In a promising step towards tackling the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), researchers from the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), India, and Inria Saclay, France, have developed a powerful artificial intelligence (AI) tool. This new system is designed to help clinicians identify effective treatments for drug-resistant bacterial infections by repurposing existing antibiotics, potentially transforming infection management worldwide.

Understanding the Threat of AMR

Antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics, making once-effective drugs useless. This growing issue threatens to turn minor infections like urinary tract infections or pneumonia into life-threatening conditions. The problem is especially severe in low- and middle-income countries, where over 70% of hospital-acquired infections are resistant to at least one widely used antibiotic.

Adding to the challenge is the slow pace of antibiotic development. Creating a new drug often takes over ten years and involves substantial financial investment. As a result, scientists and clinicians are increasingly looking to drug repurposing—finding new uses for existing medications—as a faster, more cost-effective solution.

How the AI Tool Works

To support this strategy, a team led by Dr. Emilie Chouzenoux from Inria Saclay and Dr. Angshul Majumdar from IIIT-Delhi has developed a hybrid machine learning algorithm that can recommend treatment alternatives for resistant infections. Other key team members include research engineer Stuti Jain and graduate students Kriti Kumar and Sayantika Chatterjee.

What sets this tool apart is its unique blend of clinical and molecular data. Instead of relying solely on rigid databases or predefined rules, the AI model learns from real-world treatment guidelines provided by top Indian hospitals. It then integrates this information with bacterial genomic data and the chemical structures of antibiotics to identify effective, lesser-known alternatives.

Tested Against Deadly Pathogens

The AI system was tested on several challenging pathogens known for their resistance to treatment:

• Klebsiella pneumoniae, which causes hospital-acquired pneumonia and bloodstream infections
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae, responsible for gonorrhea, which is increasingly difficult to treat
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

In each case, the AI tool successfully recommended antibiotics that had either proven effectiveness or strong potential for repurposing. These results were validated by resistance data and clinical experts.

A Global Solution for a Global Problem

“This is an excellent example of how AI and international collaboration can come together to solve real-world medical challenges,” said Dr. Majumdar. He added that this approach makes better use of existing medical knowledge and enables quicker, smarter responses to the AMR crisis.

Designed for scalability, the AI system can be integrated into hospital networks or public health programs, especially in settings with limited diagnostic tools. It not only aids in timely treatment decisions but also supports responsible antibiotic use.

By linking clinical expertise with molecular science, this innovation marks a significant leap in the global fight against AMR—showcasing how collaborative, data-driven technologies can pave the way for better healthcare solutions.

In the chain of news where many sports persons have been pulled up due to their anti-doping results, including Jannik Sinner, Tara Moore, and Ruth Chepngetich, Canadian swimmer Penny Oleksiak has also made news. Though her case differs, as she has been notified of an apparent anti-doping rule violation by the International Testing Agency (ITA).

As per ITA, Oleksiak committed three whereabout failures within a 12-month period between October 2024 and June 2025. Oleksiak of Toronto, who is a three-time Olympian, has accepted a voluntary provisional suspension pending the resolution of the matter.

The ITA gives her the right to explain why she had missed three whereabouts. In a now-deleted Instagram post, Oleksiak announced that she was withdrawing from the world championship and accepting a voluntary provisional suspension. Her post read: "I am and always have been a clean athlete". The post also noted that the case "does not involve any banned substance; it's about whether I updated my information correctly."

Swimming Canada also agreed and wrote: "We support her decision and believe she is a clean athlete who made an administrative mistake."

What Is A Whereabouts Case?

As per the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), whereabouts is information provided by athletes so Anti-Doping Organizations (ADO) can locate them for testing, particularly for out-of-competition testing.

Athletes who need to provide whereabouts information are usually part of a Registered Testing Pool (RTP).

A Whereabouts case is considered an anti-doping rule violation and can impact an athlete's eligibility, even if they haven’t used any banned substances. According to the World Anti-Doping Code, it involves any combination of three missed tests or filing failures within a 12-month period. According to World Aquatics, if an athlete in the testing pool submits "late, inaccurate or incomplete whereabouts that lead to [them] being unavailable for testing, [they] may receive a Filing Failure."

What Information Is Required For A Whereabout Case?

As per WADA, the RTP athletes are required to provide the following information to ADO:

• Home address, email address and phone number
• An overnight accommodation address
• Regular activities, such as training, work, school or University and their locations plus times they will be there
• Competition schedules including when they are taking place and where
• A 60-minute time slot for each day where they’ll be available and accessible for testing

What Are The Common Drugs Used By Swimmers?

As per the Anti-Doping Database, top three banned substances for swimmers are cannabis, methylhexaneamine, and nandrolone.

Surprisingly, cannabis is the top contender of all. It is most commonly detected substance among banned swimmers and is not an Anabolic Steroid, which are a class of drugs that are structurally linked to testosterone, which helps in muscle building. Cannabis is a cannabidiol. As per the data, swimmers from France comprise the largest group testing positive for this substance, followed by Italy, Spain, and Belgium.

"While investigations of whole cannabis and THC have generally shown either null or detrimental effects on exercise performance in strength and aerobic-type activities, studies of sufficient rigor and validity to conclusively declare ergogenic or ergolytic potential in athletes are lacking," notes a 2021 Study, published in Springer's Sports Medicine.

The second most common banned substance is Methylhexaneamine. It has resulted in bans for swimmers from Russia, India, and Poland. As per the National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA, it is an amphetamine derivative that has been widely used in sports supplements sold in the United States. It was placed under the WADA prohibition list in 2010 and is classified as a Non Specified Stimulant prohibited in-competition only. It is also a performance-enhancing substance.

Nandrolone, an Anabolic Steroid, notes the Anti-Doping Database, secures the third spot among top banned substances in summing. Athletes from Brazil, India, and Greece have tested positive for Nandrolone, a substance long associated with sports doping.

A 2020 study published in journal Medicina, notes, that skeletal muscle "can be" considered as the primary target tissue for nandrolone's effects. It can also increase muscle size and could be administered via injections, and is "metabolized in a similar manner to testosterone".

Baseball Hall of Famer Ryne Sandberg, who has been diagnosed with prostate cancer shared an update about his health on Wednesday. He talked about his battle with prostate cancer.

Sandberg, 65, was diagnosed in January 2024 and in August, he announced that he was cancer-free. However, yet again, in December, not only had the cancer recurred, but it also spread to other organs.

In his recent post, he wrote: "I wanted to share an update regarding my health. It’s been a challenging few months as I have been going through treatment on a regular basis. While I am continuing to fight, I’m looking forward to making the most of every day with my loving family and friends."

He also noted that now that the cancer is back, his focus will be "back to more intensive treatment."

He also wrote about his first pitch at the Chicago Cubs home opener in April, "I haven’t been to Wrigley Field as much as I hoped in the first half, but I’m watching every game and am excited for the second half and to see Wrigley rocking like 1984! Thank you all for the messages of support. Go Cubs!"

How To Know If Prostate Cancer Has Returned?

As per the Prostate Cancer UK, recurrent prostate cancer is when your cancer comes back after you had a treatment that aimed to cure it. It is also known as prostate cancer recurrence or relapse.

While several treatments aim to get rid of prostate cancer, however, sometimes, it could be a cancer advanced than the first one and may not have been treated successfully.

A prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is a common test recommended for anyone who has had a prostate cancer, or may be diagnosed for the same. Even if you beat the cancer previously, this test is recommended as a regular, preventative medical examination, and post-cancer care. Usually, the first sign that your cancer has returned is a continuous rise in the level of PSA in your blood. While this test cannot show for certain if prostate cancer has come back, it can sign that cancer may have come back.

Other than that, symptoms like extreme fatigue, bone pain, and problems urinating are common for a prostate cancer relapse.

Where All Could Your Prostate Cancer Come Back?

Your prostate cancer could come back in the following area:

• In your prostate if it was not removed by surgery
• In the area around your prostate, where the prostate used to be, also called the prostate bed
• In the area just outside your prostate
• In other parts of your body, including bones and lymph nodes

What Are The Second-Line Treatments Available?

Treatments to Eliminate Prostate Cancer

External Beam Radiotherapy

This treatment uses high-energy X-ray beams to target and destroy cancer cells. It can be given on its own or alongside hormone therapy.

Permanent Seed Brachytherapy

Tiny radioactive seeds are implanted directly into the prostate, where they slowly release radiation to kill cancer cells.

High Dose-Rate Brachytherapy

Thin tubes are inserted into the prostate, and a high dose of radiation is delivered for a few minutes through these tubes. The tubes are then removed.

Radical Prostatectomy (Surgery)

This involves surgically removing the prostate gland along with the cancer inside it.

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)

HIFU uses focused ultrasound waves to heat and destroy cancer cells in the prostate. As a newer treatment option, it may not be widely available and is often offered only through clinical trials.

Cryotherapy

This method freezes and destroys cancer cells using extreme cold. Like HIFU, it’s a newer treatment and may only be accessible through clinical trials or at specialized centers.

Treatments to Manage or Control Prostate Cancer

Hormone Therapy

This works by either reducing testosterone levels or blocking it from reaching cancer cells, since prostate cancer typically needs testosterone to grow.

Radiotherapy with Hormone Therapy

This combination can help control cancer that has spread beyond the prostate. One example is Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT). However, this approach isn’t suitable for everyone.

Chemotherapy

Anti-cancer drugs are used to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Chemotherapy is sometimes given alongside hormone therapy. Because it can cause serious side effects, it’s important that you’re healthy enough to tolerate the treatment.

A new peer-reviewed study published recently has sparked alarm regarding the connection between Pfizer's mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and the occurrence of a rare but severe eye disorder, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK). In an article published in the Cureus peer-reviewed medical journal, researchers highlighted an emerging trend of eye inflammation and malfunction after COVID-19 vaccination, more so among those with pre-existing autoimmune conditions.

Although the general risk seems to be low, the study emphasizes the significance of post-vaccine surveillance and the need for physicians and ophthalmologists to take recent vaccination status into account when diagnosing unexplained eye symptoms. Pfizer remains silent about the findings of cases.

Researchers at a Turkish medical institution analyzed 64 individuals—128 eyes—before and after they received both doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Two months after the second dose, the researchers documented measurable changes in the cornea’s endothelium, the innermost layer that plays a critical role in maintaining corneal clarity. Significant changes noted were:

• Thickening of the cornea from a mean of 528 to 542 micrometers
• An 8% reduction in endothelial cells from 2,597 to 2,378 cells/mm²
• A 2% reduction in healthy hexagon-shaped cells
• Greater variation in cell size, which may indicate cellular stress or damage

Although the study had no immediate detection of visual impairment among the participants, the scientists observed these changes as possible harbingers of long-term dysfunction, particularly among individuals with pre-existing eye problems.

Why Is the Corneal Endothelium Important?

The endothelium is a single-cell layer responsible for pumping excess fluid out of the cornea to keep it transparent. Unlike most other cells in the body, these cells don’t regenerate. Once they’re damaged, the surrounding cells stretch to fill the gaps—leading to irregularity in cell shape and size, which was observed in this study. A low cell count or disorganized endothelial layer can result in conditions like:

Corneal edema: Swelling that causes blurred or hazy vision

Bullous keratopathy: Painful blisters on the eye surface

Corneal decompensation: Permanent loss of clarity, potentially requiring a transplant

While healthy adults can often tolerate mild changes, individuals with already low endothelial cell counts, due to aging, Fuchs’ dystrophy, prior surgeries, or eye trauma—could be more vulnerable.

Researchers emphasized that these effects could be temporary, and long-term follow-up is essential to determine whether the changes persist or resolve on their own. They advised individuals with low endothelial counts or past corneal grafts to undergo more frequent checkups following vaccination, including specular microscopy, a non-invasive scan that measures endothelial health.

What We Know About Vaccine's Side Effects

The findings contribute to a broader conversation around vaccine safety, particularly concerning rare but notable adverse effects. In 2021, U.S. regulators added myocarditis and pericarditis warnings to the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, mostly affecting men aged 16 to 25.

While such side effects remain rare, increased transparency and post-market surveillance have become crucial for maintaining public trust. The Turkish corneal study does not accuse Pfizer of negligence, nor does it dispute the vaccine's life-saving role during the pandemic. However, it adds new dimensions to ongoing risk-benefit assessments, especially for individuals with specific medical histories.

Should You Be Worried?

For most people, especially those without underlying eye conditions, the reported corneal changes likely have little or no practical impact. The measured drop in endothelial cells still kept participants well within the healthy range (above 2,000 cells/mm²).

But if you’ve had previous eye surgery, a corneal transplant, or conditions like Fuchs' dystrophy, it’s worth discussing this study with your ophthalmologist. You may be advised to monitor corneal health pre- and post-vaccination.

Also, while the study used robust diagnostic tools—like Sirius corneal topography and the Tomey EM-4000 specular microscope—the sample size of 64 participants is small. Larger, multicenter studies will be essential to confirm and further interpret the findings.

The researchers made it clear that they are not advising against vaccination. Instead, they are calling for more expansive, longitudinal studies to investigate whether these changes persist, worsen, or reverse over time.

Their key recommendation: monitor individuals who are already at elevated ophthalmic risk. If changes continue to be found months or years after vaccination, guidelines may need adjusting—not to limit vaccination, but to ensure it’s done as safely as possible for all populations.

In the meantime, healthcare providers may consider integrating corneal health screenings into vaccination protocols for high-risk individuals, just as cardiology screenings were emphasized after early reports of vaccine-linked myocarditis.

The Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine remains a vital tool in global health, but emerging research like this adds nuance to the story. The Turkish study’s findings are not a cause for panic, but they are a signal for further investigation, especially in populations with vulnerable eye health.

The COVID-19 pandemic showed how science evolves in real-time—and this study is another chapter in that unfolding story. As always, the best course of action is informed dialogue between patients and healthcare professionals.

If you have a history of eye disease or corneal surgery, consider scheduling an eye exam before and after vaccination—and don’t skip follow-ups. Your vision is worth the extra look.