Comas continue to be among the most mysterious illnesses of modern medicine, holding patients between life and death for weeks, months, or even years. Certain patients mysteriously wake up, while others do not. Coma-waking mechanisms continue not to be well understood and thus remain an active area of medical research.

One such astounding instance is the case of Munira Abdulla, who fell into a coma after a road accident in 1991. For 27 years, the doctors thought that she would never fully wake up. Then, in 2018, she stunned everyone by displaying signs of recovery, even shouting out her son's name.

Her tale mesmerized the world, raising deep questions about consciousness, medical potential, and the morality of prolonged life support. Did she know what was happening around her the entire time? How will she fit into a world that has altered so profoundly? And what does this imply for families struggling with tough end-of-life choices? As science continues to investigate the secrets of the human brain, cases such as Abdulla's provide promise and challenge our conception of coma recovery.

Coma is a long-term state of unconsciousness where an individual fails to respond to the environment. It results from multiple causes, such as traumatic brain injury, intoxication, metabolic derangement, stroke, and neurological disorders. Comas are sometimes medically induced to safeguard the brain from further injury.

Every case of coma is different, and the length can be incredibly varied. Some patients come out of their comas in a matter of days, while others are comatose for decades, such as Munira Abdulla, who awoke 27 years after a vehicle accident left her in a vegetative state.

For an individual to wake up from a coma, their brain has to heal a great deal. The healing process is either through the regeneration of lost neurons or reorienting existing brain pathways to replace lost function. Yet, brain functioning in a coma is greatly retarded, and this process is highly unpredictable. Scientists have speculated that the brain needs a "jump start" to reestablish normal communication among neural networks, but the trigger factor remains elusive.

What are the Potential Triggers for Waking Up from Coma

Although there is no surefire way to wake an individual from coma, scientists have picked out a number of possible triggers that could help in recovery of consciousness:

1. Dopamine-Boosting Medications

The most encouraging strategy involves boosting dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in movement control and motivated behavior. Research has established that patients in coma have decreased dopamine activity.

One drug, amantadine, which is generally prescribed for Parkinson's disease, has been promising in the recovery of coma. A 2012 New England Journal of Medicine study discovered that amantadine enhanced awareness in patients who were in coma due to traumatic brain injury. Although the drug seems to hasten awakening, there is no definite proof that it enhances long-term recovery.

2. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Deep brain stimulation is another experimental method under investigation. The procedure involves the surgical implantation of electrodes deep within the brain, focusing on the thalamus—a part critical to attention and arousal. Electrical stimulation can potentially awaken dormant neural circuits and promote consciousness recovery.

A 2018 review in Neurosurgical Focus noted instances where DBS restored awareness among coma patients. The method, however, remains experimental, and its success rate differs from one patient to another.

3. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation

Other non-surgical methods, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and focused ultrasound, seek to stimulate brain activity with non-invasive means. These treatments apply magnetic fields or ultrasonic vibrations to activate deep-brain neurons, which could help restore consciousness.

Although initial studies are promising, they need additional clinical trials to determine their efficacy in coma recovery.

Why Do Some Patients Never Wake Up from a Coma?

Even with advances in medicine, most coma patients never wake up. It is estimated that 20% to 40% of coma patients never wake up. In a study done in the U.S. and the UK, it was discovered that 54% of coma patients died, 15% survived with severe disability, and only 31% had good outcomes.

One of the chief determining factors is the degree of brain damage. If the vital areas of the brain, e.g., brainstem or cortex, are damaged severely, then the chances of recovery of consciousness become very less. Also, unconsciousness of a long duration can result in muscle wasting, organ failure, and other secondary complications that may impede recovery.

The mystery of how patients emerge from comas is still one of the biggest medical enigmas. Some patients awaken spontaneously, but others need treatment, and others never wake up at all. The study of dopamine-boosting medications, deep brain stimulation, and non-surgical therapies brings hope to coma recovery. As technology progresses, we can soon have the potential to induce more patients to awaken sooner and lead their lives back.

Until then, coma patients' families have to live in uncertainty, hoping that science will keep on unraveling the mysteries of the brain and consciousness.

October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, making it the perfect time to focus on habits that can help protect your health. While no single food can guarantee prevention, research shows that certain nutrients and antioxidants found in everyday foods may play a role in reducing the risk of breast cancer. For women, especially those with risk factors, incorporating these foods into your diet can be a meaningful step toward prevention.

Understanding Breast Cancer

Breast cancer occurs when breast cells start to grow abnormally and form tumours. If these tumours are not treated, they can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this disease claimed an estimated 670,000 lives worldwide in 2022. In India, breast cancer is also increasing, with one in 28 women now at risk. This makes it all the more important to understand ways to lower risk through lifestyle and dietary choices.

6 Foods To Prevent Breast Cancer

Nutritionist and weight loss specialist Leema Mahajan took to her Instagram to highlight the power of food in breast cancer prevention. She emphasizes starting early: “Introducing these foods into your diet from a young age can help reduce your chances of developing this disease later in life.” Mahajan identifies six key foods backed by research for their potential protective benefits.

1. Pomegranate

Pomegranates are rich in compounds called ellagitannins, which studies suggest may help slow down the growth of cancer cells and limit estrogen-driven tumour development. Mahajan recommends enjoying one cup of fresh pomegranate each day. “Fresh pomegranate seeds can support your body’s fight against abnormal cell growth. It’s simple, delicious, and effective,” she says.

2. Cruciferous Vegetables

Vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts belong to the cruciferous family, known for their cancer-fighting properties. These vegetables contain sulforaphane, a compound that aids the liver in breaking down harmful estrogen by-products and may help prevent tumour formation. Mahajan advises, “Include cruciferous vegetables in your meals three to four times a week. You can eat them raw in salads or lightly steamed to retain their nutrients.”

3. Berries

Berries such as blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries are packed with antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins, which help combat cell damage and inflammation. Adding a handful of berries to your breakfast or as a snack is a tasty and nutritious way to support your body’s natural defenses.

4. Fatty Fish

Omega-3 fatty acids found in salmon, mackerel, and sardines may have anti-inflammatory properties that reduce cancer risk. Including fatty fish two to three times a week can support overall health and may help maintain hormone balance.

5. Green Tea

Green tea contains polyphenols, which have been shown to slow cancer cell growth in laboratory studies. Drinking two to three cups daily can be a simple, comforting habit with potential protective benefits.

6. Tomatoes

Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, an antioxidant linked to lower cancer risk. Cooking tomatoes, such as in sauces or soups, makes lycopene more easily absorbed by the body.

Small Changes, Big Impact

Incorporating these foods into your daily meals isn’t just about prevention, it’s also about building a sustainable, healthful lifestyle. While diet alone cannot prevent breast cancer, combining these nutritious foods with regular exercise, adequate sleep, and routine medical screenings can strengthen overall health and reduce long-term risk.

Eating with awareness, enjoying colorful fruits and vegetables, and making consistent, balanced choices can empower women to take charge of their health, one meal at a time.

New research suggests that the common way doctors measure a healthy weight, called Body Mass Index (BMI), may not be the best tool for figuring out a person's risk for cancer. Instead, the study found that where a person carries their extra fat, especially fat around the stomach, is a much more important clue.

A new study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, found that belly fat plays a big role, not just in our general health but also in cancer. However, how does fat around your mid-section define this?

Where Your Fat Sits May Be Key

For many years, doctors have used BMI (which is calculated from your height and weight) to see if someone is overweight or obese and then use that status to estimate their risk for various cancers. However, this new study found that relying only on BMI is too basic. The research suggests that the location of extra fat on your body might be just as important, if not more so, in deciding whether your risk of developing several types of cancer goes up or down.

How Belly Fat Increases Risk Of Cancer

The study used advanced methods to look at the relationship between fat in five different areas of the body and the risk for 12 common cancers linked to being overweight. The clearest and most alarming finding was that fat around the abdomen (belly fat) was the most dangerous type of fat:

Increased Risk

Belly fat was directly linked to a higher chance of developing three specific cancers: endometrial cancer (of the uterus), esophageal cancer (in the food pipe), and liver cancer.

Worse Health Marker

Doctors pointed out that carrying fat in the center of your body is already known to cause problems like diabetes and heart disease. They believe this is because central fat causes a lot of inflammation inside the body, and this inflammation is what can actually encourage cancer to grow.

Are There Benefits Of Having Belly Fat?

While fat around the stomach was dangerous, the researchers made a surprising discovery about lower body fat. They found that fat carried in the buttocks and thighs actually seemed to help protect against cancer. This fat was linked to a reduced risk of both breast cancer and a type of brain tumor called meningioma. This unexpected result has led some experts to think that the fat cells in the lower body might produce helpful hormones that fight against cancer.

Why BMI Isn't Enough

This research strongly confirms that doctors shouldn't just rely on the single BMI number. As one cancer doctor noted, BMI is a "quick and dirty" measurement that only gives a very basic picture of your health; the location of excess fat matters much more. Scientists believe fat increases cancer risk in a few ways, including:

• Producing extra hormones like estrogen and insulin, which are known to fuel the growth of many cancer types.
• Creating a state of chronic inflammation in the body, which helps tumors get started and grow.

The study concludes that future health plans, both for treating obesity and preventing cancer, should focus on measuring and managing where fat is distributed rather than just focusing on overall weight. While losing weight is still beneficial, the body part where the fat is concentrated is a powerful indicator of risk.

There are many aspects of an organ donation, not just the need for an organ, but also how compatible it is in terms of blood type. The reason why this is important is because of components known as antigens. The recipient's own body can destroy the new organ if the donated organ has different antigens. However, scientists may have found a way to surpass this issue.

A major scientific breakthrough has occurred: scientists successfully changed the blood type of a donated kidney using a special enzyme and then transplanted it into a patient. This is the first procedure of its kind. Right now, a patient can only receive an organ if the donor has a compatible blood type. If the types don't match, the patient's immune system will immediately produce antibodies or immune soldiers to attack and destroy the foreign organ.

How Did The Mismatched Blood Type Transplant Work?

The research team from Canada and China found a special enzyme that can remove the Type A antigens from an organ. Antigens are the markers on blood cells (and organs) that determine blood type. By removing the Type A markers, the enzyme essentially converts Type A blood into Type O blood.

Type O is considered the "universal" donor type because anyone can receive it. In this first test, the converted Type O kidney was transplanted into a 68-year-old patient. Although the kidney eventually showed signs of rejection after two days, it was able to function and produce urine for six days, proving the concept works.

How Does A Universal Kidney Work?

If doctors can successfully change the blood type of a donor organ, the current limits on transplants would largely disappear, creating enormous benefits for patients.

Significantly Increased Access to Organs

Without the need to match blood types, doctors wouldn't have to wait for an organ that is both a good match and the correct blood type. Instead, they could focus only on other factors important for the transplant's long-term success. By removing the blood type obstacle, this technology would allow for faster matching and quicker surgeries, which will dramatically reduce the painfully long waiting lists that patients currently face.

Shorter, More Efficient Wait Lists

Without the restriction of matching blood types, doctors wouldn't have to wait for an organ that is both a good match and the correct blood type. Instead, they could focus on other crucial factors, like matching proteins and tissues that are important for the long-term success of the transplant. By eliminating the blood type hurdle, this technology would allow for faster matching and quicker surgeries, drastically reducing the painfully long wait lists that patients currently face for life-saving organs.

Eliminating Risky Pre-Treatment for Recipients

This new approach of treating the donor organ instead of the patient is a major advancement. Right now, to perform a blood-type-mismatched transplant, the patient has to get intense treatments beforehand to severely weaken their immune system. These treatments are risky because they significantly increase the patient's vulnerability to severe infections.

Furthermore, for deceased donor organs—which must be used very quickly—there simply isn't enough time to safely administer these pre-treatments. By converting the organ outside the body, doctors can avoid this high-risk step for the recipient, making the transplant safer and much more feasible for emergency cases.

What Happens Next

This successful first attempt proves the enzyme-conversion technique works, but it's just the beginning. The scientists now need to conduct more studies on both brain-dead and living patients. Their main goal is to figure out the best way to adjust the treatment so that the converted organ can function successfully for a long period, ultimately allowing this revolutionary technique to be used in hospitals everywhere.