A recent study published in JAMA Psychiatry, titled, Convergence of Cannabis and Psychosis on the Dopamine System, has identified a direct biological link between cannabis use disorder and an increased risk of psychosis. The research shows that those who heavily use marijuana may have elevated levels of the hormone dopamine in regions of the brain associated with psychosis. This happens especially in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental areas (VTA). These are both midbrain structures, crucial for dopamine-related functions, which include motor control, reward processing, and motivation. While they both release dopamine, they have distinct roles and connect to different brain regions. The SN primarily contributes to motor control, while the VTA plays a significant role in reward and motivation.

What Is The Role Of Dopamine In Your Brain?

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter responsible for regulating mood, motivation, learning, and motor control. An imbalance—particularly excessive dopamine—can disrupt normal brain functions and increase susceptibility to psychiatric conditions, including psychosis.

“Excess levels of dopamine can disrupt normal brain processes and may increase the risk of psychosis, particularly in individuals who are already vulnerable,” explained study co-author Betsy Schaefer, a senior manager of clinical research operations at the London Health Sciences Center Research Institute in Ontario.

How Was The Study Conducted?

In order to look into the connection between cannabis use and dopamine, the researcher used an advanced MRI technique to monitor neuromelanin deposits in the brain. What exactly is neuromelanin? It is a substance that builds up over time as dopamine is broken down. As per a 2016 study published in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, titled The Locus Coeruleus: Essential for Maintaining Cognitive Function and the Aging Brain, neuromelanin plays both roles, as a neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles. It is a pigment which is produced in dopamine-producing neurons and while it can help protect against oxidative stress and excess metals, it can also accumulate and contribute to neuronal damage and disease progressions. These deposits appear as black spots in MRI scans and serve as indicators of dopamine activity.

The study also included 25 individuals who were diagnosed with cannabis use disorder and 36 control participants without the disorder. The researchers were able to find that participants who heavily used cannabis had noticeable neuromelanin deposits in specific regions of the midbrain than their counterparts.

“In people partaking in excess cannabis use, those spots are blacker than what they should be for their age compared to healthy individuals,” said senior researcher Dr. Lena Palaniyappan, adjunct professor at Western University’s Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry. “This indicates they have high levels of dopamine, and in some cases are showing pigments someone 10 years older would have.”

he key brain regions showing increased dopamine activity—the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area—have long been linked to the onset of psychosis. According to researcher Ali Khan, assistant professor at Western University, these darker areas were observed in cannabis users regardless of whether they had experienced a first episode of schizophrenia.

“This increase was seen in those with cannabis use disorder regardless of whether they have first-episode schizophrenia,” Khan noted.

With Canada having legalized recreational cannabis use six years ago, the study underscores growing concerns about its long-term mental health impact, particularly on young users.

The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has just dropped a reality check: more than 2.3 million Americans are living with gonorrhoea, chlamydia, or syphilis and the rates are climbing so high, it’s now officially a nationwide epidemic.

A 2023 CDC report paints a troubling picture. Chlamydia takes the top spot with 1.64 million infections, gonorrhoea follows at over 601,000, and syphilis, once on the brink of eradication, is making a bold and unwelcome comeback. In Mississippi alone, congenital syphilis (passed from mother to baby during pregnancy) has skyrocketed by a staggering 1,000 per cent. While its growth slowed slightly in the past year, the overall trend remains deeply worrying.

But what is driving this surge? Experts point to a mix of factors: dwindling sex education, earlier sexual activity among teens, gaps in prenatal care, and the fact that many people do not recognise symptoms until it is too late.

What do these bacteria look like on humans? Here is a breakdown of the three:

Chlamydia

• In women: Often none at all, but when they do appear, they bring abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during sex, or a burning sensation while peeing. Left untreated, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.
• In men: Pain or burning during urination, penile discharge, and testicular pain. Some men also have no symptoms.

• Being under 25 and sexually active
• Multiple sexual partners
• Inconsistent or no condom use

Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone infected, even if they do not have symptoms.

Prevention and Treatment

Consistent condom use; regular screening, especially if you are under 25 or have multiple partners; and limiting the number of sexual partners. Usually, a straightforward course of antibiotics is prescribed, but both partners must be treated to prevent ping-pong reinfection.

Gonorrhoea

Signs and symptoms

• In women: Painful urination, increased vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, or bleeding between periods. Sometimes, no symptoms at all.
• In men: Pain when urinating, pus-like penile discharge, or swelling in one testicle.

• Age under 25 and sexually active
• Multiple partners or a new partner without protection
• Previous history of STDs

Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person. It can also pass from mother to baby during childbirth.

Prevention and Treatment

Condoms, regular testing, and talking openly with partners about sexual health. Reportedly, a single antibiotic injection is currently the go-to. It is important to note that gonorrhoea has been developing resistance to many antibiotics, making prevention even more important.

Syphilis

Signs and symptoms

• In early stages: A single, painless sore on the genitals, anus, or mouth, and swollen lymph nodes.
• In later stages: Skin rashes, fever, fatigue, and, if untreated, damage to the brain, nerves, and heart.
• Congenital syphilis: Passed from mother to baby in the womb, leading to stillbirth, premature birth, or serious health issues in newborns.

Risk factors

• Unprotected sex
• Multiple partners
• Men who have sex with men
• Lack of prenatal care

How it spreads

Through direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, or from mother to baby during pregnancy.

Prevention and Treatment

Regular STD testing, consistent condom use, and early prenatal screening for pregnant women. Penicillin injections are simple and effective, but only if caught early.

The surge in STD cases across the US is not just about risky behaviour; it is about gaps in education, healthcare, and awareness. Many people carry these infections without knowing, passing them on silently. It is clear that one should get tested regularly, use protection, and if you are diagnosed, complete your treatment and tell your partner.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval to the SetPoint System, a neuroimmune modulation device designed to treat adults with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This marks a new, device-based approach for patients who have limited options due to inadequate response or intolerance to current advanced therapies.

Who Can Benefit?

The SetPoint System is intended for people whose RA is not effectively controlled with, or who cannot tolerate, advanced treatments such as biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

RA is an autoimmune disease that causes painful joint inflammation, stiffness, and long-term joint damage if left untreated. While existing medications can help, some patients experience insufficient relief or serious side effects.

How the Device Works

The SetPoint System is an implantable neurostimulation device that delivers a brief, daily dose of electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve. This nerve plays a key role in regulating inflammation. By activating the body’s innate anti-inflammatory and immune-restorative pathways, the therapy aims to reduce disease activity without the systemic side effects associated with some drug treatments.

Once implanted, the device is programmed to deliver therapy automatically on a set schedule. It can remain in place and function for up to 10 years, offering a long-term treatment option without the need for daily medication intake.

Evidence from the RESET-RA Study

The FDA’s approval is based on results from the RESET-RA trial, which involved 242 patients. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the SetPoint System or a sham (inactive) device.

The trial met its main goal, showing that more patients using the SetPoint System achieved at least a 20 percent improvement in symptoms, known as the ACR20 response, at three months, compared to those in the control group. Benefits in response rates and disease activity were sustained through 12 months of follow-up.

Remarkably, by the 12-month mark, three out of four participants had not used biologic or targeted synthetic DMARDs.

Safety Profile

The device placement procedure is minimally invasive and performed on an outpatient basis. The therapy was generally well tolerated, with a low rate of related serious side effects, reported in only 1.7 percent of patients in the trial.

Expert POV

Dr. Mark Richardson, principal investigator of the RESET-RA study and professor at Harvard University, said the approval reflects a promising new direction for autoimmune disease treatment.

“The approval of the SetPoint System highlights the potential of neuroimmune modulation as a novel approach for autoimmune disease, by harnessing the body's neural pathways to combat inflammation,” Dr. Richardson said in a statement. “After implantation, the SetPoint device automatically administers therapy daily, simplifying care for people living with RA.”

With this approval, the SetPoint System becomes the first FDA-approved neuroimmune modulation device for RA, adding a non-drug option to the treatment landscape. For patients struggling with medication side effects or insufficient relief, it offers a potentially life-changing alternative that works with the body’s own systems to restore immune balance.

Eli Lilly’s experimental weight loss pill, orforglipron, may soon shift the landscape of obesity treatment. In a Phase 3 clinical trial that spanned more than 3,000 adults, the once-daily pill helped participants lose an average of 12.4% of their body weight over 72 weeks—with minimal lifestyle restrictions and no needles involved.

The company says these findings mark a turning point in the battle against obesity, one of the most pressing global health issues today. Here’s how this oral medication is poised to change everything we know about weight loss treatment.

According to Eli Lilly’s preliminary data, adults who took the highest dose of orforglipron lost an average of 27.3 pounds (12.4% of their body weight) over roughly a year and a half. Nearly 60% of those participants lost at least 10% of their weight, and almost 40% lost at least 15%.

These results are on par with injectable GLP-1 medications like Zepbound and Mounjaro—both also made by Eli Lilly—which have become blockbuster drugs in the obesity and diabetes market.

Dr. Céline Gounder, editor-at-large for public health at KFF Health News, put it bluntly in a CBS interview: “This is what we see with injectables. It’s impressive that a pill could match that.”

The key distinction? Orforglipron is not a peptide-based medication. That makes it easier for the body to absorb and eliminates the need for the strict dietary rules that apply to oral peptide drugs like Novo Nordisk’s Rybelsus.

How GLP-1 in Pill Form Works?

Orforglipron belongs to a class of medications called GLP-1 receptor agonists. These drugs mimic a gut hormone that plays a critical role in appetite regulation and glucose metabolism. They slow down stomach emptying, curb hunger signals in the brain, and help stabilize blood sugar levels.

Until recently, the most effective GLP-1 medications had to be injected, often weekly. Eli Lilly’s innovation—compressing this powerful mechanism into an oral pill—is a major step forward.

Unlike Rybelsus, the only approved GLP-1 pill on the market (which requires fasting and water restrictions), orforglipron is designed to be taken at any time of day, with or without food or water. That alone could make a big difference for patient compliance and everyday ease of use.

Are There Significant Side Effects For This Pill?

The benefits are clear, but what about the risks? As with other GLP-1-based drugs, gastrointestinal side effects were common. The most reported issues included nausea, diarrhea, constipation, and vomiting. Between 29% and 34% of participants experienced nausea—slightly higher than the 25–29% range seen with injectable Zepbound.

More significantly, about 10% of those on the highest dose had to drop out of the study due to side effects. While not uncommon in drug trials, it’s a notable figure for clinicians to weigh when considering patient suitability.

Still, experts say the side effect profile remains consistent with what is expected from GLP-1 medications. Importantly, orforglipron was also associated with improved markers of cardiovascular health, such as lower cholesterol and blood pressure.

What Makes Orforglipron Stand Out?

One of the most promising aspects of this pill is its potential to support long-term weight maintenance. Eli Lilly is also studying orforglipron’s role in helping people who initially lose weight on injectable drugs but are looking for a more manageable, sustainable option moving forward.

In essence, this pill could serve as a bridge—or even an off-ramp—for those who can’t or don’t want to stay on injectable medications forever. The convenience factor is huge.

There’s also the question of cost. Manufacturing pills is typically cheaper than producing injectables, and while pricing hasn’t been announced yet, orforglipron could offer a more affordable option for millions of people who need access to effective obesity care.

Eli Lilly has announced plans to submit orforglipron for regulatory approval by the end of 2025, with hopes of a global launch to follow soon after. If approved by the FDA and other agencies, the drug could hit the market in 2026.

This timeline is aggressive but realistic, given the urgency of the obesity crisis. More than 40% of American adults are classified as obese, according to CDC data. The economic burden and health consequences—including increased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and certain cancers—are staggering.

The public health need is urgent, and the demand for safe, convenient, and effective weight-loss treatments is at an all-time high. A pill like orforglipron, if approved, could help close that gap.

Despite the promising clinical data, not everyone is convinced just yet. Eli Lilly’s stock fell nearly 14% on the day of the announcement. Some investors expected even greater weight-loss figures or a better side effect profile.

But experts caution against reading too much into the stock market’s knee-jerk reactions. The potential of a widely accessible, non-peptide, once-daily GLP-1 pill is enormous—and it could spark a new era in weight management.

If successful, orforglipron will likely intensify the competition with Novo Nordisk, whose Wegovy and Ozempic have dominated the obesity and diabetes space for the past few years. The race is now on for the first truly scalable, cost-effective oral GLP-1 option—and Lilly may have just edged ahead.

Eli Lilly’s orforglipron isn’t just another weight-loss drug. It’s a potential paradigm shift in how we approach chronic weight management.

If it clears the final regulatory hurdles and delivers on its early promise, orforglipron could bring highly effective, user-friendly weight-loss treatment to millions of people—no needles, no meal timing, no fuss. That’s the kind of change the obesity crisis has been waiting for.