Drug abuse is a serious problem, which is capable of not only causing death to the one using it, but create a havoc in the lives of those who are associated with that person too. There have been plenty cases, whether it is Matthew Perry or the recent death of Liam Payne, which is in trial currently.

It is also a problem in the US and is emerging as one of the health concerns that could destroy families and society. One of the most alarming aspects of drug abuse is also its impact on public safety as well as increased crime rates. Drugs also take a heavy toll on healthcare systems as emergency departments frequently encounter cases of drug overdoses, which puts the burden on medical professional who have the strain the limited resources available.

There are also long-term health impact due to drug abuse, which includes organ damage, infectious disease, mental health disorders and rise in healthcare cost.

Are there any specific drugs which are most abused in US?

Yes. There are commonly used drugs, which also includes prescribed painkillers like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl, as well as illicit substances like heroin. As per recent data, opioid abuse has also reached alarming levels which has affected millions of Americans.

Here are the most abused drugs in the US:

Stimulants

They are used to increase alertness, attention, and energy. They also have a high potential for abuse due to the euphoric and performance enhancing effects. Cocaine and methamphetamine are notable stimulants frequently abused in the US. As per 2019 data, 10.3 million people reported to misuse stimulants in the previous year.

Depressants

These substances are used to slow down brain activity and induce relaxation. Benzodiazepines is one of the commonly prescribed medicine. Around 4.8 million individuals in the US have misused this drug.

Other misused drugs and its affects on the health:

Opioids:

It could lead to slow breathing and heart rate. It can also increase the risk of overdose and respiratory failure, constipation and a weakened immune system.

Stimulants:

It can elevate heart rate and blood pressure. It could also increase body temperate and lead to an irregular heartbeat. Furthermore, one can experience loss of appetite and weight loss.

Cannabis:

This can alter perception and coordination. People who consume it often have red eyes and a dry mouth. This can increase appetite, sometimes the "munchies" can reach to a point of no return and it could impair memory and cognitive function.

Benzodiazepines:

It could lead to sedation and drowsiness and an impaired coordination and balance. There also could be memory problems and confusion, along with respiratory depression, when combined with other depressant substance.

Alcohol:

This could lead to slurred speech, impaired condition, poor judgment and decision-making, liver damage and cirrhosis and an increased risk of accidents and injuries, which is the 3rd most leading cause of death in the US.

Additional Negative Impact: Social and psychological

Substance abuse impairs job performance and reliability, leading to frequent absenteeism, reduced productivity, and even job loss. This further leads to financial instability, strained relationships, and a cycle of dependency.

A mother with a healthy 7-month-old boy visited the doctor. The child looked playful and had hit his age milestones as well, which means he was developing well. “What is the issue?” the doctor inquired, however what she was told shocked her!

“She told me that sometimes while playing, the child suddenly raises his eyes and starts shaking his hands and legs vigorously, and then he falls unconscious. So, this problem is medically called seizures or convulsions”

To understand the cause, the doctor asked about the baby's and mother's history. The mother mentioned that the baby was not on any supplements and that she had stopped taking her own calcium supplements after giving birth.

The doctor ran blood tests on the baby, and the results were shocking. His vitamin D level was 4, far below the normal range of 30 to 60. His calcium level was also extremely low at 0.3, when the normal range is above 1. This was a clear case of seizures caused by low calcium levels, a rare but possible complication of vitamin D deficiency.

Dr. Sanchi Rastogi, Pediatrician, shared this story on her Instagram to highlight a very important part of children’s health. These types of seizures are preventable. The case shows that if a mother is deficient in key nutrients like vitamin D, calcium, or iron while breastfeeding, her baby is also likely to be deficient. The doctor urged new and breastfeeding mothers to remember to take their supplements and to give their babies vitamin D supplements as well. This simple step can prevent serious health issues.

Does Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Seizures?

To understand the importance of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in children, one must understand what role it plays in our body in first place. According to 2025 Medical Journal Armed Forces India, calcium is crucial for the brain and nerves to function properly. Vitamin D and a hormone called PTH work together to help the body absorb and use calcium. Many people, up to 94% in some studies, have a vitamin D deficiency.

They looked at 4 cases and what treatment they received to see how it affects people and their seizures. Doctors saw four patients, ranging in age from 11 to 22, who all experienced seizures for the first time. What they all had in common was a severe vitamin D deficiency and dangerously low calcium levels.

Can Vitamin D Cure Seizures?

Case 1: An 18-year-old male with a history of Down Syndrome had seizures and muscle spasms.

Case 2: An 11-year-old male suddenly lost consciousness and experienced full-body seizures.

Case 3: A 15-year-old male had a similar episode of losing consciousness and shaking.

Case 4: A 22-year-old male had a seizure after two weeks of severe muscle cramps.

In all four cases, brain scans and other tests came back normal. The common thread was a positive Trousseau's sign, which is a medical test for low calcium.

The treatment was straightforward: the patients were given calcium through an IV to quickly raise their levels, followed by vitamin D supplements. In all four cases, the seizures stopped completely and did not return. The patients were followed for over a year, and their calcium and vitamin D levels stayed in the normal range.

While severe hypocalcemia leading to seizures is not common in older children and adults, it is a possibility that doctors should consider, especially for people who spend a lot of time indoors or have other health issues. This series of cases shows that treating the underlying vitamin D and calcium deficiencies can prevent future seizures and may even help patients avoid needing long-term anti-seizure medication.

Head injuries are always treated as the top priorities in hospitals and emergency situations. Why? Simply because even the smallest injuries you can be the cause of big consequences. We may not realize it but due to the sensitive nature of our heads, the quietest impacts also leave big marks, and a new study showed that these marks could, in fact, be tumors.

This research, published in JAMA Network Open, comes from a team at Mass General Brigham. They wanted to see if there was a connection between having a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and later developing a malignant brain tumor. To do this, they looked at health data from over 75,000 adults who had a TBI and compared it to a similar group of people who didn't. They carefully removed data from anyone who already had risk factors for tumors, like a history of cancer or exposure to radiation, to make sure their findings were as clear as possible.

What Is Malignant Brain Tumor?

According to the NHS, A malignant brain tumor is a fast-growing cancer that can spread to other parts of the brain and spine. Tumors are typically given a grade from 1 to 4, which indicates how quickly they grow and their likelihood of returning after treatment. Malignant tumors are classified as Grade 3 or 4, while benign, or non-cancerous, tumors are usually Grade 1 or 2.

Most malignant brain tumors are secondary cancers, meaning they originated in another part of the body and then spread to the brain. In contrast, primary brain tumors begin in the brain itself.

How Do Head Injuries Lead To Brain Cancer?

The study found that people who had a moderate to severe TBI were more likely to develop a malignant brain tumor. Specifically, within three to five years after their injury, 0.6% of those with a moderate or severe TBI developed a brain tumor, which was a higher percentage than the control group. Interestingly, the study found no increased risk for people who had a mild TBI, such as a concussion. This suggests that the severity of the head injury plays a crucial role.

Dr. Saef Izzy, one of the lead researchers, described the results as "alarming." He explained that this study adds to a growing body of evidence showing that TBI isn't just a short-term problem; it can have lasting effects on a person's health. The finding that TBI might be linked to brain tumors adds urgency to the idea that TBI patients need long-term medical monitoring. He also mentioned that this new finding, combined with their previous research linking TBI to heart disease, underscores the importance of lifelong care for those who've suffered a brain injury.

What Are Some Signs and Symptoms Malignant Brain Tumor?

The signs of a malignant brain tumor depend on its size and location in the brain. Common symptoms include:

• Severe, ongoing headaches
• Seizures or fits
• Constant nausea, vomiting, and feeling drowsy
• Changes in personality, memory, or behavior
• Vision or speech problems, or growing weakness or paralysis on one side of the body

Why People Should Be More Careful With Head Injuries

The researchers were careful to state that their study found an association, not a direct cause-and-effect relationship. The aim was to open the door for more research. Dr. Sandro Marini, another lead author, noted that while the overall risk of developing a tumor after TBI is still low, this discovery means doctors should monitor TBI patients more closely. The team hopes that future studies will explore the biological reasons behind this link and see if the location of the brain injury is related to where a tumor develops. They also want to study patients who have had multiple head injuries, like from repeated falls.

When most people think about weight and health risks, the waistline is the focus. Doctors and researchers often measure body mass index (BMI) or waist-to-hip ratios to estimate whether someone is at risk of conditions like heart disease or diabetes. However, growing body of research indicates a different, often neglected measurement- neck size.

It might come as a shock, but neck size could provide an important insight into your risk for severe health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and sleep disturbances. And the part that might raise an eyebrow: even individuals with a healthy BMI are not in the clear. A thicker neck can be dangerous even in those who otherwise appear to be fit and healthy.

Neck size has nothing to do with appearance or clothing fit. Neck size is a reflection of fat distribution in the upper body. Upper-body fat is metabolically active; it releases fatty acids, hormones, and inflammatory factors into the blood more easily than fat elsewhere on the body, such as the hips and thighs.

When such substances overwhelm the system, they upset cholesterol equilibrium, increase insulin resistance, clog blood vessels, and ignite long-term inflammation. Eventually, that chain reaction elevates the risk for several conditions, ranging from cardiovascular disease to type 2 diabetes.

In a sense, neck size serves as a proxy for visceral fat—the unhealthy type that encircles inner organs and speeds up cellular aging.

What Is The Link Between Neck Size And Diseases?

Clinical evidence highlights just how potent this relationship is. Studies reveal that individuals who have thicker necks have a higher chance of developing:

Cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, atrial fibrillation (irregular heart rhythm), and even heart failure. Atrial fibrillation is especially worrying as it raises the risk of stroke and may ultimately lead to heart failure.

Coronary heart disease, where constricted arteries decrease the supply of oxygen-containing blood to the heart.

Type 2 and gestational diabetes, both associated with insulin resistance caused by upper-body fat.

Obstructive sleep apnea, a sleep disorder in which the airway repeatedly collapses, cutting off breathing. This disorder not only induces fatigue but also stresses the cardiovascular system.

The connection is so strong that more and more physicians now add neck size to sleep apnea assessments.

A 2022 study went further, linking a bigger neck to an elevated risk of erectile dysfunction in men, continuing to add another layer to the unseen risks of too much upper-body fat.

What Qualifies as a Risky and Dangerous Neck Size?

Scientists have found thresholds where risks become much higher:

• For men, a 17-inch (43 cm) or larger neck circumference.
• For women, 14 inches (35.5 cm) or larger.

What's surprising is that such risks continue even among individuals with normal BMI or healthy weight. And for each extra centimeter above these thresholds, research indicates increasing hospitalizations and deaths.

This implies you may be "healthy" on paper in terms of BMI, yet your neck circumference may tell a different tale.

Sleep, Stress, and Metabolic Strain

The implications of a thick neck go beyond the development of chronic disease. Obstructive sleep apnea is a perfect case in point. Individuals with larger necks have a higher risk of airway collapse when they sleep, resulting in broken sleep, dips in oxygen, and extreme exhaustion during the day. This then increases risks for accidents, cardiovascular stress, and poorer quality of life.

Aside from apnea, degraded quality sleep exacerbates metabolic control. If the body doesn't receive restorative sleep, blood sugar management, hormone function, and appetite take a hit—propelling the vicious cycle of weight gain and risk of disease.

Neck Size and the Obesity Epidemic

The significance of neck circumference is exacerbated by the trends in obesity in the modern world. In America, close to 2 out of every 5 adults and 1 out of every 5 children are obese, based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Scholars observe that though the risk factor is in neck circumference across populations, it is most specifically relevant for individuals already with a history of living with obesity.

This makes it a potentially potent agent for determining people most at risk, more than BMI or waistline alone can indicate.

Measuring your neck circumference can be done in less than one minute. With a tape measure, place it around the thinnest area of your neck so that it is snug but not constricting.

If the measurement is over the thresholds, it's not a reason for alarm, but it's a good idea to take it seriously. Neck circumference is just a piece of the health puzzle, but it can be an early warning sign—one you have control over.

What Can You Do To Reduce Neck Circumference?

Yes, your neck size can change. Targeted lifestyle changes can lower fat stored in the upper body, including the neck. Here's how:

• Cardiovascular activity such as walking, swimming, or cycling burns fat and lessens total adiposity.
• Strength training builds muscle and enhances a higher rate of metabolism, making it simpler to maintain fat off in the long run.
• Optimal sleep regulates hormones associated with appetite and fat storage.
• Well-balanced nutrition—prioritizing whole grains, vegetables, fruits, pulses, lean protein, and healthy fats—maintains metabolic health without surplus calories.

The secret is consistency. Regular healthy habits over time shrink visceral fat, which can then lower neck circumference and reduce the risk of associated health issues.

Medical professionals warn against substituting neck circumference for a complete medical evaluation, but it can be used as a simple, underutilized measurement to accompany BMI and waistline checks. For others, it could be the initial indicator that triggers further examination.