While we know high cholesterol causes heart diseases and health problems, did you know, according to the World Health Organization, raised cholesterol has been attributed for 2.6 million deaths across the globe?

High cholesterol has become an increasing issue for many people. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, between 2027 to 2020 10% of adults from the age of 20 or older had high cholesterol. More than 47 million people could benefit from cholesterol medicine. Even 7% of kids from the ages of 6 to 19 have high total cholesterol.

To combat this, people often adopt a healthy diet, exercise and other lifestyle changes to control cholesterol, however, ever thought why is high cholesterol such a bad thing? It’s important to understand that within reasonable amounts, cholesterol is necessary for your body to make hormones, vitamin D as well as help you digest food. Cholesterol is a waxy fat like substance that is found in the cells of your body.

When you have too much cholesterol in your blood stream it can form plaques by combining with other substances. These stick to the walls of your arteries, restricting blood flow and this build up is known as atherosclerosis. This can lead to heart diseases like coronary heart disease which is a condition where your coronary arteries become narrow or blocked.

Signs You May Have High Cholesterol

It is said that there are no symptoms of high cholesterol, and it can only be diagnosed through a blood test. But how can a person know before the problem becomes worse?

A common sign would be deposits on your eyelid skin known as Xanthelasma or in the collective tissue xanthoma. Xanthelasmas are small, yellowish bumps of cholesterol that develop near the inner corner of the eye. The Cleveland Clinic explains that these form as cholesterol deposits build up under the skin.

A surprising fact is that you can also have cholesterol in your eye, this condition is known as corneal arcus. This appears as a faint white ring that circles the iris, which is the colored part of your eye. Cardiologist Francisco Lopez-Jimenez from the Mayo Clinic explains that this arc may eventually form a complete ring around the iris.

Experts at the National Health Services UK (NHS) are urging people to be aware of these two facial symptoms that might signal high cholesterol. They note that certain factors increase your likelihood of having high cholesterol, including being over 50, being male, having gone through menopause, or having South Asian or sub-Saharan African heritage. It can also be inherited, a condition known as familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH).

How Can You Make This Better?

According to the Heart UK without treatment, FH can lead to heart disease at a very young age. However, once diagnosed, it can be managed with medication and a healthy lifestyle. FH means that a person's cholesterol levels can become much higher than others, even with a healthy lifestyle, because their body processes cholesterol differently.

To effectively manage high cholesterol, NHS guidelines advise several key lifestyle modifications. These include, reducing the intake of saturated fats, adopting a healthy and balanced diet rich in nutritious foods, engaging in regular physical activity, quitting smoking, and moderating alcohol consumption.

Medical experts emphasize that allowing cholesterol levels to become too high can lead to the blockage of blood vessels, significantly increasing the risk of developing serious cardiovascular events such as heart problems or a stroke. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with your GP if you have any concerns about your cholesterol levels.

The COVID-19 pandemic might have faded from the news headlines, but for most scientists and international health officials, the debate is not yet through. One of the key questions still keeps cropping up in 2025: How much time do COVID-19 vaccines actually confer immunity, and should we expect to need regular booster doses like the flu?

New evidence indicates the immunity we gain from COVID-19 vaccines—particularly the mRNA varieties—may not be as long-lasting as we had envisioned. Why? Because a so-called long-lived plasma cell has proven to be surprisingly evasive.

Vaccines like the tetanus shot offer robust protection for up to a decade. That’s because they trigger the formation of long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow—cells that "remember" the pathogen and generate antibodies rapidly if you’re exposed again.

Conversely, COVID-19 vaccines, even though they have been successful in lowering severe disease and hospitalization, appear to come up short in reaching this gold standard of immune memory. A recently published study in Nature Medicine (September 2024) by Dr. F. Eun-Hyung Lee of Emory University explains why protection wanes months after vaccination, even in individuals who received multiple doses and have had prior infections.

The Emory research included 19 healthy adults between the ages of 20 and 65 who had been given two to five doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations. Their bone marrow samples were studied by researchers up to 33 months after the first vaccination using a method known as flow cytometry to identify and examine various forms of antibody-making cells.

What they found was revealing: while the bone marrow had an abundance of short-lived antibody-secreting cells specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the long-lived plasma cells—those responsible for sustained immunity—were nearly absent. Even in individuals who had recently recovered from COVID-19 or received updated booster shots, these long-lived immune defenders remained scarce.

Conversely, the same bone marrow samples had a strong presence of long-lived plasma cells for tetanus and influenza—vaccines with longer-lasting protection. The disparity could be one reason why breakthrough infections still appear relatively soon after COVID-19 vaccination.

How Effective Is The COVID Vaccine?

The Emory results accompany a wider meta-analysis appearing in JAMA Network Open (May 2024), which compared 40 worldwide studies to determine real-world vaccine effectiveness over time. The analysis spanned different waves, such as Delta and Omicron.

Effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 was approximately 53% one month following full vaccination.

The highest effectiveness was reported by Moderna's vaccine at 62%, followed by Sinovac's lowest at 32%.

Six months after that, effectiveness fell to 14%, and at nine months, it fell another step to only 9%.

Booster shots restored protection to 60% for a brief time, but that too fell to 13% in nine months.

Those are the numbers that make it plain: both primary series and booster shots provide temporary barriers, but their protection wanes—particularly with the newer, more immune-evading variants of the virus, such as Omicron.

Should You Get a Booster Shot?

The answer is complicated. If you're in a vulnerable group—older people, those with compromised immune systems, or frontline healthcare workers—then yes, booster shots are still a critical line of defense against severe illness and hospitalization. But even for the general population, boosters provide added protection for a limited but important time frame.

What is also important is that which strain the booster aims against. Similar to the flu vaccine, efficacy greatly relies on how closely the vaccine and the prevailing strain align. The FDA is currently collaborating with researchers to define the predominant strain for the next COVID-19 vaccine season—potentially marking the beginning of an annual, strain-specific booster approach.

The holy grail for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine scientists today is how to trigger long-lived plasma cells. Dr. Lee's research implies that existing mRNA platforms might not be the ideal vehicle for it—at least, not yet. But research is exploring new delivery modes, different schedules, and even combination vaccines that could eventually solve the secret to durable COVID-19 immunity.

"Long-lived plasma cells are the secret to enduring protection," according to Dr. Lee. "What our findings indicate is that the existing mRNA vaccines fail to produce them well for COVID-19. More studies are necessary to alter that."

Ways to Build Immunity Naturally

Boosting your immune system naturally can make your body fight off infections and diseases more efficiently. These are easy, evidence-based methods to support immune health:

• Consume a well-balanced diet with leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, berries, garlic, and turmeric.
• Drink lots of water and herbal teas to stay hydrated.
• Exercise frequently with a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day.
• Sleep well (7–8 hours) to enable your body to repair and recharge.
• Reduce stress through meditation, yoga, or conscious breathing.
• Avoid alcohol and smoking, which can compromise immunity.

When Carolina retired from her job in November, her colleagues clapped, cheered, and celebrated over cake. Over her seven-year career, she had detected more than 3,000 hidden cases of tuberculosis (TB), preventing an estimated 30,000 additional infections. But Carolina wasn’t a doctor—she was an African giant pouched rat.

Carolina belonged to a team of "HeroRATS" trained by the nonprofit APOPO. These highly intelligent rodents are revolutionizing disease detection across parts of Africa by identifying TB faster and more accurately than traditional methods.

Faster, Smarter Detection

Tuberculosis remains the world’s deadliest infectious disease after COVID-19. In 2023, over 50,000 people died of TB in Tanzania and Ethiopia alone. According to APOPO, rats like Carolina have increased TB detection rates at local clinics by up to 40%, helping catch cases that basic smear microscopy—still widely used in low-resource settings—misses.

While a human lab technician takes up to four days to examine 100 sputum (phlegm) samples, a rat can do it in just 20 minutes. The rats are trained to sniff out volatile organic compounds produced by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Each rat must pass a strict test, identifying 500 samples without missing a single positive case before being certified.

Why Rats?

The African giant pouched rat is no ordinary rodent. With a body longer than a MacBook Air and a tail to match, this species is calm, trainable, and lives 8–10 years in captivity. They have a sense of smell so acute that, according to APOPO’s head of training Cindy Fast, they could detect half a drop of chlorine in 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

These rats are motivated by food and trained using positive reinforcement. A clicker and a banana-avocado smoothie help them associate the scent of TB with a treat. Once trained, each rat works just 8–10 minutes a day, five days a week, sniffing out 100 samples at a time.

Real Impact, Real Numbers

According to Dr. Tefera Agizew, a physician and APOPO’s head of tuberculosis, each TB-positive person typically infects 10 to 15 others. By identifying hidden infections, APOPO’s rats helped prevent nearly 400,000 new TB cases in just Tanzania and Ethiopia last year.

Studies have shown that while traditional smear microscopy has a sensitivity rate of only 20–40%, rats can spot positives that are often missed. In some cases, they’ve flagged samples that tested negative even under more advanced lab conditions—suggesting they might even detect TB in its latent stage.

More Than Just TB

APOPO began in the 1990s as a landmine detection project. Rats trained to sniff TNT have been deployed across former war zones. They’re light enough not to trigger mines and accurate enough to save lives. Today, APOPO also explores training rats for wildlife crime detection and search-and-rescue operations.

Yet, despite their proven abilities, rats face a stigma. “People often recoil at the idea of rat diagnosis,” says Agizew, “but once they see how effective and accurate they are, minds start to change.”

A Well-Earned Retirement

When rats like Carolina retire, they’re treated like heroes—with carrot cakes, peanuts, and applause. They live out their days in shaded enclosures, often with companions, enjoying playtime and rest after years of life-saving work.

As Fast puts it, “These rats are our colleagues—and they’re saving lives every day.”

Welcoming a newborn into the family is a joyous occasion, however, it can be one of the most difficult things women go through. Birthing a child can change a woman’s body in many ways. What most people expect to happen is women gaining little weight and an expanded waistline, during the pregnancy and after. However, that is not true, women experience body ache, breast changes, constipation, dizziness, fatigue, sleep problems, heartburn and indigestion, changes in urinary frequency, swelling, changes in their hormones etc.

The World Health Organization explains that 40 million women are likely to experience a long-term health problem caused by childbirth. They mentioned a Lancet study that showed how postnatal conditions affect women months, even years after birth. While there are many reasons why this happens, new stats show another concerning family link between postpartum psychosis and new mothers.

A recent study reveals that women with a sister who experienced postpartum psychosis face a 10-fold increased risk of developing the condition themselves. This serious but rare mental illness, characterized by severe mood swings, hallucinations, delusions, and thoughts of self-harm, can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Understanding Postpartum Psychosis

Postpartum psychosis is a very serious mental health condition that can affect new mothers. It usually shows up within three months after giving birth. Women with this condition can experience extreme changes in their mood, like going from feeling very happy to very sad or irritable in a short time. They might also have hallucinations, which means they see or hear things that aren't real, or delusions, which are strong false beliefs. Sometimes, they can feel paranoid or even have thoughts of hurting themselves or their baby. Because it's so serious, it's very important to get help right away if someone shows these signs.

Familial Link and Genetic Insights

The study, which looked at information from over 1.6 million women in Sweden, found a strong link between a woman's risk of postpartum psychosis and whether her sister had it. As mentioned, if your sister had postpartum psychosis, your risk goes up by 10 times. The study also found that if your sister had bipolar disorder, your risk of developing postpartum psychosis doubled. And if your sister had both postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder, your risk was even higher, increasing by 14 times.

Even with these increased risks, it's important to remember that the overall chance of getting postpartum psychosis is still quite low, even for women with an affected sister. For these women, the chance is about 1.6%. Researchers believe these findings show that there might be shared genetic factors or even environmental influences within families that increase the risk. Doctors say it's really important for all women of childbearing age and their healthcare providers to know about this condition, its signs, and if it runs in the family, so it can be recognized and treated quickly.

Distinct Conditions and Future Research

The study suggests that while postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder can sometimes overlap, they are likely separate conditions. Researchers are now looking into the genetics of postpartum psychosis to understand it better. By studying the specific genes involved, they hope to learn what causes the condition, whether it's related to hormones or the immune system. This kind of research could lead to new treatments and even ways to tell women their risk before they experience a crisis, helping them get the support they need.