Riya Baibhawi

Five Common Symptoms Of Stomach Cancer That Should Not Be Ignored

Stomach cancer

<span>Stomach <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health/cancer">cancer</a></span> is a type of <span>cancer</span> that develops in the lining of the stomach. Also, known as Gastric cancer, it affects the elderly more than the adult. According to the American Cancer Society, about 6 of every 10 people diagnosed with stomach cancer each year are 65 or older. Also, the lifetime risk of developing stomach cancer is higher in men (about 1 in 101) than in women (about 1 in 155).

A health expert, speaking to a leading media house, emphasized <strong>five common symptoms of stomach cancer </strong>that should not be ignored:

1. Unexplained <span>weight loss</span>: Losing weight without trying or experiencing an unexplained drop in appetite, which may signal cancer progression.

2. Pain in the upper part of the abdomen: Persistent or occasional pain in the stomach area, often after eating, can become more severe as the condition progresses.

3. Frequent vomiting after meals: Nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, may occur especially after meals and is linked to cancer blocking or irritating the stomach.

4. Vomiting blood, which may appear coffee-colored: This can indicate bleeding in the stomach, often caused by ulcers or tumors, and requires immediate medical attention. 

5. Black, tarry stools: This occurs when blood from the stomach is digested and passed through the intestines, signaling potential internal bleeding

There are also other concerning signs that should not be overlooked such as jaundice,  unexplained weight loss, early onset of diabetes, dark stools, and loss of appetite. Health experts strongly advise seeking immediate medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms.  If you or a loved one experience these signs, it's  crucial to visit a physician for a thorough evaluation to rule out serious underlying health conditions.

<h2>How Does Stomach Cancer Spread? </h2>

Oncologist Dr Pankaj Kumar Pande, Director–Surgical Oncology, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi explained that this form of cancer spreads through three main pathways: Direct spread, lymphatic spread, and bloodstream.

<strong>1. Direct Spread: </strong>In its early stages, stomach cancer can invade nearby tissues and grow into the deeper layers of the stomach or spread to surrounding organs such as the oesophagus, liver, pancreas, or intestines.

<strong>2. Lymphatic Spread: </strong>Cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system. The most common areas affected are the regional lymph nodes near the stomach, particularly those around the liver and diaphragm.

<strong>3. Bloodstream: </strong>"Cancer cells can enter the bloodstream and travel to distant parts of the body," which is a common route for stomach cancer to metastasize to distant organs.

He further explained that cancerous cells spread from the original tumour to other parts of the body through a process called Metastasis. The most common sites for the spread are the liver, lymph nodes, peritoneum, lungs, bones, and ovaries.

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Stomach cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach. Also, known as Gastric cancer, it affects the elderly more than the adult. According to the American Cancer Society, about 6 of every 10 people diagnosed with stomach cancer each year are 65 or older. Also, the lifetime risk of developing stomach cancer is higher in men (about 1 in 101) than in women (about 1 in 155).A health expert, speaking to a leading media house, emphasized five common symptoms of stomach cancer that should not be ignored:1. Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying or experiencing an unexplained drop in appetite, which may signal cancer progression.2. Pain in the upper part of the abdomen: Persistent or occasional pain in the stomach area, often after eating, can become more severe as the condition progresses.3. Frequent vomiting after meals: Nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, may occur especially after meals and is linked to cancer blocking or irritating the stomach.4. Vomiting blood, which may appear coffee-colored: This can indicate bleeding in the stomach, often caused by ulcers or tumors, and requires immediate medical attention. 5. Black, tarry stools: This occurs when blood from the stomach is digested and passed through the intestines, signaling potential internal bleedingThere are also other concerning signs that should not be overlooked such as jaundice,  unexplained weight loss, early onset of diabetes, dark stools, and loss of appetite. Health experts strongly advise seeking immediate medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms.  If you or a loved one experience these signs, it's  crucial to visit a physician for a thorough evaluation to rule out serious underlying health conditions.How Does Stomach Cancer Spread? Oncologist Dr Pankaj Kumar Pande, Director–Surgical Oncology, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi explained that this form of cancer spreads through three main pathways: Direct spread, lymphatic spread, and bloodstream.1. Direct Spread: In its early stages, stomach cancer can invade nearby tissues and grow into the deeper layers of the stomach or spread to surrounding organs such as the oesophagus, liver, pancreas, or intestines.2. Lymphatic Spread: Cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system. The most common areas affected are the regional lymph nodes near the stomach, particularly those around the liver and diaphragm.3. Bloodstream: "Cancer cells can enter the bloodstream and travel to distant parts of the body," which is a common route for stomach cancer to metastasize to distant organs.He further explained that cancerous cells spread from the original tumour to other parts of the body through a process called Metastasis. The most common sites for the spread are the liver, lymph nodes, peritoneum, lungs, bones, and ovaries.

five common symptoms of stomach cancer that should not be ignored

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India is struggling with alarmingly high levels of premature deliveries and low birth weights in infants, and the cause could be one of the nation's most pressing environmental threats—air pollution.

As per India's National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–21), about 13% of infants were born pre-term and 17% were low birth weight, with the research identifying airborne fine particulate matter or PM2.5 as a key driver of these negative birth outcomes. The results, published in PLoS Global Public Health, are the outcome of cross-institutional collaboration between Indian and global research centers. By uniting large-scale health survey data with air quality remote sensing, the scientists have mapped not only the extent of the problem but also its underlying environmental causes.

The research, conducted in association with India's leading scientific institutions such as IIT Delhi, International Institute for Population Sciences (Mumbai), and collaborating UK and Irish partners, merged public health information with high-resolution satellite images to evaluate the impact of air pollution on pregnancies. With sophisticated spatial modeling and statistical analysis, researchers found that increased exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy was associated with a 70% greater risk of preterm birth and a 40% greater chance of low birth weight.

This is a major public health issue, with both outcomes having long-term health consequences for infants, from cognitive disabilities to chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease in adult life.

<h2>What Connects Air Pollution with Preterm Births?</h2>

At the center of the crisis is fine particulate matter (PM2.5)—small airborne particles smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, emitted primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. The particles are tiny enough to reach deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream, and they threaten the health of mothers and fetuses equally.

The research determined that higher exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy was linked with a 40% increased likelihood of low birth weight and a 70% increased risk of preterm delivery. The rise of 10 microgram per cubic meter (μg/m³) in PM2.5 exposure was correlated with a 5% increase in the prevalence of low birth weight and a 12% increase in preterm delivery.

These results are consistent with global evidence, including a recent meta-analysis, which reported a similar dose-response pattern between exposure to PM2.5 and adverse birth outcomes globally. Exposure to other PM2.5 components—black carbon, nitrates, and sulfates—has also been associated with spontaneous preterm birth, especially in the second trimester.

The research identified glaring regional inequities. States in the higher Gangetic plains of North India, including Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Bihar, demonstrated the greatest PM2.5 levels. These states also had the greatest rates of premature births and low birth-weight babies. For example, Himachal Pradesh reported a whopping 39% premature birth rate, followed by Uttarakhand (27%), Rajasthan (18%), and Delhi (17%).

Conversely, the northeastern states of Mizoram, Manipur, and Tripura did notably better, with reduced air pollution rates and associated improved outcomes at birth. The results indicate the imperative for focused policy action in northern India, where urbanization, agricultural burning, and the use of fossil fuels are pushing perilously bad air quality.

<h2>Can Climate Change Is Add to the Crisis?</h2>

Aside from air pollution, other climate factors like temperature and changes in rainfall patterns also affected pregnancy outcomes, according to the Indian study. The study observes that intense heat waves, irregular monsoons, and water shortages—characteristics of the climate emergency—can directly affect the health of the mother and fetus.

With this convergence of environmental and reproductive health, specialists are increasingly advocating for the incorporation of climate adaptation measures in public health planning. Localized heat action plans, improved water management systems, and effective risk communication systems are among these. 

<h2>How Air Pollution Harms Pregnancies?</h2>

The journey from contaminated air to poor birth outcomes is both subtle and direct. PM2.5 and its components have the ability to penetrate the placental barrier, leading to inflammation and oxidative stress in the placental tissue. This inflammation is directly related to preterm labor, low birth weight, and even neurodevelopmental delay in children.

Black carbon, one of the dominant fractions of PM2.5, has been found to interfere with fetal development and raise the risk of preeclampsia and preterm rupture of membranes, further putting mother and child at risk. The additive effect is increased odds of babies being born too early or too light, with health consequences for life.

India's National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), initiated in 2019, plans to lower PM levels by 20–30% in 122 non-attainment cities by 2024. It's good that it is a move towards improvement, but according to researchers, efforts need to be scaled up and enforced more strictly, particularly in the northern belt where pollution levels are still critically high.

The researchers of the study also suggest greater public health outreach, including education campaigns for pregnant women, frontline health workers, and policymakers. Education about air quality monitoring, prenatal care access, and simple measures to avoid exposure are crucially necessary.

<h2>How Pregnant Women Can Protect Themselves?</h2>

Although systemic change is necessary, there are also measures individuals—particularly pregnant women—can take to lower their risk:

<ul><li>Monitor local air quality and limit outdoor activities when pollution levels are high.</li><li>Use air purifiers and maintain clean indoor environments.</li><li>Avoid heavily trafficked roads and industrial areas whenever possible.</li><li>Eat a diet rich in antioxidants, which may help counteract some of the harmful effects of air pollutants.</li></ul>

Yet, with air pollution still on the increase, such individual precautions need to be supplemented by strong public health and policy measures so that meaningful protection for both mothers and infants is guaranteed.

This research reinforces a growing body of international evidence that links air pollution to reproductive and neonatal health risks. According to the World Health Organization, over 90% of the global population breathes unsafe outdoor air, and half are exposed to indoor pollution from traditional cooking methods involving coal, dung, or wood.

Worldwide, 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, and so preterm birth is the predominant cause of neonatal deaths. By which standards is the Indian study a local health concern—it's a global warning for health.

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ill effects of air pollution

India is struggling with alarmingly high levels of premature deliveries and low birth weights in infants, and the cause could be one of the nation's most pressing environmental threats—air pollution.As per India's National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–21), about 13% of infants were born pre-term and 17% were low birth weight, with the research identifying airborne fine particulate matter or PM2.5 as a key driver of these negative birth outcomes. The results, published in PLoS Global Public Health, are the outcome of cross-institutional collaboration between Indian and global research centers. By uniting large-scale health survey data with air quality remote sensing, the scientists have mapped not only the extent of the problem but also its underlying environmental causes.The research, conducted in association with India's leading scientific institutions such as IIT Delhi, International Institute for Population Sciences (Mumbai), and collaborating UK and Irish partners, merged public health information with high-resolution satellite images to evaluate the impact of air pollution on pregnancies. With sophisticated spatial modeling and statistical analysis, researchers found that increased exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy was associated with a 70% greater risk of preterm birth and a 40% greater chance of low birth weight.This is a major public health issue, with both outcomes having long-term health consequences for infants, from cognitive disabilities to chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease in adult life.What Connects Air Pollution with Preterm Births?At the center of the crisis is fine particulate matter (PM2.5)—small airborne particles smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, emitted primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. The particles are tiny enough to reach deep into the lungs and into the bloodstream, and they threaten the health of mothers and fetuses equally.The research determined that higher exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy was linked with a 40% increased likelihood of low birth weight and a 70% increased risk of preterm delivery. The rise of 10 microgram per cubic meter (μg/m³) in PM2.5 exposure was correlated with a 5% increase in the prevalence of low birth weight and a 12% increase in preterm delivery.These results are consistent with global evidence, including a recent meta-analysis, which reported a similar dose-response pattern between exposure to PM2.5 and adverse birth outcomes globally. Exposure to other PM2.5 components—black carbon, nitrates, and sulfates—has also been associated with spontaneous preterm birth, especially in the second trimester.The research identified glaring regional inequities. States in the higher Gangetic plains of North India, including Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Bihar, demonstrated the greatest PM2.5 levels. These states also had the greatest rates of premature births and low birth-weight babies. For example, Himachal Pradesh reported a whopping 39% premature birth rate, followed by Uttarakhand (27%), Rajasthan (18%), and Delhi (17%).Conversely, the northeastern states of Mizoram, Manipur, and Tripura did notably better, with reduced air pollution rates and associated improved outcomes at birth. The results indicate the imperative for focused policy action in northern India, where urbanization, agricultural burning, and the use of fossil fuels are pushing perilously bad air quality.Can Climate Change Is Add to the Crisis?Aside from air pollution, other climate factors like temperature and changes in rainfall patterns also affected pregnancy outcomes, according to the Indian study. The study observes that intense heat waves, irregular monsoons, and water shortages—characteristics of the climate emergency—can directly affect the health of the mother and fetus.With this convergence of environmental and reproductive health, specialists are increasingly advocating for the incorporation of climate adaptation measures in public health planning. Localized heat action plans, improved water management systems, and effective risk communication systems are among these. How Air Pollution Harms Pregnancies?The journey from contaminated air to poor birth outcomes is both subtle and direct. PM2.5 and its components have the ability to penetrate the placental barrier, leading to inflammation and oxidative stress in the placental tissue. This inflammation is directly related to preterm labor, low birth weight, and even neurodevelopmental delay in children.Black carbon, one of the dominant fractions of PM2.5, has been found to interfere with fetal development and raise the risk of preeclampsia and preterm rupture of membranes, further putting mother and child at risk. The additive effect is increased odds of babies being born too early or too light, with health consequences for life.India's National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), initiated in 2019, plans to lower PM levels by 20–30% in 122 non-attainment cities by 2024. It's good that it is a move towards improvement, but according to researchers, efforts need to be scaled up and enforced more strictly, particularly in the northern belt where pollution levels are still critically high.The researchers of the study also suggest greater public health outreach, including education campaigns for pregnant women, frontline health workers, and policymakers. Education about air quality monitoring, prenatal care access, and simple measures to avoid exposure are crucially necessary.How Pregnant Women Can Protect Themselves?Although systemic change is necessary, there are also measures individuals—particularly pregnant women—can take to lower their risk:Monitor local air quality and limit outdoor activities when pollution levels are high.Use air purifiers and maintain clean indoor environments.Avoid heavily trafficked roads and industrial areas whenever possible.Eat a diet rich in antioxidants, which may help counteract some of the harmful effects of air pollutants.Yet, with air pollution still on the increase, such individual precautions need to be supplemented by strong public health and policy measures so that meaningful protection for both mothers and infants is guaranteed.This research reinforces a growing body of international evidence that links air pollution to reproductive and neonatal health risks. According to the World Health Organization, over 90% of the global population breathes unsafe outdoor air, and half are exposed to indoor pollution from traditional cooking methods involving coal, dung, or wood.Worldwide, 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, and so preterm birth is the predominant cause of neonatal deaths. By which standards is the Indian study a local health concern—it's a global warning for health.

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Five years after the peak of the global pandemic, the world continues to grapple with the evolving landscape of Covid-19. The latest twist comes from the United Kingdom, where a new strain dubbed ‘Stratus’ has rapidly become the most prevalent variant, accounting for nearly a third of all cases in England. What sets Stratus apart is not just its speed of spread, but a unique and unexpected symptom, a hoarse voice.

With experts warning of increased immune evasion and the World Health Organization (WHO) keeping the strain under close surveillance, the emergence of Stratus and its sub-variants XFG and XFG.3 is a timely reminder that the fight against Covid-19 is far from over.

<h2>What Is New Covid Variant Stratus?</h2>

First identified in January 2025, the Stratus strain—officially classified under the XFG lineage and its subvariant XFG.3—has become the most common form of COVID-19 in England. According to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), the XFG.3 variant currently accounts for a greater proportion of cases than any other single strain, with Stratus overall making up roughly 30% of infections in the region.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated Stratus as a "variant under monitoring," a classification that signals the need for heightened genomic tracking, though it has emphasized the variant currently poses a low risk to global public health.

What sets Stratus apart from prior variants, particularly its Omicron predecessors, is a peculiar but increasingly common symptom: a hoarse or raspy voice, an anomaly not prominently associated with COVID-19 strains before.

Dr. Alex Allen, Consultant Epidemiologist at UKHSA, emphasizes that while viruses naturally mutate over time, the Stratus strain’s unique symptom profile and rapid spread warrant careful monitoring.

Stratus is not just another offshoot of Omicron; it is what scientists call a “recombinant” or “Frankenstein” variant. This means it emerged when an individual was infected with two different Covid strains simultaneously, resulting in a new hybrid lineage. Such recombination events are rare but can lead to variants with novel characteristics—including changes in transmissibility, immune evasion, and symptomatology.

Reports from the World Health Organization indicate that Stratus is showing signs of additional immune evasion compared to other strains. This means it may more effectively bypass existing immunity from previous infections or vaccinations, contributing to its rapid spread.

<h2>How Widespread Is Stratus Globally?</h2>

As of June 22, 2025, Stratus has been detected in 38 countries, according to the World Health Organization. In addition to its prevalence in the UK, it is showing a slow but steady increase in several regions across Southeast Asia and Europe, and health authorities in the United States are closely monitoring imported cases.

The WHO noted that several nations have reported rising case counts and mild upticks in hospitalization rates alongside increased detection of XFG. However, current evidence does not indicate that Stratus causes more severe illness or higher mortality than other circulating Omicron variants.

As of late June 2025, Stratus accounted for 22.7 percent of global Covid-19 cases, according to the WHO. It has been detected in 38 countries, reflecting its global reach. The UK remains the epicenter, but rising case numbers have also been reported in South-East Asia, Australia, and several U.S. states.

The true scale of the spread, however, is difficult to measure. With widespread reductions in Covid-19 testing compared to the height of the pandemic, many cases may go undetected or unreported. This underlines the importance of genomic surveillance and international cooperation in tracking emerging variants.

<h2>Recognizing the Symptoms of Stratus Strain</h2>

While the hoarse voice is the most distinctive symptom reported with Stratus, health authorities have not yet listed any other unique symptoms for this variant. The classic symptoms of Covid-19—including fever, persistent cough, loss of taste or smell, fatigue, headache, and sore throat—remain common.

The NHS continues to advise the public to watch for:

<ul><li>High temperature or shivering</li><li>New, continuous cough</li><li>Shortness of breath</li><li>Loss or change in sense of smell or taste</li><li>Feeling tired or exhausted</li><li>Aching body</li><li>Headache</li><li>Sore throat</li><li>Blocked or runny nose</li><li>Loss of appetite</li><li>Diarrhea</li><li>Nausea or vomiting</li></ul>

The emergence of a hoarse voice as a prominent symptom highlights the need for ongoing vigilance and public awareness, especially as new variants may present in unexpected ways.

<h2>Is Stratus Variant More Dangerous?</h2>

So far, there is no evidence that Stratus causes more severe disease than previous variants. Dr. Alex Allen, Consultant Epidemiologist at UKHSA, stated that the agency continues to monitor the situation closely, adding, “It is normal for viruses to mutate and change over time.”

Dr. Allen also emphasized that COVID-19 vaccines in use remain effective against Stratus and its subvariants. While Stratus shows signs of “immune evasion,” experts clarify this doesn’t mean existing immunity—whether from vaccination or prior infection—is rendered useless. Instead, it may suggest slightly reduced protection against infection, not against severe illness.

The UK and many other countries continue to offer seasonal COVID-19 booster doses, especially for vulnerable groups. In the UK, the NHS is currently offering the vaccine to:

<ul><li>Individuals aged 75 and above</li><li>People aged 6 months to 74 with weakened immune systems</li><li>Residents in adult care homes</li></ul>

The rationale remains the same: over time, vaccine-induced immunity wanes, and booster doses "top up" protection, reducing the risk of severe symptoms, hospitalization, and death.

As of now, there is no need for a new vaccine targeting Stratus, but virologists remain vigilant. The adaptability of mRNA vaccine platforms allows manufacturers to update formulations quickly, should a variant emerge that significantly escapes immunity.

While the Stratus strain doesn’t appear to be more deadly or vaccine-resistant, it’s a clear reminder that COVID-19 is not behind us. The virus continues to mutate, and new symptoms—like a hoarse voice—may require clinicians and patients to adjust their awareness of what infection might look like.

Public health experts advise individuals to stay up to date with vaccines, test if symptomatic (especially if vulnerable or in contact with high-risk individuals), and continue practicing good hygiene, particularly in crowded indoor spaces.

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Five years after the peak of the global pandemic, the world continues to grapple with the evolving landscape of Covid-19. The latest twist comes from the United Kingdom, where a new strain dubbed ‘Stratus’ has rapidly become the most prevalent variant, accounting for nearly a third of all cases in England. What sets Stratus apart is not just its speed of spread, but a unique and unexpected symptom, a hoarse voice.With experts warning of increased immune evasion and the World Health Organization (WHO) keeping the strain under close surveillance, the emergence of Stratus and its sub-variants XFG and XFG.3 is a timely reminder that the fight against Covid-19 is far from over.What Is New Covid Variant Stratus?First identified in January 2025, the Stratus strain—officially classified under the XFG lineage and its subvariant XFG.3—has become the most common form of COVID-19 in England. According to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), the XFG.3 variant currently accounts for a greater proportion of cases than any other single strain, with Stratus overall making up roughly 30% of infections in the region.The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated Stratus as a "variant under monitoring," a classification that signals the need for heightened genomic tracking, though it has emphasized the variant currently poses a low risk to global public health.What sets Stratus apart from prior variants, particularly its Omicron predecessors, is a peculiar but increasingly common symptom: a hoarse or raspy voice, an anomaly not prominently associated with COVID-19 strains before.Dr. Alex Allen, Consultant Epidemiologist at UKHSA, emphasizes that while viruses naturally mutate over time, the Stratus strain’s unique symptom profile and rapid spread warrant careful monitoring.Stratus is not just another offshoot of Omicron; it is what scientists call a “recombinant” or “Frankenstein” variant. This means it emerged when an individual was infected with two different Covid strains simultaneously, resulting in a new hybrid lineage. Such recombination events are rare but can lead to variants with novel characteristics—including changes in transmissibility, immune evasion, and symptomatology.Reports from the World Health Organization indicate that Stratus is showing signs of additional immune evasion compared to other strains. This means it may more effectively bypass existing immunity from previous infections or vaccinations, contributing to its rapid spread.How Widespread Is Stratus Globally?As of June 22, 2025, Stratus has been detected in 38 countries, according to the World Health Organization. In addition to its prevalence in the UK, it is showing a slow but steady increase in several regions across Southeast Asia and Europe, and health authorities in the United States are closely monitoring imported cases.The WHO noted that several nations have reported rising case counts and mild upticks in hospitalization rates alongside increased detection of XFG. However, current evidence does not indicate that Stratus causes more severe illness or higher mortality than other circulating Omicron variants.As of late June 2025, Stratus accounted for 22.7 percent of global Covid-19 cases, according to the WHO. It has been detected in 38 countries, reflecting its global reach. The UK remains the epicenter, but rising case numbers have also been reported in South-East Asia, Australia, and several U.S. states.The true scale of the spread, however, is difficult to measure. With widespread reductions in Covid-19 testing compared to the height of the pandemic, many cases may go undetected or unreported. This underlines the importance of genomic surveillance and international cooperation in tracking emerging variants.Recognizing the Symptoms of Stratus StrainWhile the hoarse voice is the most distinctive symptom reported with Stratus, health authorities have not yet listed any other unique symptoms for this variant. The classic symptoms of Covid-19—including fever, persistent cough, loss of taste or smell, fatigue, headache, and sore throat—remain common.The NHS continues to advise the public to watch for:High temperature or shiveringNew, continuous coughShortness of breathLoss or change in sense of smell or tasteFeeling tired or exhaustedAching bodyHeadacheSore throatBlocked or runny noseLoss of appetiteDiarrheaNausea or vomitingThe emergence of a hoarse voice as a prominent symptom highlights the need for ongoing vigilance and public awareness, especially as new variants may present in unexpected ways.Is Stratus Variant More Dangerous?So far, there is no evidence that Stratus causes more severe disease than previous variants. Dr. Alex Allen, Consultant Epidemiologist at UKHSA, stated that the agency continues to monitor the situation closely, adding, “It is normal for viruses to mutate and change over time.”Dr. Allen also emphasized that COVID-19 vaccines in use remain effective against Stratus and its subvariants. While Stratus shows signs of “immune evasion,” experts clarify this doesn’t mean existing immunity—whether from vaccination or prior infection—is rendered useless. Instead, it may suggest slightly reduced protection against infection, not against severe illness.The UK and many other countries continue to offer seasonal COVID-19 booster doses, especially for vulnerable groups. In the UK, the NHS is currently offering the vaccine to:Individuals aged 75 and abovePeople aged 6 months to 74 with weakened immune systemsResidents in adult care homesThe rationale remains the same: over time, vaccine-induced immunity wanes, and booster doses "top up" protection, reducing the risk of severe symptoms, hospitalization, and death.As of now, there is no need for a new vaccine targeting Stratus, but virologists remain vigilant. The adaptability of mRNA vaccine platforms allows manufacturers to update formulations quickly, should a variant emerge that significantly escapes immunity.While the Stratus strain doesn’t appear to be more deadly or vaccine-resistant, it’s a clear reminder that COVID-19 is not behind us. The virus continues to mutate, and new symptoms—like a hoarse voice—may require clinicians and patients to adjust their awareness of what infection might look like.Public health experts advise individuals to stay up to date with vaccines, test if symptomatic (especially if vulnerable or in contact with high-risk individuals), and continue practicing good hygiene, particularly in crowded indoor spaces.

new 'frankenstein' covid variant spreads across 38 countries: unique covid symptom surfaces in uk outbreak

Nipah Outbreak Alert In Kerala: One Suspected Death, 345 Under Surveillance As Three Districts On High Alert

Kerala, which has a strong public health system in southern India, is yet again facing the threat of Nipah virus—a deadly, bat-spread zoonotic illness with high mortality rates. Two fresh cases in Malappuram and Palakkad have led the authorities to issue an alert in three districts: Malappuram, Palakkad, and Kozhikode. The swift mobilization of health resources and containment measures attest both to the seriousness of the threat as well as lessons gleaned from past outbreaks.

This return of the virus, with a high fatality rate and a zoonotic mode of transmission, has renewed debate around viral spillovers, ecological disturbance, and the tenuous equilibrium between human activity and wildlife interaction.

The first official case is that of a 38-year-old Malappuram woman, who was tested positive at the country's top virology lab, the National Institute of Virology (NIV) in Pune. The woman, who first reported fever almost three weeks ago, visited three different healthcare centers, including a local clinic. The woman is now undergoing intensive care at Perinthalmanna's private hospital.

The second case, unfortunately, is that of a child from Palakkad who died due to the infection. Postmortem examination revealed Nipah virus to be the killer. Clinical history and contact history of the child are being evaluated as health officials scramble to determine the spread of the outbreak.

As a precautionary measure, three districts—Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Palakkad—have been put in high alert. Kerala Health Minister Veena George confirmed that contact tracing and containment procedures are already underway. The samples of both the cases have also been sent to the National Institute of Virology for reconfirmation.

345 people have been identified in the contact network as per Minister George—211 from Malappuram, 91 from Palakkad, and 43 from Kozhikode.

A travel history map of the Palakkad patient was released, enabling the authorities to step up containment and isolation measures. In a first-ever initiative, 26 specialist response committees have been deployed in every affected district. These consist of task forces for epidemiological surveillance, hospital readiness, public communication, and coordination with law enforcement.

Police forces have also been asked to work closely with the health apparatus to facilitate smooth implementation of movement restrictions, testing, and quarantine measures, if the situation demands.

District Collectors have been authorized to declare containment zones as a precaution, with teams to implement lockdowns at micro levels based on risk assessment.

Nipah virus infection poses a daunting diagnostic challenge. Early presentation—fever, headache, sore throat, and respiratory distress—is indistinguishable from that of routine viral infections such as influenza. Severe illness can quickly evolve into encephalitis, seizures, and coma within 24 to 48 hours. Incubation is 4 to 14 days but can be up to 45 days, making it difficult to trace and contain transmission.

Kerala has enforced strict surveillance measures. All contacts are risk-stratified: high-risk contacts (who had contact with body fluids or spent extended hours with a confirmed case) are home quarantined with active monitoring for 21 days, and symptomatic contacts are placed in specialized isolation facilities right away.

Nipah virus first appeared in Kerala in 2018, and since then the state has suffered five outbreaks, claiming 22 lives and leaving only seven alive. The virus is mainly spread from fruit bats (Pteropus species) to humans, though it can also be spread through food contact or human-to-human transmission. Kerala's distinctive ecology—highly populated forests, large bat presence, and frequent human-wildlife interaction—is especially susceptible to spillover events.

A new study in PLOS Global Public Health discovered that four out of six Nipah outbreaks in Kerala since 2018 occurred during El Niño years and the time of fruit ripening (May–September), highlighting the influence of environmental determinants on outbreak patterns. Deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate variability are suspected to enhance the risk of bat-to-human transmission.

This is not the first time Kerala has fought against Nipah. The state has already encountered five outbreaks since 2018. Among the 29 reported cases, 22 ended in deaths, with seven individuals surviving the infection.

The Nipah virus, which was first detected in 1999 in an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia, is a zoonotic virus. The natural reservoir in India is the <span>Pteropus fruit bat</span> or Indian flying fox. Humans get infected through direct contact with bats, their secretions, or intermediate hosts like domesticated animals.

What makes Nipah particularly sinister is the 40% to 75% mortality rate and the fact that it is hard to detect in its early stages because of its resemblance to typical viral fevers. The initial symptoms are fever, headache, and muscle aches, which may progress rapidly to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), respiratory failure, and death. There is no cure or vaccine as yet, making control and prevention the only feasible measures.

Nipah outbreaks in Kerala have in the past caused mass panic and, in some instances, destructive social practices. Misinformation and panic have during past outbreaks resulted in stigmatization of patients and their relatives and avoidance of health facilities. Health officials are thus putting efforts into open communication and public sensitization against fear, as well as promoting collaboration with measures of containment.

Nipah has a case fatality rate of 40% to 75%, ranking among the most lethal known viral infections. Survivors can have long-term neurological sequelae, such as chronic convulsions and personality disturbances. The high death rate and severity of disease emphasize the need for prompt detection and vigorous containment.

<h2>Global Lessons and the One Health Approach</h2>

Kerala's most recent outbreak highlights anew the value of the One Health strategy—an intersectoral, collaborative strategy that acknowledges the interrelatedness of human, animal, and environmental health.

Experts are urging steady investments in bat surveillance, conservation of the environment, and genomic monitoring for rising pathogens. Conservation of bat habitats and reduction of human exposure through safer agriculture practices and food handling standards might decrease future threats.

Globally, Nipah virus is a canary in the coal mine. With increasing climate change, deforestation, and urbanization, the risk of zoonotic viruses emerging and spreading is bound to rise exponentially.

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Kerala, which has a strong public health system in southern India, is yet again facing the threat of Nipah virus—a deadly, bat-spread zoonotic illness with high mortality rates. Two fresh cases in Malappuram and Palakkad have led the authorities to issue an alert in three districts: Malappuram, Palakkad, and Kozhikode. The swift mobilization of health resources and containment measures attest both to the seriousness of the threat as well as lessons gleaned from past outbreaks.This return of the virus, with a high fatality rate and a zoonotic mode of transmission, has renewed debate around viral spillovers, ecological disturbance, and the tenuous equilibrium between human activity and wildlife interaction.The first official case is that of a 38-year-old Malappuram woman, who was tested positive at the country's top virology lab, the National Institute of Virology (NIV) in Pune. The woman, who first reported fever almost three weeks ago, visited three different healthcare centers, including a local clinic. The woman is now undergoing intensive care at Perinthalmanna's private hospital.The second case, unfortunately, is that of a child from Palakkad who died due to the infection. Postmortem examination revealed Nipah virus to be the killer. Clinical history and contact history of the child are being evaluated as health officials scramble to determine the spread of the outbreak.As a precautionary measure, three districts—Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Palakkad—have been put in high alert. Kerala Health Minister Veena George confirmed that contact tracing and containment procedures are already underway. The samples of both the cases have also been sent to the National Institute of Virology for reconfirmation.345 people have been identified in the contact network as per Minister George—211 from Malappuram, 91 from Palakkad, and 43 from Kozhikode.A travel history map of the Palakkad patient was released, enabling the authorities to step up containment and isolation measures. In a first-ever initiative, 26 specialist response committees have been deployed in every affected district. These consist of task forces for epidemiological surveillance, hospital readiness, public communication, and coordination with law enforcement.Police forces have also been asked to work closely with the health apparatus to facilitate smooth implementation of movement restrictions, testing, and quarantine measures, if the situation demands.District Collectors have been authorized to declare containment zones as a precaution, with teams to implement lockdowns at micro levels based on risk assessment.Nipah virus infection poses a daunting diagnostic challenge. Early presentation—fever, headache, sore throat, and respiratory distress—is indistinguishable from that of routine viral infections such as influenza. Severe illness can quickly evolve into encephalitis, seizures, and coma within 24 to 48 hours. Incubation is 4 to 14 days but can be up to 45 days, making it difficult to trace and contain transmission.Kerala has enforced strict surveillance measures. All contacts are risk-stratified: high-risk contacts (who had contact with body fluids or spent extended hours with a confirmed case) are home quarantined with active monitoring for 21 days, and symptomatic contacts are placed in specialized isolation facilities right away.Nipah virus first appeared in Kerala in 2018, and since then the state has suffered five outbreaks, claiming 22 lives and leaving only seven alive. The virus is mainly spread from fruit bats (Pteropus species) to humans, though it can also be spread through food contact or human-to-human transmission. Kerala's distinctive ecology—highly populated forests, large bat presence, and frequent human-wildlife interaction—is especially susceptible to spillover events.A new study in PLOS Global Public Health discovered that four out of six Nipah outbreaks in Kerala since 2018 occurred during El Niño years and the time of fruit ripening (May–September), highlighting the influence of environmental determinants on outbreak patterns. Deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate variability are suspected to enhance the risk of bat-to-human transmission.This is not the first time Kerala has fought against Nipah. The state has already encountered five outbreaks since 2018. Among the 29 reported cases, 22 ended in deaths, with seven individuals surviving the infection.The Nipah virus, which was first detected in 1999 in an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia, is a zoonotic virus. The natural reservoir in India is the Pteropus fruit bat or Indian flying fox. Humans get infected through direct contact with bats, their secretions, or intermediate hosts like domesticated animals.What makes Nipah particularly sinister is the 40% to 75% mortality rate and the fact that it is hard to detect in its early stages because of its resemblance to typical viral fevers. The initial symptoms are fever, headache, and muscle aches, which may progress rapidly to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), respiratory failure, and death. There is no cure or vaccine as yet, making control and prevention the only feasible measures.Nipah outbreaks in Kerala have in the past caused mass panic and, in some instances, destructive social practices. Misinformation and panic have during past outbreaks resulted in stigmatization of patients and their relatives and avoidance of health facilities. Health officials are thus putting efforts into open communication and public sensitization against fear, as well as promoting collaboration with measures of containment.Nipah has a case fatality rate of 40% to 75%, ranking among the most lethal known viral infections. Survivors can have long-term neurological sequelae, such as chronic convulsions and personality disturbances. The high death rate and severity of disease emphasize the need for prompt detection and vigorous containment.Global Lessons and the One Health ApproachKerala's most recent outbreak highlights anew the value of the One Health strategy—an intersectoral, collaborative strategy that acknowledges the interrelatedness of human, animal, and environmental health.Experts are urging steady investments in bat surveillance, conservation of the environment, and genomic monitoring for rising pathogens. Conservation of bat habitats and reduction of human exposure through safer agriculture practices and food handling standards might decrease future threats.Globally, Nipah virus is a canary in the coal mine. With increasing climate change, deforestation, and urbanization, the risk of zoonotic viruses emerging and spreading is bound to rise exponentially.

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