One of the most common viruses in the world, Epstein-Barr virus, or EBV is a member of the herpes virus family, also known as herpesvirus 4. Herpes viruses have been with humans for a very, very long time and have gotten good at living in our bodies. Once you get a herpes virus, it stays in your body forever. This means pretty much every adult has at least one type of these nine herpes viruses.

When you first get a herpes virus, you often don't even know it because you don't feel sick. After this first infection, the virus goes into a quiet stage where it's still there but not causing problems.

There are eight main types of herpes viruses that we know about. They are everywhere and are very good at living in us without causing too much trouble most of the time.

• Herpes simplex type I (HSV-1).
• Herpes simplex type II (HSV-2).
• Varicella-zoster virus (VZV/HHV-3).
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV/HHV-4).
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV/HHV-5).
• Herpesvirus type 6 (HBLV/HHV-6).
• Herpesvirus type 7 (HHV-7).
• Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8)

According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention many people get infected with EBV in their lifetime especially in their childhood, however its symptoms are not distinguishable from other mild brief childhood illnesses.

While most cases of EBV do not cause any serious health issues, some strains of it like the Chronic Epstein-Bar Virus can cause serious health issues in people. A new study published in the BMC Virology Journal explained that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is now being seen as a germ that can cause a serious brain problem called encephalitis.

What Is Epstein Bar Virus (EBV)?

EBV is a highly contagious virus that can pass through bodily fluid contact. It is the cause of one of the most common infections, mononucleosis or mono. Once you get this virus, it stays in your body, inactive and in a dormant state until it becomes reactivated.

According to the Frontiers in Immunology, Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) disease is a very uncommon problem where people's bodies can't fight off the EBV virus. It keeps getting worse, with a lot of the virus's DNA in their blood and the virus attacking their organs with infected blood cells.

People with this disease often have fevers, swollen glands, a big spleen, liver problems caused by EBV, or low blood counts. Over time, their body's ability to fight off infections gets weaker. If they don't get treatment, they can die from other infections, a problem where the body attacks its own blood cells, organ failure, or cancers linked to EBV.

The only treatment that has been proven to work for this disease is a stem cell transplant (a procedure to replace damaged blood cells with healthy ones). Right now, scientists are trying to figure out why this disease happens. They are looking at problems with the body's defense system (immune defects) and changes in people's genes that might be linked to the disease. A new study as also revealed that EBV may also cause us brain damage due to a disease called encephalitis.

Symptoms Of Epstein-Bar Virus

EBV infections do not cause symptoms especially for children, teens and adults are more likely to experience symptoms like fever, feeling tired or fatigued headache, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in your neck and arm, enlarged spleen or swollen liver, body aches and skin rash. The symptoms of this usually last for two to four weeks. Things are a bit different with Chronic EBV. In rare cases of EBV, it can lead to a chronic condition called active EBV (CAEVB) some symptoms include, swollen and tender lymph nodes, fever, enlarged liver, fatigue, sore throat, headache, muscle pain joint stiffness, anemia and liver failure.

Can EBV Cause Brain Damage?

The study looked at all the people who were diagnosed with encephalitis at one hospital from June 2020 to April 2021. The researchers took information from the hospital's computer records. Then they used different math tests to compare the information from people who had EBV-related encephalitis with those who had encephalitis caused by other germs.

The study included 364 people with encephalitis. In 86 of these people (about 24%), EBV was found in the fluid around their brain and spinal cord (CSF). Out of those 86, 39 people were diagnosed with encephalitis that was definitely caused by EBV. The study found that EBV-related encephalitis is different from encephalitis caused by other herpes viruses.

People with EBV encephalitis had more protein in their CSF, less sugar in their CSF, and were more likely to have swelling around the brain (meningitis) show up on brain scans (MRI). The study also found that older age, having HIV, having a weakened immune system for reasons other than cancer, and having EBV in their blood made it more likely for EBV to infect their brain and spinal cord.

EBV encephalitis seems to be different from encephalitis caused by other herpes viruses. It often involves more swelling around the brain, more protein and less sugar in the brain fluid, and fewer of a certain type of immune cell (T-lymphocytes) in the blood. These differences suggest that EBV might cause brain swelling in a unique way compared to other herpes viruses.

Dementia is no longer a far-off disease that affected a select few people, it is now a devastating reality most of us face, whether it due to our daily habits, when we wake up, what we eat and how much pollution we face. Anything and everything we do could change the trajectory of our brain health.

However, things are not as bleak, we still have the time to turn things around and take a healthier turn in life and it doesn’t have to be overcomplicated things. A simple change can make all the difference in the world.

A new research published in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry looked into Blue Zones—areas where people live longer—has long suggested that having a sense of purpose is linked to a longer life. Now, a new study from UC Davis shows that having a purpose may also help protect the brain from cognitive decline.

The study followed over 13,000 adults aged 45 and older for up to 15 years. Researchers found that people who said they had a higher sense of purpose were 28% less likely to develop cognitive issues like mild cognitive impairment and dementia. This protective effect was seen across all racial and ethnic groups and was significant even when accounting for other factors like education, depression, and a gene that is known to increase the risk of Alzheimer's.

What Gives Your Life Purpose?

The researchers in this study didn't ask people to list what gave their life meaning. However, other studies on aging have shown that many different things can help you find a sense of purpose. The Japanese even have a word for it, "ikigai," which means "a reason for being."

Relationships: Spending quality time with loved ones, like caring for family or enjoying time with grandchildren.

Work or Volunteering: Continuing to work, mentoring others, or volunteering for a cause you care about.

Spirituality or Faith: Participating in spiritual practices or being an active member of a faith-based community.

Personal Goals: Taking up new hobbies, learning new skills, or working toward a personal goal, no matter how small.

Helping Others: Doing acts of kindness, taking on a caregiving role, or advocating for a cause.

Purpose Delays Cognitive Decline

The study also found that people with a strong sense of purpose started to experience memory and thinking problems later in life. On average, this delay was about 1.4 months over an eight-year period. While that might not sound like much, it's very significant.

Think about it this way, current medications for Alzheimer's can have a similar modest effect, but they often come with risks and are expensive. A sense of purpose, on the other hand, is a completely free, safe, and accessible way to improve your brain health. It's something anyone can work on, no matter their age or background.

Study Methods and Why It Matters

The people in this study were part of a large national survey. To measure a sense of purpose, researchers used a survey with questions like, "I have a sense of direction and purpose in my life."

Although this study showed a clear link between purpose and a healthier brain, it didn't prove that one directly causes the other which means the lack of purpose may not be the cause of dementia. However, the findings strongly suggest that being in a good mental and emotional state is a key part of healthy aging. Even if the socializing with the same people with The researchers are now hoping to find out if programs designed to help people find purpose could actually help prevent dementia in the future.

When Ohio restaurateur Tommy Fello left his restaurant on Christmas Eve, 2023, he thought his truck had a flat tire as it drifted off the road. Exhausted from preparing a holiday buffet since early morning, the then 71-year-old slowly drove home, leaning on his vehicle’s autocorrect system.

But the real problem wasn’t the truck, it was him.

As soon as Fello stepped out of his vehicle, he couldn’t steady himself. Minutes later, he collapsed, unable to move his left arm and leg. Doctors confirmed he had suffered a stroke.

Life After Stroke: Small Victories, Big Struggles

A clot-busting drug saved Fello’s life, but the damage lingered. He lost sensation on the left side of his body, struggled to swallow, and endured intense pain from his curled, immobile arm.

Physical and occupational therapy brought minor improvements, but progress was painfully slow. “Even lifting a cup felt like a gigantic accomplishment,” Fello recalled. “But I kept asking myself—is this as good as it’s going to get?”

The Promise of New Technology

In early 2024, Fello learned of a pioneering device called the Vivistim System, an FDA-approved implant developed by MicroTransponder Inc. The device pairs vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) with rehabilitation exercises to boost recovery in stroke patients with long-standing deficits.

Here’s how it works: during therapy sessions, wireless signals activate the implant, sending gentle pulses to the vagus nerve. These pulses enhance the brain’s ability to “rewire” itself, a process known as neuroplasticity. Patients also continue daily exercises at home.

According to neurosurgeon Dr. Erez Nossek of NYU Langone, who spoke to CBS News, the stimulation allows stroke survivors to achieve “greater and faster improvements in motor function.” A major trial published in The Lancet in 2021 showed patients using Vivistim had two to three times more improvement in arm and hand function compared with standard rehab.

First Patient at Cleveland Clinic

By April 2025, after consulting with Dr. Mark Bain, a cerebrovascular neurosurgeon at Cleveland Clinic, Fello became the hospital’s first patient to receive the implant.

The one-hour surgery placed the key-fob sized device under his clavicle, with tiny leads connected to the vagus nerve in his neck. Bain noted the procedure carries less than a 1% risk of complications. Two weeks later, the device was activated, and Fello resumed therapy with occupational therapist Dr. Sharon Covey.

Remarkable Progress

Within four months, Fello reported dramatic improvement. The constant pain and stiffness in his arm vanished, and he began practicing daily tasks, like carrying objects with his left hand, that were once impossible.

Covey described his progress as “huge,” noting that even the ability to use his left arm for basic tasks is “something he could not have done before.”

Fello, now 72, couldn’t be more optimistic. “I’m very happy I did it. I’m proud, and I can see the progress every day.”

A New Era in Stroke Recovery

Each year, about 800,000 Americans suffer an ischemic stroke, according to experts. While traditional rehabilitation remains essential, many patients plateau, leaving them with lifelong disabilities.

Vivistim represents a new frontier. “This is the first real breakthrough in stroke rehab in decades,” said Covey. “It’s going to turn the stroke recovery world upside down.”

Dr. Bain agrees: “In the next five to ten years, we’ll see an explosion of new technologies that help stroke patients reclaim their lives. With innovations like this—the sky’s the limit.”

For Fello, that future has already begun.

Our eyes not just windows to the soul perhaps they are mirrors of our cognitive health as well. Recent research suggests that subtle changes in how we scan our visual environment might be a sign of memory loss, providing a painless window into mental health far beyond the classic testing methods.

As we get older, the patterns through which our eyes move—how they scan, lock, and dart between visual fields—evolve slowly. These changes are not only driven by age but also by neurological disease. Researchers from Canada and the West Indies have now found evidence that these patterns of eye movement are closely associated with memory performance, suggesting that our sight could indicate the beginnings of cognitive decay.

The researchers conducted eye-tracking experiments on groups of young and older adults, including participants diagnosed with memory-affecting conditions. By analyzing how their eyes explored images, both on first viewing and upon repetition, the team was able to identify distinct differences in visual behavior.

The results were dramatic. The subjects with compromised memory performance tracked highly consistent gaze patterns from one image to the next, scanning the same areas over and over instead of examining the full field of view. This decreased variability and diminished exploration—lower dispersion of eye movements was contrasted with the more flexible and individualized scanning observed in subjects with better memory.

"Reduced eye movement diversity seems to mirror the cognitive limitations beneath," the scientists write in their research published in PNAS. "Without even having to perform tasks consciously, patterns of gaze differed systematically by group, making them a potential early indicator of memory decline."

How Do Your Eyes Reflect Your Brain Activity?

While the research did not explore in depth the mechanisms underlying these results, previous studies have indicated a close relationship between eye movement and the hippocampus, the area of the brain that is involved in creating and retrieving memory. Alterations in this important region may not only have a deleterious effect on recall but also modify visual attention directed by the brain.

Previous research has shown that eye properties—such as saccadic movement and pupil dilation—have been correlated with cognitive health and even used to predict the development of diseases like Alzheimer's disease. What this study does differently is that it looks at naturalistic gaze behavior, which records people looking at real-world complex stimuli in their natural settings, compared to simple laboratory tasks.

Can Your Eye Movement Be Used As A New Tool for Early Detection?

These findings have important implications. If confirmed in larger, longitudinal studies, eye-tracking measures could offer a quick, cheap, and non-invasive tool to identify early cognitive decline. In contrast to MRI scans or time-consuming neuropsychological testing, this method may be feasible during routine clinical visits or even with digital tools at home.

Scientists propose that eye-tracking might be added to other preclinical diagnostic measures, allowing clinicians to spot vulnerable individuals before difficulties with memory become evident in everyday life. Early diagnosis is important because treatments—pharmacological, lifestyle-oriented, or cognitive—work best when initiated prior to extensive neural damage.

Continuum of Brain Health

One of the main findings of the research is that eye movement change runs on a continuum and indicates gradual decline in brain function and not sudden onset of disease. Even among non-demented, non-cognitively impaired individuals, subtle diminution in exploratory patterns of gaze can presage early or preclinical brain changes.

"This work shows the promise of naturalistic gaze patterns as a sensitive marker for cognitive decline," the researchers write. "Monitoring these patterns longitudinally would make it possible to assess memory health throughout life."

While exciting, the actual clinical utility of this research is still in the distance. Additional studies are necessary to standardize eye-tracking protocols, to estimate the predictive accuracy of gaze metrics, and to define thresholds distinguishing normal aging from incipient cognitive impairment.

Advances in wearable eye-tracking devices, smartphone cameras, and artificial intelligence-powered analysis may speed the translation of these results into daily health monitoring. Think about how cool it would be to have a future where small changes in how you look at a screen or at your environment could warn you or your physician of the first signs of memory loss—months or even years before forgetfulness invades daily life.

Our eyes do more than lead us through the physical world they reflect the state of our mind. As this study shows, the patterns of our gaze hold secret signs of cognitive health and memory function. By tapping these insights, researchers are opening a new frontier for early detection and monitoring of memory loss, holding out hope for proactive treatments and improved brain health outcomes around the world.