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Climate Change Fueled Rising Salmonella Drug Resistance Over Decades: The Lancet Study

Climate Change Fueled Salmonella Drug Resistance Over Decades: The Lancet Study

Climate change caused a 10 per cent global increase in Salmonella antibiotic resistance genes between 1940 and 2023, according to the first-of-its-kind study published in The Lancet Planetary Health journal today.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is mainly driven by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, which allows resistant bacteria to survive and spread.

However, rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can influence how bacteria survive, mutate, and spread, potentially increasing the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes.

“The accumulated evidence suggests that climate change is an accelerating force behind the global spread of antimicrobial resistance,” the study authors wrote in the paper.

The study provides supporting evidence that AMR doesn’t just increase steadily as temperatures rise, but that the number of resistance genes changes over time in a more complicated way, depending on both temperature and rainfall. This suggests that environmental changes can speed up how bacteria adapt to antibiotics.

“These findings reinforce the idea that climate change alters microbial ecological stability and accelerates resistance evolution across human, animal, and environmental reservoirs," said the global researchers.

The current study analyzed the genomes of more than 480,000 Salmonella samples from 139 countries, collected between 1940 and 2023, and compared levels of antibiotic resistance genes with changes in average temperature and rainfall over time.

Of the total, 82 per cent of countries saw increases in antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella, with the strongest climate-associated increases occurring in the Middle East and North Africa, followed by South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

While the study shows a link between climate change and antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella, it does not prove that climate change directly causes the increase.

The study also used a model to predict the change in antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella by 2100 under different climate emissions scenarios. 

The model suggests that if countries meet low-emission climate targets and strengthen efforts to use antibiotics responsibly, levels of resistance genes could be 24% lower than under the highest-emission scenario. However, they caution that these projections, as with all models, involve uncertainty.

The researchers stressed the need to consider climate change when monitoring and addressing AMR. They add that stronger climate action, alongside responsible antibiotic use and improved disease surveillance across humans, animals, and the environment, will be important in limiting the future spread of AMR.

As per the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness and fever called salmonellosis. It can be spread by food handlers who do not wash their hands and/or the surfaces and tools they use between food preparation steps. It can also happen when people consume uncooked and raw food. Salmonella can also spread from animals to people.

<ul><li>diarrhea,</li><li>fever,</li><li>stomach cramps 6 hours to 6 days after being exposed to the bacteria.</li></ul>The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most people recover without treatment, while in some, the illness may lead to hospitalization.

Children younger than 5, adults 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to have severe illness.

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Climate change caused a 10 per cent global increase in Salmonella antibiotic resistance genes between 1940 and 2023, according to the first-of-its-kind study published in The Lancet Planetary Health journal today.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is mainly driven by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, which allows resistant bacteria to survive and spread.However, rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can influence how bacteria survive, mutate, and spread, potentially increasing the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes.“The accumulated evidence suggests that climate change is an accelerating force behind the global spread of antimicrobial resistance,” the study authors wrote in the paper.What Are The Findings?The study provides supporting evidence that AMR doesn’t just increase steadily as temperatures rise, but that the number of resistance genes changes over time in a more complicated way, depending on both temperature and rainfall. This suggests that environmental changes can speed up how bacteria adapt to antibiotics.“These findings reinforce the idea that climate change alters microbial ecological stability and accelerates resistance evolution across human, animal, and environmental reservoirs," said the global researchers.How Was The Study Conducted?The current study analyzed the genomes of more than 480,000 Salmonella samples from 139 countries, collected between 1940 and 2023, and compared levels of antibiotic resistance genes with changes in average temperature and rainfall over time.Of the total, 82 per cent of countries saw increases in antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella, with the strongest climate-associated increases occurring in the Middle East and North Africa, followed by South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.While the study shows a link between climate change and antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella, it does not prove that climate change directly causes the increase.The study also used a model to predict the change in antibiotic resistance genes in Salmonella by 2100 under different climate emissions scenarios. The model suggests that if countries meet low-emission climate targets and strengthen efforts to use antibiotics responsibly, levels of resistance genes could be 24% lower than under the highest-emission scenario. However, they caution that these projections, as with all models, involve uncertainty.The researchers stressed the need to consider climate change when monitoring and addressing AMR. They add that stronger climate action, alongside responsible antibiotic use and improved disease surveillance across humans, animals, and the environment, will be important in limiting the future spread of AMR.What Is Salmonella?As per the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness and fever called salmonellosis. It can be spread by food handlers who do not wash their hands and/or the surfaces and tools they use between food preparation steps. It can also happen when people consume uncooked and raw food. Salmonella can also spread from animals to people.Common symptoms of Salmonella includediarrhea,fever,stomach cramps 6 hours to 6 days after being exposed to the bacteria.The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most people recover without treatment, while in some, the illness may lead to hospitalization.Children younger than 5, adults 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to have severe illness.

climate change fueled rising salmonella drug resistance over decades: the lancet study

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