experience milder symptoms compared to those who are unvaccinated.

For example, the 2018 flu vaccine was found to be only 36% effective against the dominant H3N2 strain that year. However, it still provided significant protection against hospitalization and severe complications, highlighting the importance of vaccination even when effectiveness rates vary.

How Long Does Flu Immunity Last?

Flu vaccine-induced immunity typically lasts for about six months. This is why the CDC recommends getting vaccinated in September or October, ensuring protection during the peak flu months of December through February. While early vaccination (such as in July or August) is not harmful, its effectiveness may wane before the flu season concludes.

Additionally, those who have already had the flu in a given season can still benefit from vaccination, as it provides protection against other circulating strains.

How to Prevent the Flu and Reinfection?

Beyond vaccination, there are several measures to reduce flu risk and prevent reinfection:

• Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after touching public surfaces.
• Minimize exposure to infected individuals whenever possible.
• Use a tissue or your elbow to prevent the spread of germs.
• Maintain a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and get adequate sleep.

For high-risk individuals—including infants, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with chronic health conditions—taking extra precautions and seeking medical advice at the first signs of illness is essential.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider

If flu symptoms persist beyond a week or worsen significantly, it is important to seek medical attention. High-risk individuals should be especially vigilant, as complications like pneumonia can arise. Contact a healthcare provider if experiencing severe symptoms such as:

• Difficulty breathing or chest pain
• Persistent high fever
• Severe dehydration
• Confusion or dizziness
• Choosing the Right Flu Vaccine

For those over 65, the CDC recommends high-dose flu vaccines that provide stronger immune responses, such as:

• Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent
• Flublok Quadrivalent Recombinant
• Fluad Quadrivalent Adjuvanted

These options offer enhanced protection for older adults who may not respond as robustly to standard flu vaccines.

While flu season can be unpredictable, an annual flu shot remains the best defense against infection and severe complications. Although getting a second flu shot in the same season is not recommended for most adults, staying vigilant with preventive measures can further reduce the risk of illness. If you have concerns about flu vaccination or your personal risk factors, consult a healthcare provider to make an informed decision about your flu prevention strategy.

World Alzheimer’s Day, observed annually on September 21, once again drew global attention to the rising burden of Alzheimer’s disease and the urgent need for collective action. This year, the 2025 theme emphasizes the importance of early awareness, timely diagnosis, and stronger community support systems to help patients and families cope with the challenges of dementia.

Breaking Stigma Around Dementia

Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs memory, thinking, and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Over time, it not only affects individuals but also places a heavy emotional and physical toll on families and caregivers.

The stigma around dementia often prevents people from seeking medical help in the early stages. Symptoms such as forgetfulness, disorientation, or difficulty handling daily tasks are too often dismissed as “normal aging.” Experts, however, warn against such assumptions.

“Alzheimer’s is not simply about age-related memory loss, it is a serious neurological condition that needs to be identified early,” noted Dr. Pavan Pai, Consultant Interventional Neurologist at Wockhardt Hospitals, Mira Road, as reported in the Free Press Journal. “Recognizing these signs early allows us to intervene in time, slow down progression through therapies, and prepare caregivers to provide better support.”

By focusing on awareness and early detection, this year’s campaign aims to reduce stigma and empower families to act before the disease advances.

The Global Burden of Alzheimer’s

More than 55 million people worldwide currently live with dementia, and the number is projected to rise sharply with aging populations. In India and other developing countries, cases are steadily increasing, adding to public health challenges.

Alzheimer’s is not only a medical condition but also a social issue, as it disrupts family structures and places immense demands on caregivers. Recognizing this, World Alzheimer’s Day encourages governments, organizations, and communities to work together to improve patient care, caregiver support, and social acceptance.

Origin and History of World Alzheimer’s Day

The first World Alzheimer’s Day was launched on September 21, 1994 by Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), a federation of Alzheimer associations across the globe. It was timed to mark the 10th anniversary of the organization.

Over the years, the campaign grew in scale and visibility. In 2012, ADI expanded the initiative into World Alzheimer’s Month, transforming September into a full month of awareness activities. Since then, the annual campaigns have included educational seminars, fundraising walks, memory cafés, and advocacy programs.

These initiatives not only increase understanding of dementia but also provide platforms for patients and caregivers to share experiences and seek community support.

Why World Alzheimer’s Day Matters

World Alzheimer’s Day is not just about raising awareness but also about inspiring collective action. The day underlines several critical areas:

Early diagnosis: Detecting Alzheimer’s in its initial stages improves chances of slowing progression through therapies and lifestyle interventions.

Access to care: Patients need medical, social, and emotional support systems to live with dignity.

Reducing stigma: Myths and misconceptions must be challenged to encourage acceptance and compassion.

Research and innovation: Ongoing scientific research is essential to find better treatments and, eventually, a cure.

Around the world, communities organize activities such as memory walks, caregiver workshops, and awareness drives. These efforts encourage societies to become more dementia-friendly, ensuring patients and families do not feel isolated.

Moving Forward With Hope

As the global population ages, Alzheimer’s and other dementias will continue to challenge healthcare systems, families, and communities. World Alzheimer’s Day 2025 serves as a reminder that awareness, compassion, and timely intervention are powerful tools in easing this burden.

By breaking stigma, encouraging early diagnosis, and strengthening support networks, societies can not only improve the quality of life for those living with Alzheimer’s but also bring hope to millions of families navigating its challenges.

NHL and Buffalo Sabres star Rasmus Dahlin revealed in an open letter to hockey fans that his fiancée Carolina Matovac received a heart transplant. He noted that while the couple went to France on a vacation early this summer, she experienced a "major heart failure".

In the open letter, the Sabres captain detailed the traumatic experience. The team shared the letter on Friday. As per Dahlin, Matovac had been feeling ill for several days, which led to her experiencing "major heart failure".

He wrote: "Fortunately, she received CPR on multiple occasions, and up to a couple of hours at a time to keep her alive, which ultimately saved her life. Without her receiving lifesaving CPR, the result would have been unimaginable. It is hard to even think about the worst-case scenario."

As a result, Matovac also remained on life support for weeks before she received the transplant in France. He also wrote: "Without the incredible commitment, expertise, care, and sensitivity of all the people who treated Carolina, we would not be in the position that we are in today, with Carolina recovering well and on the path to a full recovery."

In his letter, he also thanked Matovac's medical team, the NHL and NHLPA, and the Pegula family for their support. He said that through his letter he hopes to remind others to "appreciate our experiences, the people closest to us, and the importance of fully living each day."

Update On Matovac's Health Now

He wrote that Carolina is still "working through her rehab to return to be with me in Buffalo, she has demonstrated an incredible determination, spirit, positivity, and resilience that I am in awe of." He called this the most challenging chapter of their lives, however, also noted that both have also learned a lot from this. He wrote: "We will continue to grow from these experiences and are so grateful for all the love and support we have received. We are truly blessed in so many ways and fully realize how fortunate we are."

What Is A Heart Failure?

Doctors reveal that unlike an actual heart attack, heart failure can happen gradually. This is also the reason why many people mistake the symptoms to be something else, like indigestion or being out of shape. Robert Greenfield, MD, cardiologist, and medical director of non-invasive cardiology and cardiac rehabilitation at MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute at Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, tells Prevention, that "the longer you go without seeing these as signs of heart trouble, the more damage you may have over time.”

What actually happens in a heart failure is that your heart becomes unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's need. In the US, it happens to approximately 6.5 million adults in a year, and is the leading cause of hospital admissions and readmissions among older adults, accounting for an estimated 1 million hospitalizations annually, notes Naddi Marah, MD., FACC, FSCAI, interventional and structural cardiologist with Memorial Hermann Health System.

What Happens In A Heart Transplant?

A heart transplant replaces a falling heart with a healthy donor heart through complex open-chest surgery, lasting several hours. The recipient is placed under general anesthesia, connected to a heart-lung bypass machine, and their diseased heart is removed, while the donor heart is carefully sewn in the place, and blood vessels are attached so the heart begins to beat. Afterward, the patient is connected to mechanical ventilation, drainage tubes are inserted, and they receive immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection of the new organ.

U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has launched a sweeping overhaul of America’s vaccine policies. As per several reports, he has been moving faster than many government scientists, lawmakers, and health officials anticipated. His approach has also ignited controversy, sparked resignations, and fueled calls for his removal from office, while also energizing vaccine skeptics nationwide.

Also Read: Hepatitis B Vaccination Timeline For Children Under Review Without Scientific Data, Says Former CDC Director Susan Monarez

A Rapid Overhaul of Vaccine Policy

In just weeks, Kennedy has enacted a series of dramatic changes:

• Restricted eligibility for COVID-19 shots.
• Ousted the CDC’s top official, replacing her with his deputy.
• Expanded exemptions for states that allow children to skip vaccines.
• Dismantled the traditional review process for updating vaccine recommendations.
• Stacked the national vaccine advisory board with critics of COVID-19 shots.

Observers say Kennedy is consolidating power quickly to avoid political pushback. “He’s moving at breakneck speed… he knows if he slowed down, he’d hit roadblocks,” said Lawrence Gostin, a Georgetown professor of global health law.

A Pivotal Vote on Childhood Vaccines

The biggest test of Kennedy’s new direction is expected to come from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the nation’s top vaccine panel. This week, the board will vote on updates to the childhood vaccine schedule, including:

• A combined measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox shot.
• The hepatitis B vaccine.
• New versions of COVID-19 vaccines.

With no permanent CDC director in place, some fear these recommendations could pass without the rigorous scientific review traditionally required. Former CDC director Susan Monarez, who was dismissed by Kennedy in August, warned in testimony: “There is a real risk that recommendations could be made restricting access to vaccines for children and others in need, without rigorous scientific review.”

Clash With Public Health Institutions

Kennedy’s stance runs counter to decades of scientific consensus. He has long argued, without supporting evidence, that childhood vaccines cause serious harm. Health experts worry his policies could fuel declining immunization rates and resurgences of preventable diseases like measles.

Major medical groups, including the American College of Physicians and the American Public Health Association, have urged his removal. Over 1,000 current and former employees of his department, as well as two of his own family members, have also called for him to step down.

Despite the backlash, President Donald Trump has stood firmly behind Kennedy, though he has warned against undermining confidence in “vaccines that work.”

Supporters and Skeptics

Kennedy has built a following across political lines. His “Make America Healthy Again” message resonates with conservatives and progressives alike, especially those who distrust the food and pharmaceutical industries. While his focus on chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes has found approval, his rapid-fire moves on vaccines remain the most divisive.

Anti-vaccine groups see his leadership as validation. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis has already announced plans to end all vaccine mandates, including school-entry requirements. Meanwhile, Kennedy reinstated a childhood vaccine safety task force in August after pressure from advocacy groups, including Children’s Health Defense, which he once chaired.

Fallout Inside the CDC

The shake-up has triggered turmoil within the CDC. Senior vaccine official Demetre Daskalakis resigned soon after Monarez’s firing, citing concerns about scientific integrity. He pointed to an acceleration of Kennedy’s agenda following a deadly shooting at CDC headquarters in Atlanta, where investigators found anti-vaccine writings in the gunman’s home.

“I felt there was undue influence on the science at CDC… I couldn’t stand behind its quality or freedom from ideology,” Daskalakis said.

What Are The Broader Implications?

Even minor changes to ACIP’s guidance ripple far beyond health agencies, affecting school requirements, employer mandates, and insurance coverage. Experts warn that restricting vaccine access could reverse decades of progress.

Jennifer Kates of the nonprofit KFF summed it up: “During COVID, the government mobilized to make vaccines rapidly available at record speed. Now we’re seeing a major change in the opposite direction—scrutinizing vaccine information and reducing access across the country.”

Restoring Trust or Fueling Distrust?

Kennedy frames his actions as an effort to rebuild public trust in health agencies that lost credibility during the pandemic. HHS spokesperson Andrew Nixon defended the reforms: “We are reforming broken institutions, restoring gold-standard science, and empowering Americans with honest information and real choice.”

But critics argue the opposite, that Kennedy is weakening scientific safeguards, sidelining experts, and exposing Americans, especially children, to preventable diseases. Whether this new direction strengthens trust or deepens divisions in U.S. public health remains uncertain.