Did you know that STIs and STDs are not the same thing?

While we often use the words interchangeably, they are not the same health concerns, though both happen due to sexually transmitted bacteria through bodily fluids. If you do not know the difference, do not worry, here's all that you need to know.

STIs are sexually transmitted infections, whereas STDs are sexually transmitted diseases. An STI is only considered a disease when it causes symptoms.

The Difference Between Infection and Disease

The main difference between the two is that an infection marks the beginning of a process where pathogens, like bacteria, viruses, or parasites, enter the body and start multiplying. Infections may not always cause symptoms, making them the silent precursor to diseases.

A disease is when infection damages the body’s cells, and it leads to noticeable signs and symptoms. For sexually transmitted conditions, this distinction is why experts prefer the term STI over STD, as many STIs are asymptomatic and don’t progress to diseases.

All STDs Start as STIs, But Not All STIs Become STDs

STDs begin as an infection, however, only some infections may never cause diseases, like HPV, which clears on its own. When it persists, it may turn into a genital wart or cancer, that is when it transforms into a disease.

ALSO READ: These 10 US States Have The Highest STI Cases

Common Symptoms to Watch For

STIs and STDs manifest differently. Most of it depends on the infection and the type of sexual activity one is involved. Symptoms might not appear immediately or even for years. Key signs include:

• Bumps, sores, or rashes near genitals or anus
• Painful urination or discharge from the penis or vagina
• Unusual vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain
• Swollen lymph nodes or testicles
• Rectal bleeding or itching around the genitals

What Are The Common STIs?

• Herpes (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
• Chlamydia
• Syphilis
• Gonorrhea
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Trichomoniasis
• HIV/AIDS

When to Get Tested

Regular testing is crucial for sexually active individuals. The Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) recommends yearly screenings, but testing is especially important if you:

• Had unprotected sex
• Have a new or multiple partners
• Are pregnant

Suspect exposure to an STI

Testing too soon might not detect an infection, as STIs have incubation periods ranging from days to months. Consult a healthcare provider for tailored advice on testing timelines or preventive measures like PEP for HIV.

What to Do After Testing

Negative Results: Stay vigilant with routine screenings and discuss preventive strategies with your healthcare provider, like using condoms or starting PrEP for HIV prevention.

Positive Results: Treatment varies by infection. Bacterial STIs are typically treated with antibiotics, while viral STIs require antiviral medications for symptom management. Always notify partners for testing and treatment to prevent further spread.

Are There Any Food That Can Help You Against STI?

• Ginger: used to kill off oral pathogens
• Garlic: contains antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties
• Honey: it contains hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, and peptide bee defensin, and has a low pH and antibacterial properties
• Cabbage: it is a detoxifying food with antibacterial properties
• Horseradish: it is used to treat UTIs
• Coconut Oil: it also has antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties
• Apple cider vinegar: it is known to be an at-home treatment for warts
• Turmeric: it has powerful anti-inflammatory properties and is also an antibacterial
• Cranberry Juice: it has antibacterial properties

Parents of teens are always complaining about the amount of sleep their kids get. No matter how many hours teens sleep, they always seem tired. However, that is not a coincidence. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, teens experience a natural shift in circadian rhythm, making it difficult to fall asleep at their usual time. They also need nine or more hours of sleep every day. That is because they are at a crucial stage of cognitive development, a stage of cognitive maturation, which is supported by appropriate amounts of sleep.

So, what happens when they do not sleep as much? Does it hinder their cognitive development?

A new study reveals that sleep deprivation in teenagers can lead to significant brain changes, potentially increasing impulsive and aggressive behaviors. Published on June 13th in the journal Brain and Behavior, the findings highlight the critical role sleep plays in adolescent brain development and mental well-being.

Default Mode Network and Behavior

This study looked at how sleep affects a special part of the brain called the "default mode network" (DMN). Think of the DMN as your brain's "idle mode" or "daydreaming mode." It's active when you're just relaxing, not trying to focus on something specific, maybe thinking about yourself or letting your mind wander. The researchers found that when teens didn't get enough sleep, the different parts of this daydreaming network became less connected.

These same teens also tended to have more behavior problems. This means they might be more aggressive, have trouble paying attention, or be very hyper. It's like a messy room – when the DMN isn't well-connected, things can get a bit chaotic, leading to difficult behaviors. As one of the main researchers said, how long and how well teens sleep is directly linked to these brain connections, which then predict behavior problems.

Importance of Adolescent Sleep

The default mode network (DMN) is really important for things like thinking about yourself, understanding your own feelings, and being creative. When this network is working well, people can connect ideas better and even understand what others are thinking.

Teenage years are a super important time for the brain to grow and develop. It's like building the foundation of a house – if you don't build it right, the rest of the house might have problems. And sleep is absolutely critical for this brain development. It helps all those brain connections form properly and get stronger. The sad truth is, many teenagers simply aren't getting the good quality sleep they need.

Disparities in Sleep and Behavior

The study also noticed that some groups of teenagers were more likely to get less sleep and have more behavioral problems. This included boys, older teenagers, and kids from certain racial minority groups. This finding suggests that there might be different factors at play that make it harder for these particular groups of teens to get enough sleep, and it highlights a need for more support for them.

It really emphasizes that we need to make sure teenagers get enough good sleep. It's not just about feeling rested; it's about helping their brains develop properly and keeping them mentally healthy.

On World Blood Donor Day, observed every year on June 14, the spotlight turns to the vital act of blood donation—an effort that saves millions of lives each year. Yet, many potential donors still hold back due to confusion or misinformation. To help clear the air, we spoke to Dr. Sangeeta Pathak, Director and Head of Transfusion Medicine at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, about the do’s and don’ts of blood donation. Here’s what we learned.

ALSO READ: Who Can Donate Blood To Whom?

Can Women Donate Blood During Their Period?

This is one of the most common concerns, especially among first-time female donors. According to Dr. Pathak, as per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, women are advised not to donate during their menstruation, particularly during the 4-5 days of active bleeding. However, they are completely eligible to donate at any other time of the month if they are in good health.

What If You’re Recovering from Illness or Taking Medication?

Health is key when it comes to blood donation. “A person should be completely healthy and free from fever or illness at the time of donation,” says Dr. Pathak. Moreover, certain medications can lead to deferral, and there is a comprehensive list maintained under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. So if you’re on a prescribed course, it’s best to consult a doctor or the blood bank before donating.

Alcohol, Smoking and Blood Donation—What’s the Deal?

While an occasional drinker may not be entirely disqualified, heavy alcohol consumption is a red flag. “Anyone who is under the influence or shows signs of intoxication should not be donating blood,” Dr. Pathak warns. Ideally, toxic substances like alcohol or nicotine should be avoided for several hours before donation, and if there is an emergency and the only available donor has consumed alcohol recently, it's safest to look for another eligible person.

Basic Eligibility: Age, Weight, and Health

• To donate blood in India, you must be:
• 18 to 65 years old (first-time donors should not be older than 60)
• Weigh at least 45 kg (for 350 ml of whole blood)
• Hemoglobin levels of at least 12.5 gm/dl

For apheresis (platelet or plasma donation), the minimum weight is 50 kg, and the age range is 18 to 60 years. Chronic illnesses and poor general health are automatic grounds for deferral.

Tattoos and Piercings: Are You Temporarily Ineligible?

Yes. If you’ve recently had a tattoo or body piercing, you’ll need to wait 12 months before you can donate blood. This is a precautionary step to ensure there’s no risk of transmitting infections.

TO KNOW MORE, READ: How Long After a Tattoo or Piercing Can I Donate Blood?

What to Eat (or Avoid) Before and After Donation

A proper meal before donating is important, but fasting is not advised. “The donor should not be on an empty stomach, and their last meal should be at least four hours before donation,” explains Dr. Pathak. Avoid fatty foods before donating as they can interfere with blood testing. After donation, staying hydrated and consuming a light snack helps restore energy levels quickly.

A Note on Low Hemoglobin

Women, especially, often have concerns about low hemoglobin levels. If your levels are below 12.5 gm/dl, you won’t be allowed to donate—for your own safety. It’s best to get your iron levels checked regularly if you plan to be a repeat donor.

YOU MAY WANT TO READ: Can You Have Anemia By Donating Blood?

Blood donation is a safe, simple, and generous act that can make a life-or-death difference. On this World Blood Donor Day, let’s pledge to stay informed and encourage more people to donate responsibly. As Dr. Pathak says, “With the right awareness and care, we can all contribute to building a healthier, more compassionate society.”

Tooth disorders led to an average of nearly 1.94 million emergency department (ED) visits each year between 2020 and 2022, according to a recent data brief by the National Center for Health Statistics. The data, drawn from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, highlights a significant burden on emergency care systems across the United States.

Who’s Going to the ER for Tooth Problems?

The analysis, led by Susan M. Schappert and Dr. Loredana Santo, revealed that adults aged 25 to 34 accounted for the highest proportion of these emergency visits—29.2 percent. While tooth disorders represented 1.4 percent of all ED visits, that translated to about 59.4 visits per 10,000 people annually.

When broken down by race and ethnicity, White non-Hispanic individuals made up the largest share, followed by Black non-Hispanics and Hispanics. Medicaid was noted as the primary expected source of payment, suggesting that many patients with limited access to dental care rely on emergency services for dental issues.

Another notable trend: the prescription of opioids for dental pain relief has dropped significantly. From 2014 to 2016, 38.1 percent of patients were prescribed opioids as the sole form of pain relief. By 2020 to 2022, that figure had fallen to 16.5 percent, indicating a shift in pain management strategies amid growing awareness of the opioid crisis.

What Are Tooth Disorders?

Tooth disorders include a range of conditions that affect the teeth, such as:

• Tooth decay – Damage to the tooth's surface, often leading to cavities
• Abscess – A pus-filled infection, often painful and serious if left untreated
• Impacted teeth – Commonly wisdom teeth that haven’t broken through the gums
• Malocclusion – Misaligned teeth that may affect chewing or speech
• Tooth injuries – Including chipped, cracked, or broken teeth

What Causes These Problems?

Tooth disorders can be caused by various factors, including:

• Poor oral hygiene, such as not brushing or flossing regularly
• High sugar consumption, which can accelerate decay
• Accidents or injuries
• Genetic conditions or developmental issues

Symptoms to Watch Out For

Different tooth problems come with different symptoms, but common warning signs include:

• Tooth pain or sensitivity
• Abnormal color or shape of the tooth
• Swelling or pus around the gums
• Worn-down teeth from grinding or misalignment

Diagnosing and Treating Tooth Disorders

Dentists typically diagnose tooth disorders through a physical examination, using dental instruments and sometimes X-rays. Depending on the issue, treatments may include:

• Fillings for cavities
• Root canals for deeper infections
• Tooth extractions for severely damaged or impacted teeth
• Orthodontic treatment for misalignment

Can They Be Prevented?

Yes—most tooth disorders are preventable with good oral hygiene. Experts recommend:

• Brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
• Flossing or using an interdental cleaner daily
• Limiting sugary foods and drinks
• Avoiding tobacco products
• Seeing a dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings

Why This Matters

Dental care often gets sidelined, especially for those with limited access to regular services. Yet, as the numbers show, ignoring tooth problems can lead to costly emergency visits and long-term health risks. Promoting awareness and access to preventive care is key to reducing this burden—not just on individuals, but on emergency care systems too.