As a part of World Immunization Week, which is observed from April 24 to 30, to promote the life-saving power of immunization, notes the World Health Organization (WHO), India has launched a week-long campaign to vaccinate 100% of children against measles and rubella. This is a move described as crucial to country's goal of eliminating the two viral diseases by 2026, noted Union Health Minister JP Nadda.

As per WHO, this week aims to promote the power of immunization to protect people of all ages against vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines are one of humanity's greatest achievements, notes WHO. Since 1974, they have saved 150 million lives.

As per India's aim, Nadda suggests that health workers must not only ensure complete vaccination overage, but also remain vigilant through robust disease surveillance. “Measles is very contagious. Even a single case must be treated as a warning signal. We have to cover immunity gaps and ensure no child is left behind,” he said.

As per WHO, India has reported 4,388 cases of measles and 527 cases of rubella so fat this year.

What Are Measles And Rubella?

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection marked by symptoms such as high fever, rash, cough, red eyes, muscle pain, and headache. Though often seen as a childhood illness, measles can lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, brain swelling (encephalitis), and even death, particularly in malnourished children and those with weakened immune systems.

Rubella, caused by a different virus, typically results in milder symptoms in children and adults. However, it poses a grave risk to pregnant women. Infection during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) — a condition leading to serious birth defects like heart problems, deafness, and developmental delays. According to WHO, rubella control is essential for reducing infant mortality and morbidity.

History of Measles and Rubella Vaccination In India

India has a long battle with measles, which had accounted for a significant portion of global measle deaths. In order to tackle this, the country introduced measles vaccination in 1985, under the Universal Immunisation Programme. However, rubella vaccination lagged behind until the Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccination campaign was launched in 2017.

This massive drive aimed to immunize 410 million children between 9 months and 15 years of age, marking one of the largest vaccination campaigns in the world, according to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Post-campaign, the MR vaccine was incorporated into India’s routine immunization schedule, with two doses given between 9–12 months and 16–24 months of age.

Since measles and rubella are both highly contagious, health authorities say that achieving very high vaccination coverage — over 95% — is critical for creating herd immunity and stopping outbreaks.

Is India Close To Its Goal?

Health Ministry data shows promising progress: in 2024–25, 93.7% of children received the first MR vaccine dose, while 92.2% received the second. However, to achieve disease elimination, India needs to push these numbers above 95% consistently across all regions.

Highlighting the importance of full coverage, Nadda called upon public representatives to actively support the campaign and spread awareness, particularly in hard-to-reach areas.

Despite progress, India faced a significant measles outbreak in 2023. The country was among 57 globally that saw major outbreaks after routine immunization services were disrupted during the Covid-19 pandemic. In 2023 alone, India reported 68,794 cases of measles and 2,930 cases of rubella.

Responding to the surge, the government intensified supplementary immunization activities, targeting areas where outbreaks occurred. The impact is visible: measles cases dropped by 73% and rubella by 17% in 2024 compared to the previous year.

With sustained efforts, India is now on a strong path towards achieving measles and rubella elimination by 2026.

Note: The data is taken from World Health Organization and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

Fatty liver disease, now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), happens when extra fat builds up in liver cells without alcohol being the cause. Normally, the liver contains some fat, but if more than 5–10% of the liver’s weight is fat, it is considered a fatty liver. In its advanced stage, MASLD can develop into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), causing swelling and serious damage to the liver. Alarmingly, MASLD affects about 100 million people in the United States, including a growing number of children.

The disease often develops silently. Many people do not experience symptoms early on, but if it worsens, signs like fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, swelling, and even mental confusion may occur. Risk factors include obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, rapid weight loss, poor eating habits, and certain medications.

A Breakthrough in Early Prediction

A new study offers hope for earlier detection. Researchers, led by Dr. Shiyi Yu from Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital in China, have developed a blood test that looks for five specific plasma proteins to predict MASLD years before symptoms show up. The findings are set to be presented at the Digestive Diseases Week meeting in San Diego.

The test was shown to be 84% accurate at predicting fatty liver disease five years in advance and 76% accurate at predicting it 16 years ahead of diagnosis. When additional factors like body mass index (BMI) and daily exercise habits were added, the prediction accuracy improved even more—over 90% at five years and 82% at 16 years.

This model was tested on two different groups—participants from the UK Biobank (over 50,000 people) and a separate group in China—showing promising results across diverse populations.

Why Early Detection Matters

Fatty liver disease not only damages the liver but also increases the risk of early death—primarily from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) rather than liver failure itself. The connection between MASLD and heart disease is strong, as both share causes like high blood sugar, high triglycerides, and obesity. That is why early diagnosis is crucial—not just to protect the liver, but also to manage the risk of heart disease.

Early identification through a simple blood test could lead to earlier lifestyle changes, medical monitoring, and interventions that can prevent serious complications like cirrhosis or heart attacks.

What You Can Do

Currently, there is no approved medication for MASLD. Treatment mainly involves:

• Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise
• Controlling diabetes and cholesterol levels
• Avoiding alcohol
• Following medical advice if already diagnosed

Preventive steps include eating a balanced diet rich in lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy oils, being physically active, and avoiding unnecessary medications.

Although the findings are considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal, this research marks a major advancement. It shows that a simple blood test could soon help millions of people know their risk decades in advance, giving them a chance to change the course of the disease before it's too late.

As the United States experiences the worst measles outbreak in over a decade with nearly 900 reported cases across 29 states, including deaths of two children, public understanding of the disease and its prevention strategy have been highly misunderstood due to political divide. The outbreak began in West Texas and has now spread widely. This highlights not only the persistent threat of measles but also the growing influence of vaccine misinformation, which have been fueled by political figures.

Why Is There A Resurgence of Preventable Diseases?

Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, had been largely controlled in the U.S. thanks to the widespread use of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. However, gaps in vaccination coverage have led to a resurgence. The current outbreak, centered in Texas but extending to almost 30 states, has alarmed public health officials. Two young girls who were otherwise healthy have died as a result of measles complications.

The disease is known for its rapid transmission. A single case can lead to significant spread if vaccination rates in a community fall below the 95% threshold needed for herd immunity. Children are particularly vulnerable; although the first dose of the MMR vaccine is typically administered at 12 months, increased parental concern has led some to seek earlier vaccination during the outbreak.

The Politics Of Vaccine

As per a new survey by KKF, a nonprofit health information group, only one-third of Republican-leaning parents were aware of the current measles outbreak. This was in comparison with the two-thirds of aware Democratic parents. The survey also found and 1 in 5 Republicans believes that measles vaccine is more dangerous than the diseases itself, this is double the rate of Democrats.

These gaps in perception are not new but are deepening. About 35% of Republicans surveyed believe the discredited theory that the MMR vaccine is linked to autism—a belief held by just 10% of Democrats. While belief in this theory has not increased significantly, public awareness of the claim has grown, reflecting the impact of persistent misinformation.

Adding to the confusion is Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who has long been associated with anti-vaccine rhetoric. Since taking office, he has supported an investigation into environmental contributors to autism and has floated unproven theories, such as vitamin A being a preventative measure against measles. These statements, while not outright opposing vaccines, muddy public understanding and can discourage immunization.

At a time when clear public health messaging is critical, conflicting remarks from top officials are exacerbating distrust. Advocacy organizations like Immunize.org and The Immunization Partnership warn that such mixed messaging, especially when it originates from high-ranking leaders, undermines public confidence in vaccines.

In southern states like Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, anti-vaccine activism has gained traction within state legislatures. Studies show that even lawmakers with medical backgrounds have not always supported public health measures, often influenced by political considerations and public pressure. Testimony from vaccine opponents at legislative hearings further amplifies misinformation, making it more difficult for facts to gain traction.

Meanwhile, healthcare providers are seeing the consequences firsthand. In California, where a 2014–15 outbreak began at Disneyland, pediatricians have treated severely ill children and taken stricter stances on accepting unvaccinated patients. These outbreaks serve as a stark reminder that the threat of measles is real and recurring.

Every year in April, IBS Awareness Month puts the spotlight on one of the world's most misunderstood and elusive gastrointestinal disorders—Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Affecting about 10% of the world's population, IBS has puzzled physicians and researchers for years. Though its chronic and interruptive symptoms—abdominal pain and bloating on one end, constipation and diarrhea on the other—there remains no agreement on what actually triggers it. A new, daring theory is disrupting conventional wisdom by posing an unusual question- Is gravity the hidden culprit behind IBS?

Dr. Brennan Spiegel, a Cedars-Sinai Medical Center physician and researcher in Los Angeles, is leading the way to a new perspective on IBS—one that looks at the constant pull of gravity on our bodies. In the American Journal of Gastroenterology, Spiegel's theory is that IBS could be the body's failure to successfully deal with gravity.

It's an interesting concept. "We spend our whole life in gravity, are formed by it, but barely appreciate its constant effect on our body," Spiegel explained in an interview. "Each strand of our body is touched by gravity every day, from the top of our head to our gastrointestinal tract."

From a scientific perspective, this hypothesis borrows from evolutionary biology and neurophysiology. The human body over millennia has evolved complex systems—musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, neurological—to deal with the downward pull of gravity. When these systems fail, Spiegel argues, they can initiate not only gastrointestinal symptoms but also a cascade of other complaints—muscle pain, fatigue, changed mood, and more.

What is the Gut-Brain Axis and the Roller Coaster Effect?

At its core is the connection between the gut and the brain—a widely documented characteristic of IBS. Individuals with IBS tend to experience a knotted stomach upon stress or a sensation of "butterflies" in stressful situations. Such gut feeling, as Spiegel speculates, may be attributed to the nervous system's adaptation to threats from gravity, such as the free-falling experience on a roller coaster.

"Our nervous system has mechanisms for perceiving and reacting to changes in gravity," he added. "When it flakes out or overcompensates, it may show up as IBS symptoms." This is related to another fascinating twist: the difference between individuals' reactions to gravitational stress. There are those who love roller coasters; others get nauseated or frantic—implying a continuum of what Spiegel refers to as G-force vigilance.

This might explain why IBS tends to overlap with disorders such as anxiety, depression, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome—all of which could potentially have an underlying sensitivity to gravitational stress.

Link Between IBS and Gravity

Spiegel's theory also explores deeper into anatomy. The abdominal cavity houses heavy organs that need to be "suspended" effectively. Genetic predispositions—lax connective tissues, a weak diaphragm, or spinal misalignments in some—may lead to sagging or movement of organs, including the intestines. The downward movement could affect motility, lead to cramping, and result in bacterial overgrowth—all prevalent in IBS.

In addition, the hypothesis delves into serotonin's role. This mood-regulating neurotransmitter also facilitates balance, blood circulation, and the movement of intestinal contents. "Dysregulated serotonin," Spiegel explains, "could actually be a type of gravity failure," which may connect depression, IBS, and even dizziness in a common physiological cycle.

What It Means for Treatment and Prevention

If confirmed, the gravity hypothesis has the potential to transform how we conceptualize—and treat—IBS. "The beauty of it is that it's testable," said Dr. Shelly Lu, director of the Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases at Cedars-Sinai. Unlike so many vague IBS theories, this one invites us to the possibility of targeted interventions.

This hypothesis can also assist us in better comprehending the reason why exercise, posture correction, core strengthening, and physical therapy work for most IBS sufferers. By fortifying the structural support system of the body, these strategies might decrease gravity's effect on the gut.

Symptoms, Triggers, and the IBS Daily Struggle

IBS is an individualized disease. Symptoms range widely and may include:

• Abdominal bloating, pain, and cramping related to bowel movements
• Alterations in stool appearance or frequency
• A feeling of not fully emptying the bowels, gas, and mucus in stool

Its triggers are also multifactorial. Stress and some foods—dairy, citrus, beans, wheat, and carbonated beverages—may exacerbate symptoms. Although food intolerances are not the cause in every case, many individuals find significant symptom relief through diet, such as a low FODMAP diet.

IBS isn't only an intestinal affliction—it can also blow a person's life off track. Chronic patients usually suffer from complications such as hemorrhoids due to constant diarrhea or constipation, and generally decreased quality of life. Research indicates that individuals with moderate to severe IBS experience three times more work absences compared to others. The psychological price is high too—aún and depression often accompany one another in IBS, one worsening the other.

Could this be the long-lost piece to a hundred-year-old puzzle? Maybe. Although further research is necessary to establish the gravity connection, the theory is already creating new avenues for comprehension and healing.

If you have ongoing digestive problems, see a healthcare provider. IBS is a treatable condition, and treatment options can involve medication, counseling, physical therapy, or dietary changes depending on your individual symptoms.