The food we eat helps us gain energy and enables the proper functioning of our body. We all know that food helps in our bone health, muscle building, and immunity building, but what many do not know is that food also impacts your brain. Food can alter brain functions and one such vitamin deficiency is known to cause or worsen seizures. This is the deficiency of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).

After the discovery of a new gene by UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH) and its clinical partner Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), it was found that vitamin B6 could be used for treatment for children with severe epilepsy, who do not respond to traditional drugs.

The scientists identified a faulty gene called the proline synthetase co-transcribed homolog (bacterial)(PROSC) with a rare strain of vitamin B6-dependent epilepsy. This is when patients do not respond to standard anti-epilepsy drugs.

Without proper treatment and the medicines not working, it leaves children to struggle with the impact of untreated epilepsy which can lead to regular seizures, damage to the brain, severe disabilities, and death.

Case Study

One of the patients at GOSH, Scarlett, 7, had vitamin B6-dependent epilepsy. The research team realised that she had a faulty gene, ALDH&A1, a second defective gene, and with the vitamin B6 treatment, her seizures stopped immediately.

Scarlett has had seizures several times a week ever since she was born. The fits were frequent and would lead her to be admitted to the hospital. A genetic screening was conducted when she was six months old and her faulty gene causing vitamin B6-dependent epilepsy was established.

"Once doctors knew vitamin B6 could help, the transformation was immediate. The seizures stopped, and she hasn't had a single fit in five years," said Ben, Scarlett's father.

What Is Vitamin B6?

It is a water-soluble vitamin, which is naturally present in many foods and could be added to others, or consumed in the form of a dietary supplement. It is a generic name for six compounds: pyridoxine, an alcohol; pyridoxal, an aldehyde; and pyridoxamine, which contains an amino group.

It performs various activities including metabolism of one-carbon units, carbohydrates, and lipids. It also plays an important role in cognitive development and is important for immune function and haemoglobin formation.

What Can Lack Of Vitamin B6 Do?

Certain B vitamins can reduce cardiovascular diseases by lowering homocysteine levels. Research also suggests that low plasma vitamin B6 concentrations have links with certain kinds of cancer. People with vitamin B6 intake had a 20% lower risk of colorectal cancer. Poor vitamin B6 is also linked with cognitive decline. Some evidence also suggests that vitamin B6 supplements can also reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

Sources of Vitamin B6

• Chickpeas
• Tuna
• Salmon
• Chicken breast
• Breakfast cereals
• Boiled potatoes
• Banana
• Cottage cheese
• Rice
• Nuts, Raisins
• Onions
• Tofu
• Watermelon

Heavy drinking is a recognized risk factor for liver injury, but a new report by the University of California San Diego reveals an previously unrecognized mechanism that amplifies this damage. Long-term drinking not only causes direct damage to the liver but also initiates a toxic cycle involving the gut, in which bacteria spill into the blood and attack the liver, leading to cumulative injury.

This new research, published in Nature, combines human liver biopsies and mouse models of alcohol-associated liver disease to reveal a molecular pathway that could redefine our understanding of alcohol-related liver damage.

The research points out a protein known as mAChR4, which is present in the small intestine, and is critical in supporting the immune defenses of the gut. Prolonged alcohol consumption inhibits the synthesis of mAChR4 and hence the creation of GAPs, or goblet cell-associated antigen passages. GAPs are the unique structures that facilitate the education of the immune system in order to effectively respond to microbes.

When GAPs do not form, gut bacteria have a greater likelihood of leaking from the intestines and infecting organs such as the liver. Inside the liver, the bacteria have the ability to increase inflammation and tissue damage, adding to the liver damage that has been inflicted by alcohol. In essence, alcohol compromises the gut-liver barrier while, at the same time, establishing an environment in which bacterial invasion can occur, making it a self-sustaining cycle of harm.

The UC San Diego researchers determined that restoring mAChR4 function had the potential to fix GAPs and strengthen the immune system's attack on rogue gut bacteria. This therapy, which may be accomplished with drugs that directly stimulate mAChR4 or by altering related signaling pathways, decreased liver damage in laboratory models.

Although limiting alcohol intake is the most straightforward method of safeguarding the liver, targeting mAChR4 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for alcohol abusers or individuals already damaged by liver injury. Curiously, mAChR4 is also expressed in the brain, where it modulates habit formation and addiction. Reduced levels of this protein have been noted in individuals with alcohol use disorder, paving the way for future treatments that target both liver function and addictive behavior.

Effects of Alcohol on Gut and Liver Health

Outside the liver, alcohol can significantly interfere with gut health in several ways. Six mechanisms explain how long-term drinking damages the digestive tract:

1. Acid Reflux

Alcohol loosens the lower esophageal sphincter, permitting stomach acid to flow back and produce heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

2. Diarrhea

Excessive drinking upsets the balance of bacteria in the intestines, favoring "bad" bacteria that stimulate inflammation and intestinal permeability. This causes a leaky gut syndrome, where poisons enter the blood.

3. Gastritis

Alcohol interferes with mucus production within the stomach, which makes the lining susceptible to inflammation, pain, nausea, and vomiting.

4. Bloating

Alcohol changes sugar metabolism and microbial equilibrium, in addition to stimulating yeast overgrowth, all of which promote gas production and bloating.

5. Liver Damage

Long-term drinking results in alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic steatohepatitis. Fat deposition, inflammation, and toxin-induced cell damage can evolve into cirrhosis, liver cancer, or liver failure, sometimes requiring transplantation.

6. Pancreatic Damage

Alcohol is metabolized by the pancreas into poisonous byproducts that can inflame the organ in an illness known as pancreatitis. Regular heavy alcohol consumption, particularly along with smoking, increases the risk for acute and chronic pancreatitis and long-term complications such as diabetes and pancreatic carcinoma.

The recognition of mAChR4 as a central figure in the gut-liver axis reveals a number of avenues for research. Drug therapies that enhance mAChR4 function within the gut would restore GAP function, reinforcing immunity against translocating bacteria. At the same time, drugs that increase mAChR4 function in the brain would decrease alcohol craving and treat the disorder itself, attacking both cause and effect of chronic alcoholism.

This dual potential makes mAChR4 an especially attractive target in the fight against alcohol-related disease. Clinical trials of mAChR4-targeted drugs are already in progress for other neurological disorders like schizophrenia, which provides the hope that those drugs might one day find use against alcohol-related liver disease as well.

What Is The Alcohol and the Gut-Liver Axis?

Appreciation of gut-liver interaction puts the wider public health significance of chronic alcohol use into perspective. Interventions to address gut integrity, immune response, and liver defense may be able to complement traditional measures aimed at decreased alcohol consumption.

In addition, increased awareness of how alcohol impacts not only the liver but also gut bacteria may encourage behavior change. Most individuals downplay the insidious, long-term effects of alcohol on digestive health, thinking damage to the liver only follows decades of misuse. Changes in gut barrier function and bacterial translocation, however, can hasten liver injury even in moderate chronic drinkers.

How Can You Prevent and Treat Alcohol-related Liver Damage?

For individuals, the clearest path to protecting liver health remains reducing alcohol intake. However, for those who struggle with dependency, therapies targeting mAChR4 may provide an adjunctive strategy to prevent liver injury while supporting recovery.

Nutrition and lifestyle also contribute to sustaining liver and gut health. A diet high in fiber, probiotics, and anti-inflammatory food can promote healthy gut bacteria and immune function, possibly preventing some of the adverse effects of alcohol.

The UC San Diego research reveals a key feedback loop of alcohol-induced liver damage: long-term drinking compromises gut barriers, enabling bacteria to travel to the liver, exacerbating injury. Targeting mAChR4 might interrupt this self-destructive process, providing new hope for treating alcohol-related liver disease.

This study supports an important message: alcohol not only harms the liver outright; it upsets the gut-liver axis and compounds damage. With advancing science, learning more about the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects can inform preventive measures and novel treatments and offer hope for millions globally affected by alcohol-associated liver disease.

A common phrase that many people say things like ‘I feel so bloated’ or ‘My stomach looks so bloated’ but what does it exactly mean? When a person feels bloated it is more than just an aesthetic or look issue. It's not just the fact that their abdomen looks swollen, but it means that they are feeling lot of pressure in their stomach due to build up of gas.

It is an uncomfortable sensation that can distract you from your work, make it difficult to focus on important things as well as causing you abdominal pain.

Considering this, and it being a common issue for many people, you will find a barrage of online advice telling you to drink ‘anti-bloating’ drink or try ‘that anti-bloating’ exercise. To deal with this, however, one must know exactly why they are bloated in the first place.

What Are The Top 3 Causes Of Bloating?

Dr. Saurabh Sethi, a gastroenterologist, addresses a very common concern in his practice: chronic bloating. He explains that if you feel bloated every time you eat, it's likely due to one of three reasons he frequently sees in his patients.

While many people believe they know the cause, Dr. Sethi points out that the most common culprit is often overlooked. He aims to provide clarity on these issues, noting that the final reason he discusses is the one most likely causing problems for the average person. By understanding the root cause, individuals can take the right steps toward finding relief.

Number 3 Reason for Bloating Constipation

Dr. Sethi explains that a common cause of bloating is constipation, and it isn't always what you think. While many people believe they're fine as long as they have a daily bowel movement, the real issue can be a "slow colon." This means food waste moves through your digestive system at a sluggish pace.

When this happens, food sits in your intestines for a much longer time than it should. This creates a perfect environment for the bacteria in your gut to break down the leftover food through a process called fermentation. This process releases a significant amount of gas, leading to that uncomfortable feeling of fullness, pressure, and bloating you experience after eating.

Number 2 Reason for Bloating: IBS or Functional Dyspepsia

In this case, the main problem is an overly sensitive gut. Dr. Sethi points out that for people with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or functional dyspepsia, the nerves and muscles in the intestines can move in a chaotic or irregular way. Instead of a smooth, coordinated process, the muscles can spasm or move too quickly or too slowly.

This irregular motion can easily trap pockets of gas, causing pressure and a visibly distended abdomen. This gut dysfunction is often linked to an imbalance in the gut's bacterial environment, which can make the intestines more sensitive to normal digestive processes and cause them to overreact, leading to heightened symptoms of gas and bloating.

Number 1 Reason for Bloating: Diet

According to Dr. Sethi, your diet is the most frequent and significant cause of chronic bloating. The primary culprits are specific types of carbohydrates that your small intestine has a hard time fully absorbing. These include lactose found in dairy products, fructose from many fruits and sweeteners like high-fructose corn syrup, and fructans in common foods like wheat, onions, and garlic.

When these undigested carbs reach your large intestine, the bacteria there have a feast, releasing a huge amount of gas as a byproduct. Dr. Sethi emphasizes that even healthy foods, such as broccoli, beans, and certain fruits, can trigger these symptoms if your digestive system is sensitive to these particular ingredients.

In an era where antibiotic resistance is increasingly recognized as a global health threat, new research suggests that everyday dietary substances could unintentionally undermine the effectiveness of life-saving drugs. A recent study led by Professor Ana Rita Brochado and her team at the Universities of Tübingen and Würzburg reveals that caffeine and other common food ingredients can influence bacterial defenses, reducing the potency of certain antibiotics.

A new study finds that common items such as caffeine can disrupt the efficacy of antibiotics, renewing fears over food and drink choices when undergoing treatment. Scientists from the Universities of Tübingen and Würzburg discovered that ingredients in everyday foods and beverages are able to modify the regulation of bacterial genes, and especially of E. coli, suppressing the internalization of antibiotics like ciprofloxacin. This type of "low-level" resistance is brought about not by classical resistance genes but through subtle modifications to bacterial transport systems, which indicates that what we eat with drugs may determine the outcome of treatment. Although the impact differs between species of bacteria, the results highlight the need to take diet and lifestyle into account when treating infections.

How Everyday Substances Affect Bacteria?

The research highlights the complex interaction between bacteria and their surroundings. Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is often the cause of urinary tract infections, sepsis, and gastrointestinal illness, employs advanced regulatory systems to perceive chemical cues from its environment. Such mechanisms can have a profound impact on the way that bacteria respond to antibiotics, potentially enabling them to withstand treatments that would otherwise be effective.

To investigate this, scientists carried out a systematic screen of 94 compounds, including prescription medications, antibiotics, and common dietary constituents. They were interested in how these molecules influence major genetic regulators and transport proteins of E. coli. Transport proteins are channels and pumps within bacterial cell membranes, regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. Alterations in their regulation can have a large impact on survival of bacteria and, importantly, antibiotic penetration into bacterial cells.

Caffeine and the Antagonistic Effect

One of the most surprising discoveries was the effect of caffeine on antibiotic action. "Our data reveal that a number of compounds can subtly but systematically affect gene regulation in bacteria," reports PhD candidate and first author Christoph Binsfeld. Caffeine, specifically, leads to a cascade starting with the gene regulator Rob, which eventually changes the action of several transport proteins in E. coli.

This cascade decreases antibiotic uptake, such as that of ciprofloxacin, and it becomes less effective. Scientists have termed this effect an 'antagonistic interaction,' in which an innocuous compound indirectly disrupts drug action. Although caffeine does not possess antimicrobial activity, its action in manipulating bacterial gene regulators illustrates the possibility that ordinary food choices may inadvertently affect antibiotic efficacy.

Not All Bacteria Are Affected Equally

Perhaps most intriguingly, the researchers observed no weakening effect from caffeine in Salmonella enterica, a close relative of E. coli. This indicates that even closely related species of bacteria may react differently to the same stimulus. Differences in transport pathways or differences in how bacteria take up drugs may account for these differences.

Professor Karla Pollmann, Dōshisha University President, highlights the general importance: "Such basic research into the impact of substances ingested daily reinforces the important role of science in understanding and solving real-world issues."

Implications for Antibiotic Resistance

The results reveal a type of antibiotic resistance that is distinct from traditional genetic resistance mechanisms. Described as 'low-level' resistance, the process cannot be attributed to mutations within antibiotic-target genes but instead occurs due to regulatory changes and environmental plasticity. The interactions are important to understand as it might shape the way antibiotics are prescribed and bring about attention to include food and environment factors when administering treatment.

"The research questions whether patients are what they eat during antibiotic treatment," states Dr. Brochado. "It indicates that what was considered to be innocuous could be affecting the outcome of the treatment. This can impact clinical guidelines, especially when accuracy in antibiotic dosing and efficacy matters."

What Is The Role of Diet in Drug Effectiveness?

Although caffeine was the main target, the study highlights that other usual food ingredients can also affect bacterial reactions to antibiotics. Processed foods, drinks, and supplements could have substances that modulate bacterial transport proteins or gene expression, which in turn can affect the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy.

This study is not to say that moderate intake of caffeine or any food ingredient is hazardous by nature. Rather, it points out the intricacies of interaction between diet, bacterial physiology, and drug action, providing a novel insight for patients as well as healthcare professionals.

The research, which was released in PLOS Biology, paves the way for investigations into why low-level antibiotic resistance occurs and how it can be stopped. Physicians would be forced to take environmental and nutritional issues into consideration when they prescribe antibiotics, especially for E. coli infections. The results could also impact new approaches to therapy taking into account bacterial acclimation to common substances.

Though additional clinical research is warranted, our research offers insight into how non-antimicrobial compounds influence the behavior of bacteria and the efficacy of drugs," Binsfeld says. "Patients and clinicians alike need to be aware of these possible interactions, particularly when treating resistant infections.

For the time being, the research is a warning. Even ubiquitous, apparently innocuous food components can affect how bacteria react to treatment. While caffeine is still a commonly ingested substance with well-established benefits for vigilance and cognition, its ability to interfere with the uptake of antibiotics points to the need to examine all environmental factors when combating infection.

Healthcare providers may increasingly need to provide guidance not just on medication timing and dosing, but also on diet and lifestyle factors that could influence therapeutic outcomes. As our understanding of bacterial adaptability grows, integrating nutritional awareness into treatment plans may become an essential component of effective antibiotic therapy.