It is no surprise that when anyone looks for innovation and technology, the first name that comes to their mind is of Japan. In yet another breakthrough, Japan may be too close to invent artificial blood. Last year, it was declared that Japan will begin its clinical study of artificial red blood cells that can be stored for transfusion in times of emergency. This was released by Nara Medical University.

It is now in the process of developing artificial blood cells and aims to put these artificial cells into practical use by 2030. This would be world's first.

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Why Is This Happening?

Japan is battling a shrinking population, where the older population dominates the younger ones. In 2024, Japan had a record of high 36.25 million people aged 65 or older, representing 29.3% of the total population. This indicates a significantly larger proportion of elderly citizens as compared to the young population.

This has led to a shortage of blood supply, as older people cannot donate blood. As per the Red Cross Society, donors up to 65 years of age can donate blood. While there is no upper age limit, you must be in good health to meet other eligibility criteria.

A 1987 study published in JAMA titled Blood Donation by the Elderly: Clinical and Policy Considerations, notes that it is far more feasible for individuals within the age bracket of 66 to donate blood. Another comparative study from 2019, published in Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Collaborative (BEST) Investigators noted that while there is no exclusion for older donors, the limit is solely based on their safety.

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Another reason why this clinical study is being conducted is because white blood cells obtained form already donated blood can only be stored for less than a month at low temperatures. However, the artificial cells can be stored for two years at room temperature. As the artificial cells are also made from any blood type, they can be used without confirming a patients' blood type and could be administered even during transportation by ambulance, confirmed the researchers.

The university also said that if no side effects are confirmed with 400ml of administration, the trial will shift to examine the treatment's efficacy and safety.

Who Is Leading This Study?

A team led by Professor Hiromi Sakai of the Nara Medical University is leading this study. The approach involves extracting hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrying molecule in the red blood cells from expired donor blood, and then encasing it in a protective shell to create stable, virus-free artificial red blood cells.

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How Artificial Blood is Different From Donated Blood?

The main difference lies in the absence of blood type, which further eliminates the need for compatibility testing. This is what makes it invaluable in the case of emergency.

Professor Teruyuki Komatsu of Chuo University is also leading the artificial oxygen carrier study. This uses albumin-encased hemoglobin to stabilize blood pressure and treat conditions like hemorrhage and stroke. For now, animal studies have shown promising results.

How Is Artificial Blood Made?

The process usually starts with stem cells. This is where special cells are that can in fact develop into different types of cell in your body. This includes red blood cells, platelets, or even skin cells.

Scientists use a specific type of cell called the haematopoietic stem cells, which can produce all types of blood cells, including the WBC, RBC, and platelets. They are then placed in a lab setting to turn these stem cells into blood cells.

Cedric Ghevaert, who is the professor of transfusion medicine at the University of Cambridge, explained that scientists are then able to "gene edit" the stem cells to boost blood production and remove blood group markers, as reported in Aljazeera.

Have Others Tried To Make Artificial Blood?

The United States military has invested $46m in developing ErythroMer, a synthetic blood substitute designed to be universally compatible and stable without refrigeration. The product is still under research.

In 2022, a clinical trial in the UK also marked a breakthrough where laboratory-grown red blood cells were transfused into human volunteers to assess their safety standards and longevity, as reports Aljazeera.

In 2013, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) estimated that producing a single unit of lab-grown blood cost over $90,000. Thanks to improvements in production techniques, that cost has now dropped to under $5,000 per unit. In contrast, hospitals in the U.S. paid an average of just $215 per unit for donated red blood cells in 2019.

When the World Health Organization (WHO) officially pronounced COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, it signaled the start of an unprecedented public health crisis that would redefine societies globally. Since SARS-CoV-2 first appeared years ago, developments with vaccines, treatments and public knowledge generated optimism that the virus would fade into endemicity.

By the early part of 2025, India's daily cases and hospitalizations had fallen to negligible numbers, and societies were able to creep back to near-normal ways of life. But as India heads into the summer of 2025, a sharp rise in cases in several states—from Kerala to Delhi, Karnataka to Chandigarh—came as a rude reminder that the pandemic was far from over.

In urban and semi-urban hubs, outpatient departments (OPDs) are seeing patient volumes three to four times greater than two weeks ago. In large hospitals in Bengaluru, Belagavi, and elsewhere, doctors say lines spill into waiting rooms as people with mild to moderate illness line up for tests and consultation. Intensive-care units are still relatively unaffected, but increasing OPD traffic indicates a key public-health issue: controlling diffuse, low-severity illness without swamping primary health-care facilities

New Covid Symptoms

In contrast to earlier waves, where loss of taste and smell were the hallmark clinical presentation, current infections present mainly in the upper respiratory and GI tracts. Clinicians observe that patients typically present with:

Hoarseness and Throat Pain: A sore, strained voice often preceding or following sore throat.

Low-grade Persistent Fever: Temperature ranging around 100–101°F for two to three days.

Gastrointestinal Distress: Painless, watery diarrhoea of 24–48 hours duration, often followed by profound lethargy that can last weeks after infection.

Mild Stomach Cramps and Fatigue: Intermittent abdominal aching accompanied by extreme tiredness.

Even if these symptoms themselves are usually mild, their unusual combination can result in misdiagnosis or delayed testing—especially in areas where influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) are still endemic

Decoding the Variants Behind the Surge

Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG) genomic surveillance identifies the rise as due to a number of Omicron sublineages—mainly JN.1, NB.1.8.1 and LF.7. These have been listed by WHO as "Variants Under Monitoring" and have mutations that increase transmissibility while retaining largely mild clinical profiles.

Early evidence implies that NB.1.8.1's spike-protein mutations might bestow enhanced immune evasion and cell-binding competence, although no unequivocal connection to increased severity has been found. As the push for sequencing grows stronger, public-health officials hope to track the geographic distribution of each subvariant to inform focused interventions.

Who's at Maximum Risk?

Healthy adults recover within days, but some remain susceptible:

Older Adults (65+ years): Immune senescence can delay viral clearance and complicate comorbidities.

Individuals with Chronic Illnesses: Diabetes, hypertension and chronic respiratory illnesses raise the risk for complications.

Immunocompromised Persons: From transplant recipients to those taking long-term corticosteroids, suppression of the immune system can impede both vaccine efficacy and natural healing.

Young Children: Though uncommon, some instances in infants and toddlers occasionally need hospital observation for hydration issues.

In Chandigarh, a 40-year-old man with no history of health problems died of acute cardiorespiratory arrest almost immediately after returning a positive result—highlighting the virus's erratic course in vulnerable hosts

Both national and state authorities have ramped up testing, contact tracing and isolation measures. In Karnataka, Karnataka Health Department made mask wearing compulsory again in health-care institutions and redirected isolation beds in district hospitals. West Bengal's latest advisory makes it mandatory for private hospitals and labs to report positive cases of the day in a standardized format and store samples for sequencing, a sign of sharpened alertness after an extended period of complacency

Parallelly, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is assessing vaccine inventories and examining precautionary booster campaigns for high-risk groups. Top pulmonologists and infectious-disease specialists advise against across-the-board booster drives, referring to prevailing evidence that existing vaccine regimens still provide strong protection against severe disease—despite surfacing subvariants.

What Kind of Prevention Can Be Done At A Personal Level?

Since COVID-19 and other ILIs blur together so indistinctly, experts recommend that the public embrace commonsense practices:

Test Early: Get RT-PCR or rapid-antigen testing when symptoms first appear, such as hoarseness or diarrhoea.

Isolate Early: Stay home for at least five days after symptom onset or after becoming negative through testing.

Practice Mask Discipline: Wear good-fitting masks—especially in crowded or poorly ventilated indoor areas.

Prioritise Hygiene: Proper hand hygiene and surface disinfection cut down on SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens' transmission equally.

Stay Hydrated and Rested: Proper fluid intake and rest promote immune strength and counter fatigue.

While the clinical impact of the latest wave seems contained, its spread so quickly reflects the ongoing threat of viral evolution. With the world and regional health systems preparing for a possible surge in influenza and other respiratory viruses later in the year, an interlinked surveillance strategy—capitalizing on genomic information, syndromic reporting and vaccination data—will be essential.

Last week, the US Health and Human Services Department's Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr released a 69-page long 'Make American Healthy Again' (MAHA) report revealing the health priorities of the state. The report was said to guide health policies during the remining of President Trump's term.

While the report has noted some essential points like chemical safety in food, results of physical inactivity and over medication, the report has also been criticised for its anti-vaccination stance. The report called for a heightened scrutiny of childhood vaccine schedule. In fact, recently the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has removed COVID-19 vaccine recommendation for kids and pregnant women.

Amid this, the White House has acknowledged the report, however, it has also acknowledged the errors the report has and has said to fix them.

While RFK says his MAHA Report harnesses 'gold standard' science and it has cited more than 500 studies. The NOTUS has found that some of the cited sources do not exist at all.

The White House press Secretary Karoline Leavitt informed that the report will be updated. “I understand there was some formatting issues with the MAHA report that are being addressed and the report will be updated.” Leavitt told reporters during her briefing. “But it does not negate the substance of the report, which, as you know, is one of the most transformative health reports that has ever been released by the federal government. This is also reported on NOTUS website and as reported by US News.

What Are The Discrepancies?

The NOTUS, on Thursday reported that seven of the more than 500 studies cited in the report did not appear to have been published.

In fact, author of one study confirmed that while she did conduct research on topic of anxiety in children, she never authored the report which had been listed in the MAHA report. Other discrepancies include studies being misinterpreted, or problems with citations, especially on the topics around children's screen time, medication use, and anxiety.

RFK, while claimed to bring "radical transparency" and "gold standard" science to public health agencies, he has refused to release details on studies which calls for an increased scrutiny of the childhood vaccine schedule and describes the children to be overmedicated and undernourished.

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However, Leavitt said that the White House has "complete confidence" in Kennedy.

“Minor citation and formatting errors have been corrected,” HHS Spokesman Andrew Nixon said in an emailed statement. He described the report as a “historic and transformative assessment by the federal government to understand the chronic disease epidemic afflicting our nation's children.”

This is not it, but his report is already stirring concerns not just among the Democrats, but also among Trump loyalists, including farmers, who criticized this report for characterizing the chemicals sprayed on the US crops.

As of now, the report is supposed to be used to develop policy recommendations that will be released later this year.

As the world collectively exhaled a sigh of relief in 2022, thinking the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic had come and gone, a covert crisis stealthily took hundreds of thousands more lives in America. Rather than rebounding toward pre-pandemic levels, U.S. death rates have remained obstinately elevated, accounting for over 1.5 million "missing Americans" during 2022 and 2023—fatalities that could potentially have been avoided if our country had been comparable to other affluent nations on health outcomes. This quiet excess wave of mortality reveals deeply ingrained national shortcomings well beyond the range of any given infectious illness.

Scientists from Boston University and the University of Minnesota analyzed U.S. official death records and those from 21 other high-income countries—Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and others—over 43 years from 1980 to 2023. During that period, the U.S. incurred almost 15 million excess deaths against peer nations, which means Americans died at rates much higher than what would be predicted if we followed their lower death trends.

In 1980, the U.S. actually performed better than its contemporaries, saving approximately 42,000 lives. By 1990, it had chalked up about 89,000 excess deaths. The count rose to 355,000 in 2000 and 409,000 in 2010. At the peak of the pandemic, excess deaths ballooned to 1 million in 2020 and 1.1 million in 2021. Even as COVID-19 declined, the U.S. lost 820,000 excess lives in 2022 and 705,000 in 2023.

This long-term trend indicates not a fleeting anomaly but a prolonged public health crisis. "Imagine the lives saved, the grief and trauma prevented, if the U.S. simply performed at the average of our peers," says lead author Jacob Bor, associate professor of Boston University's School of Public Health. "One in every two U.S. deaths before age 65 is probably preventable. Our failure to do something about it is a national scandal.

Are People Under-65 at Higher Risk?

Perhaps the most alarming finding is that in 2023, nearly 46% of deaths among Americans under 65 could have been prevented were our mortality rates on par with other high-income nations. In a country that prides itself on medical innovation and economic prowess, young and middle-aged adults are dying from conditions that, elsewhere, are managed far more effectively.

An important proportion of these deaths are motivated by deep-seated noncommunicable and social-environmental causes: drug overdoses, firearms violence, motor vehicle crashes, and avoidable cardiometabolic disease. "These trends preceded the pandemic and went unstopped thereafter," says University of Minnesota's Elizabeth Wrigley-Field. "The 700,000 surplus American deaths in 2023 are precisely what you'd expect from previously increasing trends, even if there'd never been a pandemic."

What Is Reason Behind This Excess Mortality?

1. Substance Use and Overdose

The American overdose epidemic, driven by opioids, methamphetamine, and increasingly by powerful synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, continues to be a major cause of premature mortality. Whereas peer countries have introduced harm-reduction policies—expanded naloxone distribution, supervised injection sites—the United States has grappled with adopting these data-driven policies at scale.

2. Violence and Injury

Homicide and gun-related fatalities have exploded in recent decades. Other rich nations, however, have witnessed declines in violent crime and road traffic deaths due to draconian gun-control policies, safer car regulations, and vigorous road-safety campaigns.

3. Cardiometabolic Disease

Heart disease, diabetes, and obesity are responsible for a significant proportion of preventable deaths. Compounding factors—disproportionate access to medical care, food deserts, and socioeconomic inequalities—exacerbate these conditions among vulnerable groups.

Why the U.S. Lags Behind?

Senior researcher Andrew Stokes refers to the stark policy distinctions: "Other nations demonstrate that investing in universal health care, robust safety nets, and evidence-based public health policies results in longer, healthier lives." The U.S., however, has:

Fragmented Healthcare: Close to 30 million Americans lack insurance, and millions more underinsured, with obstacles to preventive health care and management of chronic diseases.

Weak Social Safety Nets: Family pay leave, unemployment benefits, and poverty assistance in the United States are far behind those in Europe, Canada, and Australia.

Political Polarization: Government distrust and partisan gridlock have interfered with coordinated actions to deal with health crises, ranging from overdose response to pandemic readiness.

Even worse, the planned federal reductions to Medicare, Medicaid, and public health funding could further expand the gap. The recently House-approved legislation, as part of a possible second Trump administration agenda, would contract health programs at the very time that strong support is needed more than ever. "Severe reductions to public health, safety net programs, and federal health data could result in a further expansion of health disparities—and increasing numbers of excess—and entirely preventable—deaths," warns Bor.

Reversing America's Excess Death Crisis

In spite of the grim fact of excess mortality in America, solutions are not new nor out of reach. Other nations, such as Canada, the U.K., and France, have shown that universal healthcare, be it through single-payer or hybrid models, can provide near-universal coverage for primary and preventive care. This kind of complete coverage greatly reduces deaths from treatable causes, which serves as a reminder of the value in a system emphasizing early intervention over crisis management.

Equally, harm reduction strategies have been strikingly effective in nations like Australia and a number of European countries. In these nations, there has been increased access to addiction treatment, overdose reversal medicines with lifesaving properties, and safe-use centers, which have worked together to decrease overdose death in a noticeable manner. These initiatives are a realistic and humane response to drug use, centering on reducing harm and supporting recovery over punitive policies.

Prevention of injury and violence deaths is yet another critical element. Seat-belt laws, graduated licensing of teenage drivers, and strict gun control have been shown to prevent car accident fatalities and violence caused by guns. These evidence-based and public safety policies provide a clear plan to mitigate avoidable deaths in the United States.

But applying these solutions at home will take political will, institutional capacity, and societal consensus. The cost of not acting has already been staggering more than 1.5 million excess deaths in the last two years alone. If the U.S. keeps on its present course, the numbers could go even higher.

To turn around this trend, America needs to spend significantly on public health infrastructure. Disease surveillance should be made stronger, data need to be made more transparent, and community health centers should be extended to cover more areas in order to build a more resilient healthcare system. These initiatives not only will ready the country for crises ahead but also improve daily health outcomes.

Increasing access to care is also paramount. Progress toward universal coverage—or at least the removal of financial obstacles that keep individuals from accessing timely preventive and primary care—could have an enormous impact on decreasing early death. Healthcare access should be a right tied neither to employment nor income but to basic human needs.

In addition, adopting evidence-based policies must become the standard rather than the exception. Harm reduction, injury prevention, and targeted interventions for chronic illnesses like heart disease and diabetes must be prioritized. These are not radical ideas; they are proven strategies with measurable success rates in comparable countries.

As Bor insists, “We have the tools and the knowledge. What we lack is the collective resolve to act.”

The 1.5 million lives lost in 2022 and 2023 are not mere statistics—they are mothers, fathers, siblings, and friends whose deaths were avoidable. While the pandemic was a tragic catalyst, the underlying causes of excess mortality run much deeper than any single virus. Confronting this crisis requires acknowledging that America’s health system and social policies have long failed to protect large swaths of its population.

Ultimately, catching up to, or exceeding, the health achievements of our peer nations is not only a matter of national pride or global reputation. It is a moral obligation, requiring us to deploy science, policy, and empathy to ensure that the next generation of Americans lives longer, healthier lives.