“I'm not great at the advice. Can I interest you in a sarcastic comment?”

This is what ‘Friends’ actor Matthew Perry’s character Chandler Bing was known for. He was known for being funny. However, he had his own struggles in his personal life and those struggles were acute depression. He was treating it with ketamine infusion therapy which is legal in the US and the UK.

What is Ketamine infusion therapy?

Ketamine is an anaesthetic used to treat depression, anxiety and pain under supervised and controlled medical settings. However, it does have its side effects, which can lead to distortion of sight, sound and time. It can also produce calming and relaxing effects.

Ketamine increases a person’s heart rate and blood pressure. If overdosed, it can leave users confused and agitated and can cause them to hurt themselves without even realising it. It can also lead to liver damage and bladder problems.

However, when used in moderation and under the supervision of medical doctors, it can treat depression where traditional antidepressants have failed.

Prof Rupert McShane, a University of Oxford psychiatrist who runs an NHS ketamine treatment clinic told BBC that ketamine “probably turns off the area of the brain that is involved in disappointment.”

Can Ketamine Infusion Therapy Kill Someone?

In simple terms, it cannot, be if the dosage is given in a controlled setting and as prescribed. Ketamine infusion therapy uses drugs in small doses than those used for anaesthesia. It acts faster than traditional anti-depressants, but the effects also wear off way quickly. Which is why it is important to monitor patients’ mental state for relapsing back into depression and discouraging them from overdosing on it.

There are ways of giving people ketamine. One of the ways is through “infusing”, which means to use an IV drip. However, injections, nasal sprays and capsules are also methods used to give people ketamine.

Since the dosage of ketamine used in the infusion treatment is small, it being the reason of actor Perry’s death was ruled out. The medical examiner also noted that Perry’s last ketamine infusion therapy session happened more than a week before his death, which means by the time he had died, it must have worn off.

So, What Happened To Perry?

Though Perry’s last session was more than a week before, his post-mortem showed that his blood contained a high concentration of ketamine. He had died of the “acute effects” of ketamine.

If it was not his session, then how did he get ketamine?

Prosecutors alleged that his assistant gave him at least 27 shots of ketamine in four days before his death, reported BBC.

Perry has been open about his personal struggles and this is what the doctors and dealers used against him. Martin Estrada, the US attorney for California’s Central District told the BBC that people took advantage of his condition. They charged him 165 times more than what vials of ketamine cost.

Names that have come up include Dr Salvador Plasencia, drug dealers “Ketamine Queen” aka Jasveen Sangha and Eric Fleming, and Perry’s live-in assistant Kenneth Iwamasa.

Who Are These Names And What Did They Do?

Ketamine Queen or Sangha supplied drugs that led to Perry’s death. Her home was a “drug-selling emporium,” said Estrada. More than 80 vials of ketamine, and thousands of pills including methamphetamine, cocaine and Xanax were allegedly found in her house known as the “Sangha Stash House.”

Sangha is known to deal with high-end celebs and was a “major source of supply for ketamine to others as well as Perry,” said Estrada.

Dr Plasencia called Perry a “moron” while charging him $2,000 for vials that cost only $12. He sold Perry 20 vials of ketamine between September and October 2023, costing $55,000.

He was the one who taught Iwamasa, who had no medical knowledge to inject the drug. This is after he knew that “Perry’s ketamine addiction was spiralling out of control,” as per what the investigators told the BBC.

Another dealer Fleming was told by Sangha to “delete all our messages.” While Fleming pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute drugs unlawfully, he also allegedly messaged Sangha: “Please call...Got more info and want to bounce ideas off you. I’m 90% sure everyone is protected. I never dealt with [Perry] only his assistant. So the assistant was the enabler.”

The court documents also revealed that he asked Sangha on whether the ketamine stays in your system or “is it immediately flushed out.”

Dr Pepper, Bots, Cans

The people who allegedly exploited Perry used coded language for ketamine and called it “Dr Pepper”, “bots”, or “cans.”

Selling overpriced drugs, taking advantage of Perry’s mental condition and falsifying medical records to make the drugs given to him look legitimate by Dr Plasencia is what took Perry’s life.

Iwamasa is said to have administered more than 20 shots of ketamine and three on the day Perry died. Whereas ketamine is only administered by a physician. Authorities also found that weeks before Perry’s death, Dr Plasencia allegedly bought 10 vials of ketamine and intended to sell to Perry.

He also injected Perry with a large dose, two days later. This caused him to “freeze up” and spiked his blood pressure.

When I Die, I Want Helping Others To Be The First Thing That’s Mentioned

Perry had always been open about his drug addictions, struggles with alcohol and his depression. He said that his openness would help others who are also struggling and wanted to be remembered by his quote which also is on the homepage of the Mattew Perry Foundation that helps others struggling with the disease of addiction: “When I die, I want helping others to be the first thing that’s mentioned.”

Five arrests have been made in the case so far.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is considering a travel advisory for China, following a sharp and unexpected outbreak of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-borne illness known for causing severe joint pain and long-term complications. With nearly 5,000 confirmed cases in China—most centered in the densely populated Guangdong Province the outbreak is drawing concern not only for its scope but also for its potential to spread far beyond Chinese borders.

For global travelers and health officials alike, the news echoes the early days of COVID-19, when regional outbreaks quickly became international crises. Now, as the WHO calls for urgent action, the spotlight returns to international coordination, vector control, and public health preparedness.

The current outbreak began on July 8, with a single imported case reported in Foshan’s Shunde district. Since then, cases have exploded Foshan alone now reports over 5,155 infections, prompting the city to elevate its public health emergency response to Level III, denoting a “relatively major” event in China’s four-tier alert system.

The spread has not been confined to Guangdong. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reports that over 240,000 chikungunya cases have emerged across at least 16 countries this year, with 90 related deaths globally.

According to Diana Rojas Alvarez, medical officer at the WHO, one key factor is viral adaptation. Since 2004, chikungunya has evolved to spread more efficiently, particularly through urban-adapted mosquitoes that thrive in warm, humid cities with poor water management.

Alvarez warns that 5.6 billion people in 119 countries now live in regions at risk of chikungunya outbreaks.

That’s not just a developing-world problem. The Aedes mosquito has already been spotted in parts of the southern United States, including Florida, Texas, and Louisiana making travel-related cases a direct risk to US public health.

What Is China Doing To Curb The Outbreak?

In a blend of traditional vector control and innovative science, China has deployed extraordinary measures to curb the outbreak:

• Mass mosquito eradication programs, including spraying and habitat destruction
• Drones to detect standing water on rooftops
• Larva-eating fish released into lakes and ponds
• Public advisories encouraging residents to eliminate breeding grounds

But the most headline-grabbing strategy? Elephant mosquitoes.

First identified in Tanzania in 1952, chikungunya is not new—but its aggressive resurgence in recent years has alarmed epidemiologists. The virus is transmitted primarily through the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which also spreads dengue, Zika, and yellow fever. Infected individuals can experience:

• Sudden onset of fever
• Severe joint pain (often debilitating and long-lasting)
• Muscle aches, headaches, joint swelling
• In some cases, vomiting or rash

Though rarely fatal, chikungunya can cause long-term disability, particularly in older adults or those with preexisting conditions. There is no antiviral treatment or vaccine, making prevention and early containment vital.

These oversized insects, known scientifically as Toxorhynchites splendens, are natural predators of Aedes mosquitoes. Released by a research team at Sun Yat-sen University’s Zhongshan School of Medicine, these giant mosquitoes do not bite humans, but their larvae feast on the mosquito species responsible for spreading chikungunya.

This approach, while unconventional, highlights the urgency and scale of the threat China is facing.

Prevention Measures to Pick From COVID-19 Playbook

The outbreak has prompted Chinese authorities to revive some of the pandemic-era containment strategies that became familiar worldwide:

• Mass PCR testing
• Isolation protocols for infected individuals
• Disinfection campaigns across neighborhoods

Designated hospitals with isolation beds have been set up in affected regions, and border control checks have been reinforced in Hong Kong to prevent imported cases.

The CDC has stated that it is closely monitoring the outbreak and may issue a Level 1 or Level 2 travel health notice. These advisories typically urge travelers to take extra precautions, such as using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding peak mosquito hours, especially in tropical or subtropical zones.

The US currently has no reported local transmission of chikungunya, but imported cases have occurred before, particularly in travelers returning from South Asia or the Caribbean. Public health experts warn that now is the time for vigilance, not complacency.

What Travelers Need to Know?

If you're planning a trip to China or anywhere with ongoing mosquito-borne virus activity—consider these guidelines:

• Use EPA-registered insect repellent with DEET or Picaridin.
• Sleep under mosquito nets, especially in areas with poor indoor mosquito control.
• Wear long sleeves and pants to reduce skin exposure.
• Monitor local health advisories and avoid travel to outbreak hotspots, especially if pregnant or immunocompromised.

The chikungunya outbreak in China is not just a national issue, it’s a global health stress test. With memories of COVID-19 still fresh, this sudden surge is a reminder that climate change, globalization, and urbanization are combining to amplify infectious disease risks.

If the US does issue a formal travel advisory, it will mark another chapter in the growing tension between health security and international mobility.

Breast cancer survivors have lived with a guarded sense of relief. Even after beating the disease, the possibility of recurrence remains a faint shadow but new research has raised an alarming possibility- respiratory viruses, including common ones like influenza and SARS-CoV-2, may act as a catalyst, reawakening dormant breast cancer cells that linger quietly in the lungs long after remission.

In a new study published in Nature, researchers from the University of Colorado and Utrecht University have found that viral infections can reignite cancer’s flame literally. Dormant cancer cells are like the embers left in an abandoned campfire, and respiratory viruses are like a strong wind that reignites the flames.

This study marks a crucial turning point in how we understand long-term remission and highlights the importance of continued vigilance among cancer survivors.

Also Read: Legionnaires Outbreak: All That You Need To Know About The Disease That Killed 1 And Left 22 Sick In New York

Why COVID-19 Infection Is First Red Flag?

The investigation kicked off in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinicians and researchers began to notice an uptick in metastatic cancer cases, especially among individuals previously in remission. Something wasn’t adding up. Cancer recurrences were occurring at an unusual rate and too often to be dismissed as coincidence.

The researchers turned to two key data sources: the UK Biobank and a large U.S. breast cancer database with over 37,000 patient records. In the UK Biobank cohort, survivors who had contracted COVID-19 exhibited a twofold increase in cancer-related mortality. In the U.S. dataset, those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection faced a more than 40% increase in metastatic breast cancer, particularly in the lungs.

The extent of this increased risk is almost unheard of in cancer epidemiology, it’s a significant effect.

What’s Happening in the Body?

To understand the mechanics, the researchers turned to mouse models—long used as reliable proxies for studying human disease behavior. When the mice with previously dormant breast cancer cells were infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A, it took only days for those latent cells to wake up. Within two weeks, there was a more than 100-fold increase in metastatic tumor burden in the lungs.

Here’s the crucial insight, the cancer cells didn’t reawaken because the virus directly interacted with them. Instead, the viruses triggered an inflammatory immune response, rich in signaling proteins called cytokines—especially interleukin-6 (IL-6). This cytokine storm appeared to create an environment ripe for dormant cancer cells to start proliferating again.

According to lead researcher Shi Chia from the University of Colorado, “Although species differences warrant caution in interpreting mouse data… collectively, these findings underscore the substantial metastatic risk COVID-19 posed to cancer survivors.”

Role of Viruses in Cancer Biology

The link between viruses and cancer isn’t new. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been known to cause cervical and other cancers. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in several types of lymphoma. In fact, EBV has been found in five times higher concentrations in breast cancer tissue compared to healthy tissue.

The idea that viruses could influence cancer development or recurrence has been around since the 1930s, particularly in mouse models. But this new research is among the first to show how non-oncogenic, respiratory viruses—those not traditionally associated with cancer—might still play a key role in its resurgence.

Role of Inflammation and the Immune System

One of the most compelling parts of the study is the insight into how the immune system's response, not the virus itself, may be the real driver of cancer recurrence.

After remission, it’s common for a few cancer cells known as dormant disseminated cancer cells (DCCs), to remain hidden in tissues like the lung, bone, or liver. These DCCs are typically inactive, posing no threat unless triggered.

Inflammatory responses to infections, especially those that involve cytokines like IL-6, appear to disturb this dormancy. In simple terms, inflammation acts like a wake-up call for these sleeping cells.

The researchers demonstrated that only when the viral infections resulted in elevated levels of inflammatory markers did the dormant cells awaken. This opens up new avenues for therapeutic research focused on blocking inflammation, rather than targeting cancer cells directly.

What This Means for Breast Cancer Survivors?

This is not a reason for panic but it is a call for caution. As DeGregori explains, “If you are a cancer patient who has these dormant cells, you may end up living a normal life and dying with these dormant cells, instead of dying because those dormant cells awakened. But if you get a respiratory virus like influenza or COVID, your chance of dying from those dormant cells awakening is much greater.”

Millions of breast cancer survivors around the world, many of whom are years or even decades into remission—could unknowingly carry dormant cells. For them, a common respiratory illness may no longer be just an inconvenience; it may be a risk factor for relapse.

Could Vaccination Be Protective?

Can we reduce this risk with vaccines? It’s too early to say definitively, but the idea is promising. If viral infections act as a trigger, then preventing infection might, in turn, prevent relapse.

DeGregori’s team is now exploring whether flu and COVID-19 vaccinations could lower the likelihood of dormant cell reactivation. This would have wide-ranging implications not just for cancer survivors, but for public health policy as a whole.

The idea that a respiratory virus could reignite cancer long after remission is unsettling but not entirely surprising. As science continues to unravel the complex relationship between our immune system, viruses, and cancer, this study offers one clear message:

Remission isn’t always the end and staying healthy may mean more than avoiding recurrence it could mean avoiding infection altogether.

With 6,000 cases of Legionnaires reported annually in the United States, scientists still think it is underdiagnosed as it could be hard to distinguish from other kinds of pneumonia or respiratory issues.

As of now, New York City has fallen prey to Legionnaires' disease outbreak. At least 22 people have fallen ill, and one person has been declared dead in Harlem, as per the New York City Health Department.

The Reason Of This Spread

As per the city health officials, people became ill after breathing in bacteria sprayed from cooling tower in central Harlem. Cooling towers help regulate building temperature. The city health department also said in a news release on Wednesday that it was testing cooling towers in the area and are continuously investigating the outbreak.

What Is The Legionnaire's Disease?

As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Legionnaire's disease is a serious type of pneumonia that is caused by Legionella bacteria. This bacteria is known for causing two types of diseases, one of them being Legionnaire's disease, a severe form of pneumonia; while the other one is Pontiac fever, which is a mild illness that can include fever, muscle aches and headaches.

It is very rare that this bacteria can cause infection outside of the lungs and affect heart or wound infections, notes CDC.

Common Symptoms

Legionnaires' disease symptoms usually develop 2 to 14 days after exposure to Legionella bacteria, but it can take longer.

The symptoms of Legionnaires' disease are similar to other types of pneumonia.

Symptoms include:

• Cough
• Fever
• Headaches
• Muscle aches
• Shortness of breath

Other symptoms, such as confusion, diarrhea, or nausea can also occur.

After this outbreak, which has been linked with a cluster, the deputy commissioner of division of infectious diseases at the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Dr Celia Quinn, said that the risk is low for most people, however, there could be additional cases linked with this cluster.

Legionnaire's Disease in the US

Cases have been steadily rising over the past two decades. While there isn’t a single known cause for this increase, experts believe several factors may be contributing, including aging water infrastructure, poor system maintenance, rising water temperatures, and improved disease tracking and awareness.

Outbreaks are more common during the warmer months, particularly summer, when more buildings rely on cooling towers for air conditioning systems.

Health professionals note that while a similar report in winter might raise fewer concerns, the combination of summer heat and rising case numbers highlights the importance of staying vigilant during peak Legionella season.

Who Are At Risk?

While most healthy people exposed to the bacteria do not get sick, people who are 50 or older, or are current or former smokers, or people with a weakened immune system or chronic conditions, such as cancer, lung disease, diabetes or kidney and liver failure may be at a higher risk.

Legionnaires’ disease often becomes more severe within the first week of symptoms. In serious cases, patients may need hospitalization and oxygen support. If the illness progresses, it can lead to complications like lung failure or heart damage. According to the CDC, about 1 in 10 people who contract Legionnaires’ disease do not survive.

Is It Contagious?

Legionnaires’ disease doesn’t spread from person to person. It’s usually contracted by breathing in mist or vapor contaminated with the bacteria. Outbreaks are often linked to cooling towers in large cities. In rare instances, the illness can also be caused by inhaling contaminated soil.