Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental illness that affects an individual by experiencing extreme mood fluctuations, such as episodes of depression and mania or hypomania (an elevated or irritable mood state). The impact on daily life, relationships, and productivity can be quite devastating for the person suffering from it, if not treated. Though the prevalence is 40 to 50 million worldwide, it remains undiagnosed for years in most patients due to its complex presentation and often being misdiagnosed as depression.

This condition is thought to have substantial genetic contributions, with estimated heritability of between 60 and 80%. However, for a long time, the challenge has been to isolate specific genes that play a role in its development as a result of a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

For the first time ever, researchers, publishing in Nature, have discovered 36 genes whose presence is a strong indicator for bipolar disorder development. This significant, international, multi-center investigation was the biggest study of its kind to date, and helped shine a spotlight on the genetics behind bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is one of the more common mental health diseases and affects millions worldwide.

The study was conducted by the Bipolar Disorder Working Group under the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, which comprises more than 800 researchers from 40 countries. Among them were professionals from leading institutions such as IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic and Hospital Vall d'Hebron in Spain.

The researchers used information from genome-wide association studies for a meta-analysis involving more than 158,000 patients suffering from bipolar disorder and 2.8 million control subjects, free of this condition. All six inhabited continents were represented with this dataset-an unprecedented size-owing to which significant insights into bipolar disorder's genetics architecture could finally be obtained.

The results provided 337 genome-wide significant (GWS) variants which are grouped into 298 distinct regions of the genome. This is four times the number reported so far in any previous study. Further advanced genetic mapping provided the researchers an opportunity to better narrow these variants down to about 36 genes that are strongly associated with the disorder.

One of the most striking findings was the genetic difference between the two main subtypes of bipolar disorder—type 1 and type 2. Type 1 bipolar disorder, with more severe manic episodes, showed a stronger genetic correlation with schizophrenia. In contrast, type 2 bipolar disorder, with less severe manic episodes (hypomania), showed a closer genetic relationship with major depressive disorder (MDD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Brain plasticity and signal transduction related variations were also seen to influence changes in neural circuitry as experienced in the development of the bipolar disorder; neurotransmitter signaling, notably in dopamine and serotonin, influences regulation of mood-which might directly be a player in these varied manifestations of this disorder.

This research involved participants of various ethnic and geographical backgrounds, thereby making the results more universally applicable than in most previous studies that were characterized by demographic homogeneity.

What Implications Does this Have with Bipolar Disorder Treatment?

"This study is a significant step forward in our knowledge of the genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder," said Dr. Eduard Vieta, head of the Psychiatry Service at Hospital Clínic and a key author on the paper. "Over time, these findings will open up the possibility of developing new treatments and deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of the disorder."

The identification of such genes and markers may be helpful in making leaps in personalized medicine. Targeting those genes, it may be possible to develop therapy that is both more effective and matched to the patient's genetic makeup. Moreover, knowledge of genetic differences between the subtypes may help in making diagnoses more accurate and subtype-specific intervention.

Facts and Misconceptions About Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a medical condition caused by biological imbalances, particularly involving genetic and neurochemical factors. It involves the limbic system of the brain, the site of emotional regulation. People suffering from the condition experience these functions to become abnormal and then suddenly change with no apparent environmental stimuli. Bipolar Disorder:

Despite its seriousness, myths abound. Bipolar disorder is not just a personality flaw, nor is it equivalent to dangerous or violent behavior. It is not a transient problem; rather, it requires life-long management through pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies.

Even though the disorder is based on biology, environmental and psychological factors can also be triggers for episodes. Intriguingly, both good and bad events in life-such as promotions or personal losses- can trigger episodes, indicating how complex the relationship between biology and external circumstances might be.

The identification of these 36 genes is the crucial step toward unlocking the mystery of bipolar disorder. With a deeper understanding of its genetic structure, researchers are paving the way for novel treatments that could change the face of the therapy.

Further, the attention mental health is gaining around the world is why researches such as this one are of paramount importance to address public health challenges through genetic research. This discovery, in due course of time and more research, can bring about a future where bipolar disorder will not only be better understood but also more effectively managed to improve the lives of millions across the globe.

The discovery of 36 genes associated with bipolar disorder is another milestone for mental health research. This kind of study bridges the gap between genetic findings and clinical applications, making hope real in terms of more targeted treatments and a deeper understanding of the condition. As science progresses, so does the potential to transform the landscape of mental health care, reducing stigma and improving outcomes for those living with bipolar disorder.

Genomics yields biological and phenotypic insights into bipolar disorder. Nature. 2025

As a part of World Immunization Week, which is observed from April 24 to 30, to promote the life-saving power of immunization, notes the World Health Organization (WHO), India has launched a week-long campaign to vaccinate 100% of children against measles and rubella. This is a move described as crucial to country's goal of eliminating the two viral diseases by 2026, noted Union Health Minister JP Nadda.

As per WHO, this week aims to promote the power of immunization to protect people of all ages against vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines are one of humanity's greatest achievements, notes WHO. Since 1974, they have saved 150 million lives.

As per India's aim, Nadda suggests that health workers must not only ensure complete vaccination overage, but also remain vigilant through robust disease surveillance. “Measles is very contagious. Even a single case must be treated as a warning signal. We have to cover immunity gaps and ensure no child is left behind,” he said.

As per WHO, India has reported 4,388 cases of measles and 527 cases of rubella so fat this year.

What Are Measles And Rubella?

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection marked by symptoms such as high fever, rash, cough, red eyes, muscle pain, and headache. Though often seen as a childhood illness, measles can lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, brain swelling (encephalitis), and even death, particularly in malnourished children and those with weakened immune systems.

Rubella, caused by a different virus, typically results in milder symptoms in children and adults. However, it poses a grave risk to pregnant women. Infection during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) — a condition leading to serious birth defects like heart problems, deafness, and developmental delays. According to WHO, rubella control is essential for reducing infant mortality and morbidity.

History of Measles and Rubella Vaccination In India

India has a long battle with measles, which had accounted for a significant portion of global measle deaths. In order to tackle this, the country introduced measles vaccination in 1985, under the Universal Immunisation Programme. However, rubella vaccination lagged behind until the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccination campaign was launched in 2017.

This massive drive aimed to immunize 410 million children between 9 months and 15 years of age, marking one of the largest vaccination campaigns in the world, according to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Post-campaign, the MR vaccine was incorporated into India’s routine immunization schedule, with two doses given between 9–12 months and 16–24 months of age.

Since measles and rubella are both highly contagious, health authorities say that achieving very high vaccination coverage — over 95% — is critical for creating herd immunity and stopping outbreaks.

Is India Close To Its Goal?

Health Ministry data shows promising progress: in 2024–25, 93.7% of children received the first MR vaccine dose, while 92.2% received the second. However, to achieve disease elimination, India needs to push these numbers above 95% consistently across all regions.

Highlighting the importance of full coverage, Nadda called upon public representatives to actively support the campaign and spread awareness, particularly in hard-to-reach areas.

Despite progress, India faced a significant measles outbreak in 2023. The country was among 57 globally that saw major outbreaks after routine immunization services were disrupted during the Covid-19 pandemic. In 2023 alone, India reported 68,794 cases of measles and 2,930 cases of rubella.

Responding to the surge, the government intensified supplementary immunization activities, targeting areas where outbreaks occurred. The impact is visible: measles cases dropped by 73% and rubella by 17% in 2024 compared to the previous year.

With sustained efforts, India is now on a strong path towards achieving measles and rubella elimination by 2026.

Note: The data is taken from World Health Organization and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

Fatty liver disease, now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), happens when extra fat builds up in liver cells without alcohol being the cause. Normally, the liver contains some fat, but if more than 5–10% of the liver’s weight is fat, it is considered a fatty liver. In its advanced stage, MASLD can develop into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), causing swelling and serious damage to the liver. Alarmingly, MASLD affects about 100 million people in the United States, including a growing number of children.

The disease often develops silently. Many people do not experience symptoms early on, but if it worsens, signs like fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, swelling, and even mental confusion may occur. Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, rapid weight loss, poor eating habits, and certain medications.

A Breakthrough in Early Prediction

A new study offers hope for earlier detection. Researchers, led by Dr. Shiyi Yu from Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital in China, have developed a blood test that looks for five specific plasma proteins to predict MASLD years before symptoms show up. The findings are set to be presented at the Digestive Diseases Week meeting in San Diego.

The test was shown to be 84% accurate at predicting fatty liver disease five years in advance and 76% accurate at predicting it 16 years ahead of diagnosis. When additional factors like body mass index (BMI) and daily exercise habits were added, the prediction accuracy improved even more—over 90% at five years and 82% at 16 years.

This model was tested on two different groups—participants from the UK Biobank (over 50,000 people) and a separate group in China—showing promising results across diverse populations.

Why Early Detection Matters

Fatty liver disease not only damages the liver but also increases the risk of early death—primarily from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) rather than liver failure itself. The connection between MASLD and heart disease is strong, as both share causes like high blood sugar, high triglycerides, and obesity. That is why early diagnosis is crucial—not just to protect the liver, but also to manage the risk of heart disease.

Early identification through a simple blood test could lead to earlier lifestyle changes, medical monitoring, and interventions that can prevent serious complications like cirrhosis or heart attacks.

What You Can Do

Currently, there is no approved medication for MASLD. Treatment mainly involves:

• Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise
• Controlling diabetes and cholesterol levels
• Avoiding alcohol
• Following medical advice if already diagnosed

Preventive steps include eating a balanced diet rich in lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy oils, being physically active, and avoiding unnecessary medications.

Although the findings are considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal, this research marks a major advancement. It shows that a simple blood test could soon help millions of people know their risk decades in advance, giving them a chance to change the course of the disease before it's too late.

As the United States experiences the worst measles outbreak in over a decade with nearly 900 reported cases across 29 states, including deaths of two children, public understanding of the disease and its prevention strategy have been highly misunderstood due to political divide. The outbreak began in West Texas and has now spread widely. This highlights not only the persistent threat of measles but also the growing influence of vaccine misinformation, which have been fueled by political figures.

Why Is There A Resurgence of Preventable Diseases?

Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, had been largely controlled in the U.S. thanks to the widespread use of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. However, gaps in vaccination coverage have led to a resurgence. The current outbreak, centered in Texas but extending to almost 30 states, has alarmed public health officials. Two young girls who were otherwise healthy have died as a result of measles complications.

The disease is known for its rapid transmission. A single case can lead to significant spread if vaccination rates in a community fall below the 95% threshold needed for herd immunity. Children are particularly vulnerable; although the first dose of the MMR vaccine is typically administered at 12 months, increased parental concern has led some to seek earlier vaccination during the outbreak.

The Politics Of Vaccine

As per a new survey by KKF, a nonprofit health information group, only one-third of Republican-leaning parents were aware of the current measles outbreak. This was in comparison with the two-thirds of aware Democratic parents. The survey also found and 1 in 5 Republicans believes that measles vaccine is more dangerous than the diseases itself, this is double the rate of Democrats.

These gaps in perception are not new but are deepening. About 35% of Republicans surveyed believe the discredited theory that the MMR vaccine is linked to autism—a belief held by just 10% of Democrats. While belief in this theory has not increased significantly, public awareness of the claim has grown, reflecting the impact of persistent misinformation.

Adding to the confusion is Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who has long been associated with anti-vaccine rhetoric. Since taking office, he has supported an investigation into environmental contributors to autism and has floated unproven theories, such as vitamin A being a preventative measure against measles. These statements, while not outright opposing vaccines, muddy public understanding and can discourage immunization.

At a time when clear public health messaging is critical, conflicting remarks from top officials are exacerbating distrust. Advocacy organizations like Immunize.org and The Immunization Partnership warn that such mixed messaging, especially when it originates from high-ranking leaders, undermines public confidence in vaccines.

In southern states like Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, anti-vaccine activism has gained traction within state legislatures. Studies show that even lawmakers with medical backgrounds have not always supported public health measures, often influenced by political considerations and public pressure. Testimony from vaccine opponents at legislative hearings further amplifies misinformation, making it more difficult for facts to gain traction.

Meanwhile, healthcare providers are seeing the consequences firsthand. In California, where a 2014–15 outbreak began at Disneyland, pediatricians have treated severely ill children and taken stricter stances on accepting unvaccinated patients. These outbreaks serve as a stark reminder that the threat of measles is real and recurring.