Flouride is an essential nutrient that plays a major role in your dental and bone health. While it is present in human bodies, it also naturally occurs in the environment. In today's time, it is purposefully being added to drinking water supplies to enhance the health of people. Supporters of fluoridation cite Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) research that shows that community water fluoridation reduces cavities by around 25%. However, its opponents argue that excess of this mineral has a negative neurological impact. The debate heated up recently when Robert F Kennedy Jr, who was selected to lead the US Department of Health and Human Services, opposed water fluoridation.

What Is The CDC Research About?

Government scientists published a paper in the medical journal JAMA Pediatrics that concluded that there may be a link between high levels of fluoride and lower Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Their research indicated a possible neurodevelopmental harm to pregnant people or young children if they are exposed to drinking water containing at least 1.5 milligrams of fluoride per litre- a level more than twice what's recommended (0.7 mg/L) for the US water supply. It is important to note that in many American states and Western countries, pregnant women and children receive fluoride from many sources, making their exposure to this mineral way too high from the recommended levels.

Why Do We Need Fluoride?

Fluoride plays an important role in strengthening tooth enamel and is more resistant to cavities. It also reduces the amount of acid produced by bacteria on teeth, which in turn reduces plaque. Interestingly, this mineral also helps reverse early decay and remineralize tooth enamel. Fluoride stimulates new bone formation, thereby, playing a pivotal role in the skeletal system.

What Happens If Your Body Does Not Get Enough Floride?

It is also important in protecting bones from mineral loss, such as osteoporosis. Important sources of fluoride are drinking water, mouthwash, toothpaste, and supplements. However, daily intake of high amounts of fluoride has been associated with fluorosis, discolouration, and mottling of the teeth during development.

What Happens When You Consume Excessive Flouride?

Some risks of excessive fluoride exposure include dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, thyroid problems, and neurological problems.

Dental Fluorosis: This condition is characterized by hypomineralization of tooth enamel caused by the ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation. A person may see white patches on their teeth. Cosmetic treatment is needed to cure it.

Skeletal Fluorosis: Skeletal fluorosis affects your bones and joints. It can cause pain, stiffness and bone deformities.

Thyroid Issues: A study conducted by researchers in the UK found a positive association between fluoride concentration in drinking water and the prevalence of hypothyroidism. Another study found that adults living in areas with water fluoride levels above 0.7 mg/L were 1.6 times more likely to have hypothyroidism than those living in areas with lower fluoride levels.

Neurological problems: Excess of fluoride can accumulate in your brain, leading to neurotoxicity. It can also cause degenerative changes in the brain and spinal cord.

When the pregnancy test turns positive, a flood of excitement, anticipation, and in many cases, anxiety sets in—not only for the mother-to-be, but also for her partner. When all eyes usually remain on the pregnant woman's body and mood, new research and anecdotal evidence are revealing an unexpected phenomenon: expectant fathers can experience physical and psychological changes that resemble pregnancy symptoms. This is a real phenomenon, referred to as Couvade Syndrome or sympathetic pregnancy—something that isn't imagined, but a valid and multifaceted reaction that's gaining international acclaim.

What Is Couvade Syndrome?

Couvade Syndrome is named from the French term couver, which means "to brood" or "incubate." It is a disorder where men develop pregnancy-like symptoms as their partner is pregnant. These symptoms start in the first trimester, decrease in the second trimester, and then show up again in the third trimester—tightly following the path of the mother.

Though not technically classified as a medical or psychological illness, Couvade Syndrome has been noted through various cultures and societies. In certain tribal rituals of old, men would ritually perform labor to show support for their mate—a ritualistic forerunner to the psychosomatic phenomenon now clinically debated as an empathetic, stress-related, or hormonal response.

Physical and Emotional Symptoms of Couvade Syndrome

Think it's all in their minds? Think again. Pregnant men with Couvade Syndrome describe a remarkable array of physical and mental symptoms:

• Nausea and vomiting: A surprising similarity to morning sickness
• Gastrointestinal problems: Bloating, stomach cramps, diarrhea or constipation
• Changes in appetite and weight: Some put on weight (aka "sympathy weight"), others can lose their appetite completely
• Sleep problems and fatigue: Insomnia or constant drowsiness
• Back pain and leg cramps
• Toothaches and skin rashes
• Mood swings, irritability, anxiety and depression

Up to 38% of expectant fathers, or the first-time father in one international study, experienced over 19 symptoms when they found out that their partner was pregnant. The reasons are not certain yet but the most commonly accepted theories are psychosomatic reactions, hormonal changes (such as reduced testosterone and increased prolactin), and psychological mechanisms like "compathy," shared pain or emotional distress.

Is Couvade Syndrome Common?

Surprisingly, yes—more than you might have guessed. Incidence rates of Couvade syndrome also differ widely based on the nation and study criteria, from 11% up to a whopping 65% worldwide. In the United States alone, estimates suggest that between 25% to 97% of expectant fathers could experience it. The rate in Poland is as high as 72%, with the United Kingdom and Australia reporting lower rates, at between 25% and 31%. Other nations, such as Sweden, Thailand, and China, also register considerable prevalence. These differences indicate that although the phenomenon may be subjective and culturally influenced, sympathetic pregnancy is certainly no rarity.

What Causes Couvade Syndrome?

The scientific community hasn't yet determined a single determining cause of Couvade syndrome, but some of the most current theories provide interesting explanations. One explanation is empathy and emotional attachment—men who are strongly bonded to their pregnant partner might unconsciously pick up and mirror their partner's bodily stress. Hormonal changes have also been found, with research reporting decreased testosterone and raised levels of prolactin and cortisol in some prospective fathers, which can cause mood swings, lethargy, or other physical symptoms. Stress and anxiety, especially for first-time dads, can also be a factor, with the prospect of new responsibility bearing down on them physically. Also, shifting psychosocial expectations of fatherhood could be a factor. As social norms change and promote more engaged, emotionally responsive parenting, men might internalize and replicate facets of pregnancy more strongly than generations past.

Dads today are not hanging back in the wings anymore. From attending prenatal visits to taking birthing classes and carrying out skin-to-skin contact after birth, contemporary dads are actively involved. This greater engagement may be amplifying their emotional and physiological identification with pregnancy, a component of couvade symptoms' prevalence.

Anthropologists consider that this change is a development of classic gender roles and possibly the reason couvade syndrome is reported more often today than in earlier generations.

Coping with and Managing Couvade Symptoms

There is no official treatment of Couvade Syndrome, but there are methods that can ease it:

Stay informed: Taking prenatal classes and reading parenting books can prepare expectant fathers better.

Communicate: Have open talks with your partner concerning your feelings and physical changes. You can be met with mutual understanding instead of confusion or dismissal.

Consult professionals: If symptoms become a cause of distress, talking to a psychologist or a medical doctor can provide insight and ways of coping.

Practice self-care: Regular exercise, meditation, and proper nutrition can help in coping with stress-related symptoms.

Lean on your support network: Don't be afraid to call on friends, family, or online networks of expectant dads.

While it is common, couvade syndrome usually goes unnoticed—dismissed as strange, overblown, or even manipulative behavior but defined as a real psychosomatic experience can affirm expectant dads and open the door to more honest, supportive dialogue throughout pregnancy.

Understanding that pregnancy impacts both partners—though differently—can promote mutual compassion, enhance communication, and cultivate deeper emotional connections on one of life's most transcendent paths.

Pregnancy could be an experience shared in ways we never thought possible. Couvade Syndrome, although yet to be fully comprehended, highlights the depth of emotion and changing role of modern dads.

Heart disease is a major problem throughout the world. Being one of the top killers globally, doctors often urge people to understand the symptoms and early signs of heart issues. While there are many emergency treatments people go for when a health situation like a heart attack, stroke, or blockage arises, it is best to take preventative measures as the results are better when you catch the issue early.

When one says heart issues, people often picture a person feeling chest pains and heavy breathing. While there is one sign of deteriorating heart health, there are other more subtle signs as well. Here are some overlooked signs of heart health, according to the British Heart Foundation

Swollen Ankles Can Signal Heart Trouble

Swollen ankles or feet can be a quiet but important sign that your heart isn't working as well as it should. If your heart isn't pumping efficiently, blood can build up in other parts of your body, causing fluid to collect. While swelling can also happen from standing a lot or other health issues, ongoing or unexplained swelling, especially with breathlessness or tiredness, might mean heart failure or circulation problems. If swelling continues or gets worse, it's vital to get medical advice.

Stomach Pain: More Than Just Indigestion?

Sometimes, stomach pain can be a sign of heart issues, even though it's often mistaken for indigestion. Because these symptoms can feel like common stomach problems, they're often overlooked. If your stomach pain won't go away, happens when you exert yourself, or comes with breathlessness, tiredness, or sweating, it's important to see a doctor to rule out more serious concerns.

Unexpected Sweating Can Be a Red Flag

Sweating a lot without a clear reason, like heat or exercise, can be an early warning sign of heart problems. If you start to feel hot and clammy along with chest pains, you should get urgent medical help right away.

Arm and Leg Pain

Leg pain or cramps in your calves could signal peripheral artery disease (PAD), where blood vessels in your legs are narrowed or blocked. This type of pain, especially during activity, means less blood is flowing to your muscles. Having PAD can increase your risk of heart disease or stroke. If you have ongoing leg pain or cramping during activity, talk to a healthcare professional.

Arm pain can also be a key warning sign of a heart attack, often feeling like pain spreading from your chest to your arms. This can come with other symptoms like chest pain or shortness of breath. If you have unexplained arm pain with these signs, get medical help immediately.

Persistent Tiredness: A Sign Your Heart Needs Checking

Constant fatigue, especially when you've had enough sleep and haven't overdone it, can be an early sign of poor heart health. If your heart isn't pumping well, your muscles and tissues get less oxygen-rich blood, making you feel constantly tired or weak. This is often noticeable during everyday activities that used to be easy, like climbing stairs. If you're unusually drained or have low energy often, consider a heart health check. There are even home tests available that can help you understand your heart age and risk factors.

Palpitations and High Blood Pressure: Key Indicators

Frequent or severe palpitations (feeling like your heart is racing or fluttering) can sometimes be harmless, but they might point to an underlying heart condition or an abnormal heart rhythm. One common abnormal rhythm, called atrial fibrillation, can increase your risk of a stroke. Pay attention to these feelings, especially if they come with dizziness, chest pain, or shortness of breath, and seek medical advice to manage your heart health.

High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for heart disease. If your blood pressure is too high, it can damage your arteries. You can often get free blood pressure checks at pharmacies to help assess your heart health

“The Boys” actress Erin Moriarty is using her platform to spotlight an often-overlooked autoimmune condition— Graves' disease. In an intimate Instagram post, Moriarty, 30, explained how she thought her symptoms were just stress and exhaustion but was properly diagnosed with Graves' disease last month—an autoimmune disease that impacts 1 in 100 Americans.

Erin Moriarty, posted on Instagram to announce she has been diagnosed with Graves' disease. At first, she had written off her symptoms as just "stress and fatigue." But after treatment began last month, she felt an incredible change in her health. "Within 24 hours of starting treatment, I started feeling the light turn back on — and it's just gotten brighter ever since," she posted. Encouraging her fans to listen to their own health, she added, "If your light is fading, even a little bit, go get checked."

This revelation doesn't just underscore the need to heed our bodies—it also yanks Graves' disease out of medical invisibility and into mainstream health conversation. Here's what you need to know about the condition, its symptoms, who it most affects, and how early diagnosis can be a life-saver.

What Is Graves' Disease?

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly targets the thyroid gland, leading it to release excessive hormones beyond what the body requires. It results in hyperthyroidism—overactive metabolism—and impacts almost every organ in the body.

As stated by the National Institutes of Health, this hormonal excess can interrupt the normal energy balance of the body and lead to a wide range of symptoms that may go unseen or be attributed to contemporary stressors.

Moriarty's story is typical of numerous instances in which early symptoms of autoimmune malfunction are written off. "Autoimmune disease presents differently in everybody/every body," she wrote. In her case, it was a strange degree of fatigue and emotional burnout. "If I hadn't attributed it all to stress and fatigue, I would've caught this sooner."

Within 24 hours of starting treatment, Moriarty reported feeling "the light coming back on"—evidence of how rapidly Graves' disease can recover with the proper treatment when caught early.

Signs of Graves' Disease to Watch Out For

Graves' disease has no one, obvious symptom. Rather, it's usually a disorienting mix of physical and emotional symptoms. Early signs are:

• Sensitivity to heat
• Unexplained weight loss even though appetite is normal or increased
• Fatigue, insomnia, or nervousness
• Anxiety, irritability, and tremors
• With worsening of the disease, people may have:
• Rapid heart rate or palpitations
• Increased bowel movements
• Shortness of breath
• Interrupted menstrual periods
• Erectile dysfunction or decreased libido

One of the more overt effects is Graves' ophthalmopathy—occasionally seen in a third of patients—which may result in:

• Bulging or irritated eyes
• Blurred or double vision
• Light sensitivity
• Eye pressure or pain

It is rare that patients will develop Graves' dermopathy, a thickened and colored skin eruption, particularly on the shins.

What Causes Graves' Disease?

Though precise causes are unknown, the Cleveland Clinic identifies a combination of environmental and genetic factors. A renegade immune system starts to make antibodies that hyperstimulate the thyroid gland. Heredity accounts for approximately 79% of the risk factor, but stress, infections, and hormonal changes may serve as the trigger.

Moriarty's experience is familiar to many young women who discount recurring symptoms until they have reached a crisis point. "Within 24 hours of starting treatment," she wrote, "I began to feel the light coming on."

Who's Most at Risk?

Graves' disease is a relatively uncommon condition, but it strikes disproportionately against women, five times more likely to be diagnosed than men. Risk factors are:

• Family history of autoimmune disorders
• Deficiency in vitamin D or selenium
• Smoking
• Underlying conditions such as Type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, or rheumatoid arthritis

Women in their 20s and 30s—such as Moriarty—are especially susceptible, making it even more important to be aware of it early on, says Yale Medicine.

Treating Graves' Disease

In the U.S., treatment usually begins with medicines known as antithyroid medications, such as methimazole or propylthiouracil, which suppress the production of thyroid hormones. Most individuals start feeling better within a short time, but complete remission takes anywhere from 12 to 18 months.

When medications do not bring long-term relief from Graves' disease, more intensive measures may be needed. Radioiodine therapy is a common technique that destroys the excess thyroid tissue. When the condition is more severe or does not respond to other measures, a thyroidectomy might be necessary. Because both procedures can result in hypothyroidism, hormone replacement therapy is usually lifelong to sustain hormonal equilibrium. As in the case of Erin Moriarty, identifying symptoms early and taking prompt action can greatly enhance the quality of life and avert complications.

What Are The Risks of Not Treating Graves' Disease?

Untreated, Graves' disease can severely impact overall health and result in several complications. One of the more alarming risks is atrial fibrillation, a form of irregular heart rhythm that can worsen to heart failure or stroke. In extreme cases, the patient can suffer a thyroid storm — a sudden and life-threatening injection of thyroid hormones. The disease also leads to osteoporosis over time, making the patient more prone to fractures through weakened bones. Furthermore, there's also a higher risk of developing thyroid cancer. For pregnant women, the stakes are even greater: if left untreated, Graves' disease can result in severe consequences including miscarriage, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and low birth weight. These complications make early diagnosis and continued management critically important.

Celebrity disclosures like Moriarty’s bring invaluable attention to conditions that are often misunderstood or stigmatized. By sharing her journey, Moriarty not only shed light on Graves’ disease but also issued a crucial call to action,“Go get checked.”

If you’ve been experiencing persistent fatigue, rapid heartbeat, or unexplained weight loss, don’t ignore the signs. In Moriarty’s words: “If yours is dimming, even slightly, go get checked.”