Liliana “Lili” Castaneda thought she was experiencing her first period at the age of 14, right in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. Initially, she was excited, but her monthly bleeding soon turned into daily bleeding. The flow became so heavy that she would soak through pads in just 15 minutes and feel dizzy when standing up. When she first visited her doctor, she was told it was likely stress related to the pandemic.

Teen’s Heavy Bleeding Dismissed As Pandemic Stress

Dario Roque, MD, a gynecologic oncologist at the Lurie Cancer Center at Northwestern Medicine, said in a statement that in his 15 years of practice, Liliana was the youngest patient he had ever seen with clear cell carcinoma, a disease he typically treats in women in their sixties.

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Her radiation oncologist, Jonathan Strauss, MD, explained that the tumour was roughly the size of a golf ball when it was found. “It was too large to remove surgically at the time of diagnosis, so we relied on both external and internal radiation to shrink it. Eliminating the tumour required extensive radiation along with chemotherapy,” he said.

What Is Clear Cell Carcinoma?

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Symptoms may include pain, blood in the urine, unexplained weight loss, or a lump in the affected area, though sometimes the cancer is discovered incidentally during imaging for unrelated issues. Diagnosis is typically confirmed with imaging scans and a biopsy. The National Cancer Institute describes it as “a rare type of cancer in which the cells look clear when viewed under a microscope.”

Clear Cell Carcinoma Symptoms

• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Persistent fatigue
• Fever
• A lump on the affected kidney
• Pain in the side or flank
• Unexplained weight loss

What Causes Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma?Most kidney cancers, including ccRCC, develop without a clear cause. Certain factors, however, may increase risk, such as:

• Tobacco use, including smoking and vaping
• Being overweight or having a BMI over 25
• High blood pressure
• Chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis
• Exposure to workplace toxins like trichloroethylene
• Long-term use of pain relievers such as acetaminophen.

With obesity now affecting 41.9% of adults in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), medications like semaglutide have gained enormous attention. Semaglutide belongs to a class of drugs called GLP-1 receptor agonists, which help the body release more insulin, lower blood sugar levels, and send signals to the brain to reduce appetite.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several versions of semaglutide for diabetes and weight management. Wegovy and Ozempic are available as injections, while Rybelsus comes in tablet form. A new study now suggests that a daily pill containing semaglutide could be even more effective for weight loss than the injectable versions.

Ozempic Pills For Weight Loss More Effective Than Injections?

Currently, semaglutide injections such as Ozempic and Wegovy are taken weekly, with doses of up to 2.4 milligrams administered under the skin of the stomach, thigh, or arm. While effective, many patients avoid them because of the discomfort of injections. The trial results, part of the OASIS-4 phase 3 study, highlight that a pill form could be a needle-free, more convenient alternative if approved by regulators.

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Researchers also noted other advantages. Pills don’t require refrigeration, unlike injections, which could make treatment more accessible in places where storage and transport of injectable drugs are difficult.

How Ozempic Works

Ozempic vs. WegovyWhile both Ozempic and Wegovy contain semaglutide, there are key differences:

• Dosage and delivery: Wegovy is usually prescribed at a slightly higher dose than Ozempic. Both are available as injection pens, but Ozempic pens contain multiple doses, while Wegovy pens are single-use.
• Conditions treated: Wegovy is FDA-approved specifically for long-term weight management, whether or not a person has diabetes. Ozempic, on the other hand, is officially approved for type 2 diabetes, though doctors often prescribe it “off-label” for weight loss.

Ozempic Pill vs. Injection for Weight Loss: Which Is Better?

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Still, there are important points to note. The FDA has approved Wegovy for weight loss in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients, but neither Ozempic nor Rybelsus (the current oral version of semaglutide) has official FDA clearance for this purpose. These drugs are only approved for type 2 diabetes, though doctors can prescribe them off-label for weight management if they see fit.

A recent report revealed that the number of infections from drug-resistant "nightmare bacteria" has jumped significantly in the US. The numbers of cases increased by almost 70% from 2019 to 2023. This information comes from a new report by scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US. These bacteria are becoming a major concern because they are harder to treat, making common infections potentially dangerous.

What Is Nightmare Bacteria?

According to the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), "nightmare bacteria" are extremely dangerous germs because they have become resistant to almost all antibiotics, making them nearly impossible to treat. Some examples include VRSA (Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Candida auris, and CRE (Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales). The CDC also estimates that more than 23,000 Americans die each year from infections that are resistant to antibiotics.

What Makes This Bacteria Immune To Drugs?

A big reason for this increase is a specific type of bacteria that has the NDM (New Delhi metallo beta lactamase) gene. This gene makes the bacteria resistant to most antibiotics. According to the CDC researchers, only two antibiotics can fight these infections, and they are expensive and have to be given through an IV (intravenous drip).

These bacteria with the NDM gene were once very rare in the U.S., usually found only in people who had received medical care in other countries. However, the number of U.S. cases has increased more than five times in recent years. Experts called this rise a "grave danger" and "very worrisome."

The CDC scientists also warned that many people might be carrying these drug-resistant bacteria without even knowing it, which could lead to them spreading easily in communities. This means that infections that have always been simple to treat, like a urinary tract infection (UTI), could become a long-term problem.

How Many Cases of Nightmare Bacteria Have Been Reported?

The researchers gathered data from 29 states that have the necessary systems to test for and report these drug-resistant bacteria. In 2023, they counted 4,341 cases of carbapenem-resistant infections in those states. Out of these, 1,831 were caused by the NDM-type bacteria. The report didn't mention how many people died from these infections.

The rate of carbapenem-resistant infections went from just under 2 per 100,000 people in 2019 to more than 3 per 100,000 in 2023, which is a 69% increase. Even more alarming, the rate of NDM cases shot up from about 0.25 to 1.35 per 100,000, an incredible 460% increase.

Experts believe this rapid increase is likely connected to the COVID-19 pandemic. They noted that there was a huge spike in antibiotic use during the pandemic, which probably led to the rise in drug resistance.

How Do You Contract Nightmare Bacteria?

APIC explains that you can only get sick from nightmare bacteria if you are exposed to them. They are most common in healthcare settings like hospitals and nursing homes. Patients who have devices like catheters, tubes, or drains may be at the highest risk.

Symptoms of these infections can vary.

• You might have a wound that won't heal or a serious bloodstream infection that leads to sepsis.
• It's also possible to carry these bacteria without showing any symptoms at all.

How Do You Prevent Getting Infected With Nightmare Bacteria?

Since these infections are so difficult to treat, prevention is key. Since these infections are so difficult to treat, prevention is key.

• Wash your hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Ask others to clean their hands before they touch you or your surroundings.
• Tell your doctor if you have recently been cared for in another country or medical facility.
• Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can reduce your risk of infection, especially if you have a chronic health condition.
• Learn about antibiotics so you know when it's appropriate to take them, which helps prevent the spread of resistant germs.

Zuza Beine, a 14-year-old Instagram influencer from Wisconsin who openly documented her battle with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), has died, her family announced Tuesday.

Diagnosed with AML at the age of 3, Zuza spent much of her childhood undergoing treatment. Despite the challenges, she connected with 1.8 million followers on her Instagram account, @zuzas_way_to_healing, where she shared both the struggles and small joys of living with cancer.

Her family confirmed her passing in a heartfelt statement on Instagram:

"It is with broken hearts that we share that Zuza died yesterday morning. She lived 11 of her 14 years with a relentless cancer, yet lived more fully and gratefully than most. Her being changed us forever, and her dying will too."

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Over the years, Zuza became known for her candid videos, including her popular “Get Ready With Me” posts, where she openly discussed treatment, pain management, and daily routines. Just days before her death, she told followers about the intense pain she was experiencing. “I’m constantly on pain medicine because my body hurts so, so, so bad,” she said in a video posted last Thursday.

One day later, she shared another update: “I can barely walk right now I’m in so much pain.” Yet, her final video on Sunday, just hours before her passing, reflected gratitude for life’s smallest moments, a recurring theme in her posts.

Her family described Zuza as both brave and honest, saying her openness inspired many to find beauty even in hardship. “More than anything, she wanted to be a normal, healthy kid. But what made her life so beautiful was how she faced the hardest circumstances and still lived fully,” they wrote.

What Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?

According to the National Institute of Health, US, AML is a rapidly progressing myeloid neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells, known as blasts, in the bone marrow.

In other words, as the American Cancer Society describes, it is a type of cancer that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. The Cancer Research UK explains that it starts from young white blood cells called granulocytes or monocytes in the bone borrow.

It is a rare cancer and happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate.

Types of AML

Myeloid leukemia: Involves cells that would normally produce neutrophils, a type of white blood cell.

Acute monocytic leukemia (AML-M5): Affects cells that develop into monocytes, another white blood cell.

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMLK): Involves cells that should produce platelets or red blood cells.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): Affects immature white blood cells called promyelocytes, preventing them from developing normally.

AML affects about 4 in every 100,000 adults each year. Roughly 1,160 children are diagnosed annually in the U.S.

Symptoms of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

In its early stages, AML can feel like a lingering cold or flu. Because it is aggressive, symptoms usually progress quickly and may include:

• Fatigue, weakness, or dizziness
• Fever and night sweats
• Easy bruising or bleeding (such as nosebleeds or bleeding gums)
• Frequent or persistent infections
• Loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss
• Shortness of breath
• Pale or cold skin
• Headaches or swollen lymph nodes
• Bone, back, or abdominal pain
• Tiny red spots on the skin (petechiae)
• Wounds or sores that don’t heal