The coronavirus pandemic made us realise that kissing could be perilous to health. Now research has found that kissing could also take a toll on your teeth. It is because your mouth is a major entry point for bacteria, yeasts, fungi and all other types of infection. Health experts warn that these microorganisms can get into your body through your mucosal tissue, saliva, swallowing, or even by being breathed into your lungs. In other words, your mouth is a hotspot for spreading all kinds of germs—including the ones that cause cavities and gum disease.

There is empirical evidence that has confirmed that dental cavities and gum disease can be caused by contagious bacteria being spread through activities such as kissing and interestingly, we have found that romantic couples will oftentimes influence each other's microbiome.

Why Oral Hygiene Matters: Risks of Kissing

Brushing your teeth is not just about fresh breath—it could also help you protect your partner's dental health. According to health experts, couples often unknowingly share gum disease. "I've seen many cases where one partner develops gum disease, and a few months later, the other shows similar symptoms," dental health expert Katrina Sander told a leading media outlet. When couples visit the dentist together, they're often surprised by simultaneous diagnoses.

It's not just romantic partners who need to be cautious. Mothers should prioritize oral hygiene to prevent transferring decay-causing bacteria to their babies. "The top risk factor for babies developing cavities is their mother having cavities because kissing often spreads harmful bacteria," Sanders emphasised.

Be mindful of others who kiss your baby as well. A family member with poor oral health or a pet licking a baby’s face may introduce bacteria. While cute moments with pets make great social media content, Sanders reminds parents that animals can influence a baby's oral microbiome in unexpected ways.

How To Ensure Oral Hygiene While Kissing?

So, what can you do to reduce this risk? Sanders recommends seeing a dentist regularly and ensuring you're treated for any active oral disease. Your dental hygienist can suggest ways to keep your mouth's immune system strong while preventing the transmission of bacteria to others. "Things to help strengthen your oral immune system, like a healthy diet, stable pH in the mouth, good rest, appropriate breathing habits, and appropriate routine oral hygiene practices at home, are important," she said.

Even if you're one of those people who love to kiss others to show your affection, you don't have to give that up or start wearing a mask while smooching. Just be sure to take care of your own mouth. Sanders points out that kissing actually has some surprising benefits for your oral health. "Kissing will typically increase saliva flow, and saliva has many antibacterial and healing properties," she said. "Additionally, kissing releases internal chemicals like dopamine, oxytocin, and serotonin which can reduce inflammation and boost immunity."

So, while there are risks involved, a little extra attention to your oral hygiene can go a long way. With a healthy mouth, you can enjoy those affectionate moments — all while helping protect yourself and others.

It is not uncommon for women’s health concerns to be overlooked even by professionals. Often chalking up their health issues as, ‘common women ailments’, many healthcare professionals, miss the core reason for women’s symptoms. In a recent video, Dr Karan Rajan, an NHS Surgeon, shared a video, explaining how often, even signs of chronic illnesses can get overlooked as just ‘anxiety’.

So, is there no way a person can ensure they have the right diagnosis? In the video Dr Karan listed a few ways one can ensure they have the right diagnosis, from asking the right questions and how to proficiently communicate your symptoms to the doctor.

What Questions Should You Ask Your Doctor?

If your doctor told you that your health problems are "just anxiety," remember that you have the right to push for a more thorough checkup. One should ask the right questions as it is their health on the line. Being ready shows you're serious and ensures your doctor looks into your condition properly.

Dr. Karan explains that when talking to your doctor, you should ask questions that make them explain why they settled on an anxiety diagnosis. This shifts the focus back to the doctor, requiring them to justify their medical opinion. Here are the key questions you should use.

"What tests have been done to rule out other causes of my symptoms?"

This question is powerful because it makes the doctor list exactly what they have investigated. It clarifies the boundaries of the investigation. If the doctor hasn't run many tests, you know there's more ground to cover.

"Can you explain why you think this is anxiety and not a physical medical condition?"

Don't accept "your blood work is fine" as the only answer. That's often not enough. Many serious health conditions don't show up on a routine blood test. You want a detailed explanation of their thinking, not just a quick dismissal.

"Have we ruled out other conditions that can look exactly like anxiety?"

It's surprising how many physical illnesses have symptoms that are identical to anxiety. Dr Karan explains how thyroid problems like hypothyroidism, issues with your nervous system like dysautonomia, or even an immune disorder like mast cell activation syndrome, can all cause symptoms like a racing heart, dizziness, or panic. You want to be sure these possibilities have been considered.

Is It Anxiety Or A Health Condition?

If your doctor only suggests things like talk therapy and certain medications (like SSRIs), be prepared to ask for more. You need to know if they're looking at the big picture.

Dr Karan suggests that you should ask them: "What treatment plan would you suggest that goes beyond just treating the anxiety itself?"

If their only answer is medication and counseling, it's fair to ask what other medical routes or specialists can be explored to find the root cause of your symptoms.

How Should You Describe Your Symptoms?

When describing your symptoms, you need to be precise and give the doctor hard data. This makes it much harder for them to brush off your concerns as simple stress. Dr Karan gives an example, instead of just saying, "I get dizzy a lot," get into the details:

"I get dizzy when I stand up, especially in the morning. It's worse after eating or after I’ve been sitting for a long period of time."

This kind of specific detail is very important. Symptoms that happen when you stand up and improve when you lie down could point to a physical problem like Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), not just everyday anxiety.

The clearer and more factual you are, the less likely they are to dismiss your condition as just "generalized stress." Dr. Rajan emphasizes that "data talks." Start keeping a symptom diary right away! It's an essential tool for tracking your condition every day. In your log, record:

The exact time symptoms happened.

What you ate or drank beforehand.

What made the symptoms better or worse.

Look for patterns. Does the dizziness only happen after you stand up? Do your symptoms worsen after a certain meal, or around your sleep schedule, or with hormonal changes? Bringing this detailed log, to your appointment makes it much, much more difficult for any doctor to doubt or dismiss your concerns.

With Delhi winters coming in, the spell of late smog is most likely to stay not just outside the homes, but it could in fact, follow you inside your homes. A study by the University of Delhi's Satyawati College, Jamia Millia Islamia, and US's South Dakota University, reveal that bacterial levels were recorded to be 10 fold higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended safety limits.

Studies have also found that air inside the city homes have 12 times more fungal spokes than the WHO safety limits. They can cause skin allergies, respiratory issues, and anxiety. As per a 2021 study by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC India), PM 2.5 levels for low-income and high-income households in Delhi were high during the winters. The concentrations reported 23 and 29 times higher than the WHO safe limits, respectively. These findings also suggested that high-income households were 13 times more likely to own air purifiers than low-income households.

In Delhi, No One Gets To Breathe

Dr Kenneth Lee, who was the lead author of the study said, "In Delhi, the bottom line is - whether someone is rich or poor, no one gets to breathe clean air."

Lee further adds, "It’s a complex vicious cycle. When you do not know about the pollution levels inside your homes, you do not worry about it, and hence you are less likely to take corrective actions. Only with increased awareness, demand for clean air may gain momentum.”

The study also found that indoor PM2.5 levels were higher than the value reported by the nearest government monitor. The PM2.5 levels spiked in the mornings and evenings when households were most likely to be cooking.

The recent study published in Frontiers in Public Health 2025 notes that long term exposure to high fungal and bacterial concentration make indoor air in several parts of Delhi as harmful as the smog outside. The study also noted that most fungal particles were smaller than 2.5 microns, this is why they can easily penetrate through your bloodstreams.

The study revealed a distinct seasonal trend in indoor air quality across Delhi. Fungal levels rose steadily from winter, peaking at around 6,050 CFU per cubic metre between September and November, just before the city’s infamous smog season. Bacterial concentrations, meanwhile, climbed from winter to summer, reaching their highest levels in August before tapering off in the fall.

Health complaints among residents were widespread: 33% reported frequent headaches, 23% experienced burning or irritated eyes, 22% suffered persistent coughing or breathlessness, and 18% struggled with sneezing and allergic rhinitis. Another 15% reported skin irritation and itching.

Who Are At Most Risk Of Indoor Pollution?

The study highlighted that children and young adults were particularly vulnerable, about 28% of children under 12 and 25% of young adults (18–30 years) experienced breathing difficulties, coughing, or allergy-related symptoms. Researchers attributed children’s higher susceptibility to developing lungs, increased physical activity, and longer indoor exposure.

Women also reported more eye and skin problems, making up nearly 60% of dermatological and eye irritation cases, likely due to spending more time indoors.

Conducted over a year in North Delhi, the study, “Microbial Indoor Air Quality Assessment and Health Correlations in Densely Populated Urban Areas of Delhi, India”, found that fungal and bacterial levels inside homes were several times higher than WHO’s safe limits, underscoring that Delhi’s pollution crisis extends well beyond outdoor air.

You must have heard many people saying that moon disrupts your sleep cycle, and mental health. But, is there really any truth in that? Neurologist Joanna Fong-Isariawongse, who specializes in sleep medicine and how sleep affects brain writes for Scient Alert that yes, the moon affects sleep, however, its impact on mental health could be "much less certain".

The conventional belief is that moon bears an impact on people's mood and behavior, in fact, the term 'lunacy', comes from the word 'luna', which is Latin for Moon.

How Does Moon Impact Your Sleep?

There are studies, notes Joanna, that show that people sleep differently in the days that lead up to full moon. This is when the moon shines brightest. As per a 2013 study, titled 'Evidence that the Lunar Cycle Influences Human Sleep', notes that people sleep 20 minutes less, take longer to fall asleep and another 2014 study published in journal Sleep Medicine show that they even spend less time in deep, restorative sleep.

Another 2021 study, published in the journal Neurophysiology, people across different cultures tend to go to bed later and sleep for shorter periods in the nights before a full moon.

Why does this happen? The answer is in the light. The bright moon, says the neurologist, could delay the body's internal clock and reduce melatonin. Melatonin is the hormones that is responsible for signaling bedtime. This is why the brain stays more alert.

Most people lose 15 to 30 minutes of sleep, notes Joanna, however, this is measurable. This change is noticed strongest in places without artificial light, for instance in rural areas or while camping.

There are several research that also suggests that moon can impact differently to women. Joanna notes, that men seem to lose more sleep during the waxing period, while women experience less deep and restful sleep around the full moon.

Is There A Link Of Moon And Mental Health?

There are folklores that suggest that full moon could spark bipolar disorder, provoke seizures in people with epilepsy, or even trigger psychosis in those with schizophrenia. However, the logic is simple, notes Joanna. This is because people lose sleep under a bright moon and it makes their mind more vulnerable.

Research too says that sleep loss itself is a powerful reason for mental health issues. A 3034 study published by the Sleep Research Society notes that just one rough night could increase anxiety and drag down one's mood. There are also evidence that show that ongoing sleep disruption could raise one's risk of depression, suicidal thoughts, and flare-up conditions like bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

This means even if you lose just 15 to 30 minutes of sleep during a full moon, you could be at risk.

However, notes Joanna, that when researchers look at the same theory at large groups of people, the evidence is weak. There are no reliable patterns found between the moon and hospital admissions, discharges, or lengths of stay.

However, there are other studies that may suggest small effects. For instance, in India, psychiatric hospitals record more use of restraints, as noted in the 2021 study published in The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, during full moons. This is based on the data collected between 2016 and 2017. Another study done in 2019, published in the same journal show that in China, there was a slight rise in schizophrenia admissions around the full moon. The study used hospital data from 2012 to 2017.

Joanna asks an important question: "If the science is so inconclusive, why do so many people believe in the 'full moon effect?'" The answer is, the psychologists point to this as the illusory correlation, we may notice something unusual that coincides with a full moon, and forget that there may have been many full moon nights when nothing happened. Lastly, she writes, that moon is also highly visible, unlike the other sleep disruptors like stress, caffeine, or scrolling on phone, which is why it becomes easy to blame.