For decades, diabetes has been broadly categorized into two main types: Type 1—an autoimmune disease often diagnosed in childhood, and Type 2—a metabolic disorder largely linked to obesity and lifestyle factors. But a quiet revolution in medical science has now brought to light a lesser-known, deeply complex third kind—Type 5 diabetes, a form of diabetes that has little to do with sugar or excess but everything to do with scarcity and deprivation.

Recently recognized by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Type 5 diabetes—also known as malnutrition-related diabetes—marks a pivotal shift in how the world understands and approaches diabetes, especially in vulnerable populations.

What Is Type 5 Diabetes?

Malnutrition-related diabetes isn’t new. In fact, it was first identified in 1955 in Jamaica and later seen in impoverished communities in India, Pakistan, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Known initially as “J-type diabetes,” it primarily affects young, thin, and malnourished teenagers and young adults, often in low- and middle-income countries.

The World Health Organization (WHO) even acknowledged it as a distinct form of diabetes in 1985—only to quietly remove the classification in 1999 due to insufficient research. This decision led to decades of diagnostic ambiguity and a lack of targeted care for millions.

Fast forward to 2025, and this long-overlooked condition has officially been given a name and a place in global diabetes taxonomy—thanks to the tireless advocacy of Dr. Meredith Hawkins, Professor of Medicine and Founding Director of the Global Diabetes Institute at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York.

How is Type 5 Diabetes Different From Type 1 And Type 2?

While Type 1 diabetes involves an immune attack on insulin-producing cells and Type 2 typically arises from insulin resistance due to obesity, Type 5 diabetes is mechanistically different. It’s not caused by sugar overload or autoimmunity—but by chronic undernourishment.

Dr. Hawkins explains, “People with this form of diabetes have a profound defect in their capacity to secrete insulin—a discovery that rewrites the medical script on how we diagnose and treat it.”

Earlier assumptions suggested that this form of diabetes was a variant of Type 2 due to perceived insulin resistance. But landmark studies, including a 2022 collaboration between Einstein’s Global Diabetes Institute and Christian Medical College in Vellore, India, confirmed a radically different pathology.

It’s estimated that 20 to 25 million people globally live with Type 5 diabetes, primarily across Asia and Africa. Yet, it has remained one of the least diagnosed and most poorly understood forms of the disease.

What’s alarming is that many patients do not survive more than a year after diagnosis—not necessarily due to the disease itself, but because the lack of proper classification has prevented the development of effective treatment protocols. Inappropriate use of insulin can cause life-threatening hypoglycemia, as these patients do not respond to insulin the way those with Type 1 do.

Dr. Hawkins compares the prevalence of Type 5 diabetes to major global health issues: “It’s more common than tuberculosis and nearly as common as HIV/AIDS in certain regions, yet it has remained invisible in global health policy.”

The IDF’s official recognition of Type 5 diabetes is more than symbolic—it is the beginning of a strategic, scientific, and humanitarian effort to right a historic wrong. A dedicated working group has been established to lead the way, with three core objectives:

Develop standardized diagnostic and treatment guidelines tailored to malnutrition-related diabetes

Create a global patient registry to enable data collection, longitudinal studies, and targeted interventions

Launch educational modules and awareness campaigns for healthcare professionals worldwide

These initiatives aim to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and real-world practice—especially in underserved regions where Type 5 diabetes continues to silently claim lives.

Malnutrition-related diabetes, by contrast, has remained unnamed, affecting those with the least access to quality care, diagnostics, and therapies. Dr. Hawkins’ work is a reminder that health systems must be attuned to the full spectrum of human experience—not just the diseases of excess, but also those of scarcity.

“It’s not just about having a name,” says Dr. Hawkins. “It’s about making sure that young lives aren’t lost to a treatable condition simply because we weren’t looking.”

Every year in April, IBS Awareness Month puts the spotlight on one of the world's most misunderstood and elusive gastrointestinal disorders—Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Affecting about 10% of the world's population, IBS has puzzled physicians and researchers for years. Though its chronic and interruptive symptoms—abdominal pain and bloating on one end, constipation and diarrhea on the other—there remains no agreement on what actually triggers it. A new, daring theory is disrupting conventional wisdom by posing an unusual question- Is gravity the hidden culprit behind IBS?

Dr. Brennan Spiegel, a Cedars-Sinai Medical Center physician and researcher in Los Angeles, is leading the way to a new perspective on IBS—one that looks at the constant pull of gravity on our bodies. In the American Journal of Gastroenterology, Spiegel's theory is that IBS could be the body's failure to successfully deal with gravity.

It's an interesting concept. "We spend our whole life in gravity, are formed by it, but barely appreciate its constant effect on our body," Spiegel explained in an interview. "Each strand of our body is touched by gravity every day, from the top of our head to our gastrointestinal tract."

From a scientific perspective, this hypothesis borrows from evolutionary biology and neurophysiology. The human body over millennia has evolved complex systems—musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, neurological—to deal with the downward pull of gravity. When these systems fail, Spiegel argues, they can initiate not only gastrointestinal symptoms but also a cascade of other complaints—muscle pain, fatigue, changed mood, and more.

What is the Gut-Brain Axis and the Roller Coaster Effect?

At its core is the connection between the gut and the brain—a widely documented characteristic of IBS. Individuals with IBS tend to experience a knotted stomach upon stress or a sensation of "butterflies" in stressful situations. Such gut feeling, as Spiegel speculates, may be attributed to the nervous system's adaptation to threats from gravity, such as the free-falling experience on a roller coaster.

"Our nervous system has mechanisms for perceiving and reacting to changes in gravity," he added. "When it flakes out or overcompensates, it may show up as IBS symptoms." This is related to another fascinating twist: the difference between individuals' reactions to gravitational stress. There are those who love roller coasters; others get nauseated or frantic—implying a continuum of what Spiegel refers to as G-force vigilance.

This might explain why IBS tends to overlap with disorders such as anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome—all of which could potentially have an underlying sensitivity to gravitational stress.

Link Between IBS and Gravity

Spiegel's theory also explores deeper into anatomy. The abdominal cavity houses heavy organs that need to be "suspended" effectively. Genetic predispositions—lax connective tissues, a weak diaphragm, or spinal misalignments in some—may lead to sagging or movement of organs, including the intestines. The downward movement could affect motility, lead to cramping, and result in bacterial overgrowth—all prevalent in IBS.

In addition, the hypothesis delves into serotonin's role. This mood-regulating neurotransmitter also facilitates balance, blood circulation, and the movement of intestinal contents. "Dysregulated serotonin," Spiegel explains, "could actually be a type of gravity failure," which may connect depression, IBS, and even dizziness in a common physiological cycle.

What It Means for Treatment and Prevention

If confirmed, the gravity hypothesis has the potential to transform how we conceptualize—and treat—IBS. "The beauty of it is that it's testable," said Dr. Shelly Lu, director of the Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases at Cedars-Sinai. Unlike so many vague IBS theories, this one invites us to the possibility of targeted interventions.

This hypothesis can also assist us in better comprehending the reason why exercise, posture correction, core strengthening, and physical therapy work for most IBS sufferers. By fortifying the structural support system of the body, these strategies might decrease gravity's effect on the gut.

Symptoms, Triggers, and the IBS Daily Struggle

IBS is an individualized disease. Symptoms range widely and may include:

• Abdominal bloating, pain, and cramping related to bowel movements
• Alterations in stool appearance or frequency
• A feeling of not fully emptying the bowels, gas, and mucus in stool

Its triggers are also multifactorial. Stress and some foods—dairy, citrus, beans, wheat, and carbonated beverages—may exacerbate symptoms. Although food intolerances are not the cause in every case, many individuals find significant symptom relief through diet, such as a low FODMAP diet.

IBS isn't only an intestinal affliction—it can also blow a person's life off track. Chronic patients usually suffer from complications such as hemorrhoids due to constant diarrhea or constipation, and generally decreased quality of life. Research indicates that individuals with moderate to severe IBS experience three times more work absences compared to others. The psychological price is high too—aún and depression often accompany one another in IBS, one worsening the other.

Could this be the long-lost piece to a hundred-year-old puzzle? Maybe. Although further research is necessary to establish the gravity connection, the theory is already creating new avenues for comprehension and healing.

If you have ongoing digestive problems, see a healthcare provider. IBS is a treatable condition, and treatment options can involve medication, counseling, physical therapy, or dietary changes depending on your individual symptoms.

US childhood vaccination rates have taken a disturbing decline, exacerbated by the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is not simply a statistic—but a warning sign of future health threats. The effects are already being seen, with measles rebounding and potentially the return of other diseases once brought under control, such as rubella and polio. A recent Stanford Medicine study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, paints a dire picture: a 10% decline in vaccination rates could result in millions of measles cases over the next 25 years.

The rising danger of preventable illness, and the reason why vaccination is key to protecting public health. From the emergence of vaccine hesitancy to the surging spread of measles.

The drop in childhood vaccinations in the U.S. has been a rising concern among health professionals. Although the disruptions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic were a major factor, the trend of declining immunization rates is not new. For years, growing vaccine hesitancy, driven by misinformation, political controversy, and skepticism about health systems, has fueled a change in public perception, particularly among parents. Consequently, fewer kids are getting the necessary vaccines and diseases that previously were under control are now being a threat again.

The research done by a group of researchers from Stanford, together with other universities' experts, shows the risk of measles becoming endemic again in the U.S. It might occur in as little as two decades if the vaccination rate is sustained at current levels. Nevertheless, a 10 percent decline in the rate of vaccinations could make things even worse, and millions of individuals could become susceptible to infection, hospitalizations, and death.

Measles is the most infectious disease on Earth, with the potential to spread quickly through populations. Prior to the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963, the illness was rampant throughout the U.S., affecting millions of individuals annually. Indeed, before the vaccine, an estimated 3 million to 4 million individuals were infected with the disease every year, with 400 to 500 deaths, 48,000 hospitalizations, and 1,000 instances of brain swelling (encephalitis).

As per the CDC, measles remains a lethal disease, primarily for children. It spreads via respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes and symptoms may range from fever, cough, runny nose, and a characteristic red, blotchy rash. As the disease is vaccine-preventable with the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine, unvaccinated individuals are at the greatest risk of being infected and infecting others.

The recent study by Stanford researchers utilized large-scale epidemiological modeling to simulate how infectious diseases like measles would spread across the United States based on different levels of childhood vaccination coverage. The results are concerning. Even at current vaccination rates, the study suggests that measles could re-emerge as an endemic disease in the U.S. within the next two decades. A mere 10 percentage point reduction in vaccination coverage would accelerate this process significantly, potentially resulting in millions of measles cases in the next 25 years.

Dr. Nathan Lo, a Stanford physician and the study's senior author, underscored the seriousness of the situation. "Our nation is at a tipping point for measles to become a routine household disease again," he said. "The declining routine childhood vaccinations, coupled with increasing vaccine hesitancy, may send us to a place we were working to avoid for decades."

Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Contribution to the Measles Outbreak

The problem of vaccine hesitancy has been a major contributor to the fall in immunization rates. The disinformation regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccines has instilled fear and confusion, particularly among parents. A KFF survey published in 2025 found that more than half of adults were unsure about whether to believe assertions about the risks of the measles vaccine—assertions that have been magnified by anti-vaccine personalities, such as Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

This widespread misinformation has caused many to doubt the necessity of vaccines for diseases no longer perceived as a threat, like measles. But as recent outbreaks have shown, measles is hardly eradicated and still poses a lethal threat, especially to vulnerable groups like infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the unvaccinated.

Recent measles outbreaks in the U.S. are stark reminders of the risks of low vaccination levels. In 2025 alone, the nation has already seen some 800 cases of measles, the most in a single year since 2019. The largest outbreak took place in West Texas, which had over 620 cases, 64 hospitalizations, and two deaths. These outbreaks are a wake-up call that the U.S. is not immune to outbreaks of this extremely contagious disease.

According to Mathew Kiang, a study co-author, "The impact of waning vaccinations won't be sudden, but the aggregate effect could be devastating. If we do not take action now, we can expect millions of measles cases in the coming years."

What Can Be Done to Prevent a Measles Crisis?

Although the situation is grim, there is hope. Specialists such as Dr. Lo and Kiang propose that even slight increases in vaccination rates could make a significant difference in preventing the spread of measles and other preventable illnesses. A 5 percent boost in vaccination coverage could avert a sharp spike in cases, safeguard vulnerable populations, and ultimately save lives.

Health professionals remind parents to discuss with pediatricians the value of vaccinations and have faith in healthcare professionals' recommendations. Public health officials and policymakers also need to act to address vaccine misinformation and make sure vaccination mandates for school entry are intact.

This study's findings highlight the crucial role that vaccination plays in protecting public health. By potentially preventing millions of cases and countless fatalities, high vaccination coverage needs to be sustained. With the U.S. still struggling to deal with the consequences of declining vaccine coverage, it is vital that both the public and policymakers take proactive measures to ensure that such diseases as measles do not experience a resurgence.

The decision to vaccinate is such a simple choice, but the difference it makes can be gargantuan. It is incumbent on all of us—parents, medical practitioners, and members of society—to take our turn in safeguarding the next generation against the ruining effects of vaccine-preventable diseases. As Dr. Lo highlighted, "Increasing vaccination levels by just 5% can make a world of difference in keeping these diseases at bay."

Every year on 25 April, World Malaria Day is observed to raise awareness about one of the deadliest yet preventable diseases. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 263 million malaria cases and 5,97,000 malaria deaths across 83 countries in 2023. The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden. As per the numbers, this Region was home to 94% of the malaria cases, accounting for 246 million and 95% of malaria deaths. Children under 5 accounted for about 75% of all malaria deaths in the Region.

Ahead of World Malaria Day, WHO also called for renewed efforts at all levels - from global policy to community action to accelerate progress towards eliminating malaria.

World Malaria Day 2025 Theme

This year, WHO has joined the RBM Partnership to End Malaria and other partners in promoting: "Malaria Ends With US: Reinvest, Reimagine, Reignite". This is a grassroot campaign that aims to re-energize efforts at all levels, from global policy to community action, to accelerate progress towards malaria elimination.

World Malaria Day History

World Malaria Day was first celebrated internationally in 2008, building upon the earlier "Africa Malaria Day", which had been observed b African countries since 2001. The date, April 25, was established by WHO in 2007 during the World Health Assembly. In 2007, it was the 60th session of the World Health Assembly where the proposal to rename Africa Malaria Day to World Malaria Day was made to acknowledge the global presence of malaria.

World Malaria Day Significance

The day has a strong significance in healthcare as it brings attention to the disease that still continues to take so many lives, especially in low-income and tropical regions. It also serves as an important reminder to continue spreading awareness about the disease as well as promoting its prevention, treatment and continuous international cooperation to fight against it.

What Is Malaria?

The WHO describes malaria as a life-threatening disease spread to humans by some types of mosquitoes, mostly found in tropical countries. However, they are preventable and curable.

WHO notes: "Malaria is spread to people through the bites of some infected anopheles mosquitoes. Blood transfusion and contaminated needles may also transmit malaria. The first symptoms may be mild, similar to many febrile illnesses, and difficult to recognize as malaria. Left untreated, P. falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness and death within 24 hours.

There are 5 Plasmodium parasite species that cause malaria in humans, and 2 of these species – P. falciparum and P. vivax – pose the greatest threat. P. falciparum is the deadliest malaria parasite and the most prevalent on the African continent. P. vivax is the dominant malaria parasite in most countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The other malaria species which can infect humans are P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi."

What Are The Symptoms?

The early symptoms are fever, headache and chills, which can usually start within 10 to 15 days of getting bitten by an infected mosquito.

Some types of malaria can cause severe illness and death. Infants, children under 5 years, pregnant women, travellers and people with HIV or AIDS are at higher risk. Severe symptoms include:

• extreme tiredness and fatigue
• impaired consciousness
• multiple convulsions
• difficulty breathing
• dark or bloody urine
• jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin)
• abnormal bleeding