The Texas House of Representatives has passed House Bill 25, permitting the over-the-counter sale of ivermectin, a medication that has been used for decades to treat parasitic illnesses. The bill passed Wednesday after almost three hours of discussion, on an 87-47 vote and one member who was present but not voting. If the bill passes the Senate, Texans would be able to buy ivermectin from pharmacists directly, as with other drugs such as Sudafed.

Ivermectin, which was first discovered in the 1970s by Japanese microbiologist Satoshi Ōmura, has been a reliable cure for parasitic diseases like river blindness, scabies, lice, and strongyloidiasis. Its impact on global health earned Ōmura and collaborator William Campbell the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The medication targets parasites by paralyzing and destroying them and disrupting their nerve and muscle functions.

Despite its long-standing medical credibility, ivermectin became a contentious topic during the COVID-19 pandemic. Early laboratory studies suggested antiviral activity, prompting some to tout it as a COVID-19 treatment. Subsequent research, however, failed to show meaningful benefits for patients, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has repeatedly emphasized that ivermectin is not authorized or approved to treat COVID-19. The FDA warns that abuse, especially with the veterinary form, can result in serious side effects such as seizures and coma.

Rep. Joanne Shofner, a Nacogdoches Republican, wrote the bill, which has been identified as a priority for Governor Greg Abbott and House Speaker Dustin Burrows during the Legislature's second special session. Texas would join Arkansas, Idaho, Louisiana, and Tennessee as the fifth state to allow the sale of ivermectin without a prescription. Supporters point to "medical freedom" as a driving factor, saying patients deserve the ability to use treatments they think can help them, especially when vaccines or conventional therapy are rejected or considered inadequate.

The passage of the bill is part of a larger movement of alternative medicine activists, fueled by social media sites that have promoted ivermectin for a host of off-label applications, from COVID-19 to cancer care.

Why Is Ivermectin So Popular?

Though the FDA-approved applications of ivermectin still only include parasitic diseases, it persists in showing up in alternative medicine forums. It turned into an icon of skepticism surrounding traditional medicine in the time of the pandemic, spurring demand long after vaccines had been found. In the present day, ivermectin is being researched for use in cancer, though evidence is currently narrow and inconclusive.

During the 2025 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting, preliminary trials testing ivermectin combined with immunotherapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer were inconclusive: six of eight patients had disease progression, one showed partial response, and one had stable disease. Oncologists warn that promising laboratory results do not yet constitute clinican evidence for ivermectin in fighting cancer.

What Are The Safety and Regulatory Concerns of Ivermectin Drug?

The FDA emphasizes that ivermectin is safe when taken as prescribed for parasitic diseases, but inappropriately or in error, it can be hazardous. Veterinary products, usually in greatly higher concentrations, are quite hazardous to humans. Opponents caution that the sale of ivermectin over the counter may lead to self-medication, with resulting adverse events.

Further, public health practitioners observe that although OTC access would be attractive to individuals who desire control of medical choices, it would complicate pharmacist counseling and regulatory control. Patients would not necessarily know proper dosing, interactions with other drugs, or the hazard of off-label use.

The Texas debate brings attention to persistent tensions between patient autonomy and medical authority. Supporters of OTC access posit that adults must be capable of making intelligent decisions, pointing to past safety in parasitic disease treatment. Opponents suggest wider availability would worsen misinformation about COVID-19 and cancer claims.

Social media has raised the level of interest in ivermectin, frequently citing cherry-picked studies or anecdotal experience as proof of efficacy. This pattern reflects a larger challenge for public health: the tension between patient autonomy and evidence-based recommendations.

House Bill 25 now heads to the Texas Senate, where it will be determined. If passed, Texans could soon have simpler access to a drug with a complicated past adulated for its Nobel Prize-winning use as an anti-parasitic but contested for its unproven uses in viral infections and cancer.

Experts note that although ivermectin does have valid medical applications, it is not a panacea. Those looking to use it for off-label purposes should see qualified healthcare professionals in an effort to reduce risk.

Texas' possible shift towards over-the-counter sales of ivermectin points to a wider cultural and medical discussion: the interplay of individual choice, scientific evidence, and public safety. As ivermectin is an important agent against parasitic disease, its greater availability sparks concerns about prudent use, public health education, and the place of evidence in shaping medical practice.

This battle is hardly over, but Texans and Americans generally are paying close attention as politicians work out the balance between independence, control, and science.

New Zealand has stepped up surveillance after the first detection of a dengue and Zika-carrying mosquito larvae in the country.

The larval species was confirmed as 'Aedes aegypti' — known to carry diseases including dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya, across the globe.

As New Zealand does not normally have the mosquito species, the larvae detected were counted as "exotic".

The mosquito species did not cause any outbreak, but were spotted during a routine surveillance program in Auckland.

"The National Public Health Service has commenced a heightened surveillance and interception programme following mosquito larvae being collected from a routine surveillance trap at Queens Wharf, Auckland, on Monday 30 March," Health New Zealand said in a statement.

Health New Zealand reported that exotic species were occasionally found at ports and airports.

Not A Public Threat Yet

The health body noted that the larvae were not considered a public health or biosecurity threat yet because there was no indication they had become established.

But the agency aimed to continue "intensive monitoring for at least three weeks".

"The monitoring would take place within a 400m radius of the site where the larvae were identified. Health Protection Officers would place mosquito traps in the survey area," the statement said.

"These have been hidden away from plain sight so they are not disturbed, for example, in old tyres, bushes, or pools of water. We ask members of the public to avoid touching or disturbing these traps if they find them, as it may disrupt our monitoring and trapping efforts," medical officer of health Dr David Sinclair said.

Sinclair said New Zealanders were most at risk from diseases transmitted by mosquitoes when travelling overseas, including to Pacific Island countries and territories where dengue fever was known to be present.

Dengue Surging In 17 Countries

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently issued a travel alert of dengue outbreaks across 17 countries.

The CDC alert issued on March 23 identified 17 countries reporting an increased number of cases of dengue. These include: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Colombia, Cook Islands, Cuba, Guyana, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, New Caledonia, Pakistan, Samoa, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Vietnam, and the United States territories of American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands, where local transmission is already common.

Also read: Long-term Exposure To Air Pollution Increases Fatality Rates In Dengue: Study

What Is Dengue?

Dengue is a disease caused by a virus spread through mosquito bites. It is transmitted through infected mosquitoes, primarily the species Aedes aegypti.

The breakbone fever is caused by an infection with any of four different dengue viruses. These include:

• Dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1 or DEN-1)

• Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2 or DEN-2)

• Dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3 or DEN-3)

• Dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4 or DEN-4)

Also read: New dengue vaccine over 80% effective, prevents severe disease for up to 5 years

Common Symptoms of dengue include:

• Sudden onset of high-grade fever.

• Intense headache

• Severe muscle, joint, or bone pain.

• Skin Rash that often appears 2–5 days after the fever starts

• Nausea and Vomiting

• Minor bleeding

• Fatigue.

The COVID Cicada variant, currently circulating in 23 countries, is likely to affect children more than the previous variants.

Children have largely escaped severe illness from the SARS-COV-2 virus.

However, the new Cicada variant with around 75 genetic changes in its spike protein is likely to disproportionately affect children, as per an expert, who noted its presence in the UK.

“Some people have done analysis on this, suggesting it may be more prevalent among young children. Children get infections all the time, but this might be something to do with the fact that they have never been exposed to Covid vaccines," Prof Ravindra Gupta, of Cambridge University, who advised the UK government during the pandemic, was quoted as saying to The Mirror.

“So this is something we’re looking at in the lab to try and work out why. The problem with this is that it is an infection that spreads fast. Eventually, it ends up in someone vulnerable," he added.

Key Symptoms

Symptoms seem to be similar to those of other recent variants and include

• sore throat,
• cough,
• congestion,
• fatigue,
• headache
• fever.

Also read: Cicada Variant: Will The Current COVID Vaccine Provide Protection?

What Do The 75 Genetic Changes Mean?

Cicada, a descendant of the Omicron variant that emerged in 2021, was first detected in South Africa in 2024. However, it disappeared soon after, only to emerge early this year.

Prof Gupta told the publication that “the Cicada variant developed the 75 mutations to escape immunity, and it evolved by incubating a single patient for over a year”.

"This 'patient zero' would have been unable to clear the virus due to a compromised immune system," due to HIV or anti-cancer drugs.

Further, he explained that due to 75 mutations to the spike protein, the body’s antibodies will take a longer time to fight the Cicada variant.

However, there is no evidence yet that it is likely to cause more severe disease.

Will The Cicada Variant Cause Severe Illness?

The Cicada variant is particularly concerning as it provides no immune protection to people with previous infection or even vaccination.

Yet, the World Health Organization and health experts advise that existing COVID vaccinations can help prevent severe illness and hospitalization.

"It would appear that all the protections we have from our experience with the virus and with vaccines probably offer more limited—not zero—but more limited protection against this strain," Dr. William Schaffner, professor of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, was quoted as saying by Time.

Also read: COVID Variant BA.3.2 Spreads To 23 Countries: Is The Variant Under Monitoring A Cause Of Worry?

How To Safeguard

Dr. Sai Balasubramanian, a doctor and healthcare strategy executive, writing in Forbes, stressed the need to follow COVID practices such as masks and hand hygiene.

"Healthcare professionals recommend taking general precautions, similar to those used to prevent most viral transmission: get vaccinations when appropriate, wear masks in crowded areas or indoors where there is a high risk of transmission," he said.

He also urged “avoid individuals who have known illness or infections, wash hands frequently, and continue to stay apprised of local community guidelines and the infection spread”.

GLP-1 drugs are powerful tools that can improve health, but it comes with risks and caveats. While these are medical therapies, they are being misused as cosmetic products by cosmetologists, physiotherapists, dermatologists, among others.

To curb its misuse and improve public health, the Indian government today issued guidelines on its use, while also flagging risks around it.

In an official statement issued today, the government has stated that it will roll out stricter inspections to curb the misuse of GLP-1 drugs in the country and will punish those who violate the rules.

“GLP-1 drugs are a significant medical breakthrough in treating type 2 diabetes and obesity, but they are not without risk. The drugs carry a wide range of side effects - from common symptoms like nausea and vomiting to severe complications including pancreatitis, kidney injury, and bowel obstruction. These risks make it essential that GLP-1 drugs are only taken under the supervision of registered medical practitioners/specialists,” the statement said.

In the wake of its hype over weight loss, the country's regulatory authorities have taken firm steps to prevent unsupervised use and malpractices in the supply chain.

It has “strongly advised” patients and the public to” consult a qualified medical specialist before use, and to obtain these medications with prescription only through legitimate, regulated channels”.

“Stricter inspections and surveillance will continue in the coming weeks. Businesses that break the rules will face license cancellation, fines, and legal action,” the statement said.

Also read: GLP-1 Drugs: Why India Needs Stricter Rules Now

What Are The Side-effects Of GLP-1 Drugs?

GLP-1 drugs work to keep food in the digestive system for longer – making people feel fuller for longer, thus reducing appetite and inducing weight loss. Hence, the drugs are also prescribed to people with obesity.

However, when done without clinical oversight, it can lead to severe health complications.

There are various side effects to taking GLP-1 drugs, including nausea and dizziness, to pancreatitis and medullary thyroid cancer.

Some serious side effects include

• Pancreatis
• Thyroid Cancer
• Acute (Sudden) Kidney Injury
• Worsening Diabetes-Related Retinopathy
• Gallstone & Bile Duct Blockage
• Rapid loss of fat in the face
• Wrinkles
• Sunken eyes

GLP-1 medications may also complicate various health conditions, such as allergic reactions, with shortness of breath and low blood sugar.

Rush For Generic Weight Loss Drugs

The government's advisory comes as patent for semaglutide -- an active ingredient in diabetes and anti-obesity drugs, specifically Wegovy and Ozempic -- expired on March 20.

This has led to a rush among Indian pharma companies to launch cheaper generic versions, significantly increasing affordability and access for millions battling Type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Also read: CDSCO threatens action against pharma companies for promoting GLP-1 weight-loss drugs

Major Indian drugmakers who launched their generic semglutide injection in the country in March include Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Zydus Lifesciences, Alkem Laboratories, and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories.

WHO Guidelines on GLP-1 drugs

Amid the increasing prevalence of GLP-1 drugs, the World Health Organisation (WHO), late last year, acknowledged its role in treating obesity.

However, it warned that medications like GLP-1 alone will not solve the problem affecting more than one billion people worldwide.

The global health body also issued conditional recommendations for using these therapies as part of a comprehensive approach that includes healthy diets, regular physical activity, and support from health professionals.