Stress is an unavoidable part of life, and while it often carries a negative connotation, it is actually a fundamental survival mechanism. When faced with a perceived threat, whether physical or emotional, the body instinctively reacts to protect itself. This automatic response is commonly known as the "fight, flight, or freeze" response. While it serves an essential function in dangerous situations, chronic activation of this response due to daily stressors can have significant consequences for mental and physical health.

The body’s response to stress is rooted in human evolution. When our ancestors encountered a predator, their nervous systems immediately prepared them to either confront the threat (fight), escape to safety (flight), or become still and unnoticed (freeze). While modern-day stressors may not include wild animals, our nervous system reacts similarly to job pressures, financial worries, or social conflicts.

According to the Cleveland Clinic, stress is the body's response to change, activating a physiological reaction that helps us adapt and protect ourselves. While short-term stress can be beneficial, prolonged exposure can lead to an overactive stress response, negatively impacting overall well-being.

The Three Stress Responses: Fight, Flight, and Freeze

1. Fight

The fight response prepares the body for direct action. When triggered, the nervous system releases adrenaline, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. While this reaction once helped early humans fend off predators, today it manifests as irritability, frustration, or aggression.

For instance, the employee who has experienced too much workload may work extremely long hours just to succeed. In short term, the action may produce good results but mostly ends in burnout, anxiety, and physical illness, for example, tension headache or digestion problems.

2. Fight

The flight response triggers an intense need to remove oneself from a stressful situation. Just as our ancestors would flee from danger, modern individuals may avoid conflict, quit jobs impulsively, or detach from relationships when overwhelmed.

Flight mode is linked with restlessness and anxiety. Individuals may have a sense of needing to get up and go-pacing, changing environments constantly, or avoiding tasks that seem too overwhelming. Someone with a flight response might have the desire to change jobs constantly, relocate constantly, or become reclusive in order to avoid perceived dangers.

3. Freeze

The freeze response occurs when the nervous system perceives a threat as too overwhelming to fight or flee. Rather than taking action, individuals shut down, feeling numb, disconnected, or paralyzed by fear.

Unlike fight or flight, which involve heightened activation, freeze mode slows down physiological functions. A person experiencing freeze mode may feel physically unable to move, struggle to make decisions, or find themselves dissociating from their emotions. This can manifest in situations such as public speaking anxiety, where someone might "blank out" or feel stuck in the moment.

What Happens in the Body During A Stressful Event?

When faced with a stressor, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activates, triggering physiological changes, including:

• Increased heart rate and breathing: The body pumps more oxygen to muscles and the brain in case action is needed.
• Muscle tension: The body prepares for movement, sometimes causing trembling or stiffness.
• Dilated pupils: Vision sharpens to detect potential threats.
• Dry mouth: Saliva production decreases as the body redirects energy to essential functions.
• Changes in skin tone: Blood flow is directed to vital organs, sometimes making the skin appear pale or flushed.

For those experiencing the freeze response, the body undergoes a different reaction, often reducing heart rate and causing physical immobility rather than heightened activation.

Strategies for Coping and Managing the Stress Response

While the stress response is necessary for survival, frequent activation due to daily stressors can take a toll on health. Recognizing your default response—whether fight, flight, or freeze—can help in developing effective coping mechanisms.

1. Moving to a Safe Space

If possible, changing your environment can help signal to your brain that the threat has passed. Stepping outside for fresh air, finding a quiet place, or distancing yourself from overwhelming stimuli can help regulate emotions.

2. Practicing Controlled Breathing

Deep, slow breathing can be used to counteract the stress response by engaging the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes relaxation. Techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing or the 4-7-8 method (inhale for four seconds, hold for seven, exhale for eight) can be particularly effective in calming the body.

3. Engaging in Physical Activity

This helps release pent-up energy and aids in the endorphin cascade, natural boosters for our mood.

4. Seeking Social Support

Relieving oneself from stress can come in many ways, but sharing it with trusted friends, a family member, or a good therapist will sure give that psychological boost of hope. Social support is an especially effective way of cushioning people against the stressors that they are subjected to in chronic forms.

When to Seek Professional Help

While occasional stress is normal, chronic activation of the fight, flight, or freeze response can indicate underlying mental health concerns, such as anxiety disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If stress is affecting daily life—leading to sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, or persistent feelings of fear—it may be time to consult a mental health professional.

Children in Great Britain with serious mental health conditions are two-thirds more likely to have a limited ability to work in adulthood, according to research from a leading think tank. The report by researchers at the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) looked at data from about 6,000 people who took part in the 1970 British Cohort Study, which is following the lives of individuals born in a single week in 1970 across Great Britain.

The analysis found that people who had severe mental and behavioural issues as a child were 85% more likely to have symptoms of depression at the age of 51, and 68% more likely to have a long-term condition that affects their ability to work. Children with a physical health problem were 38% more likely to have limited capacity for work in later life, according to the analysis.

The government has pledged to “raise the healthiest generation of children in our history”. Labour has committed to introducing a targeted national dental hygiene programme, cutting paediatric waiting times with 2m more operations, and setting a 9pm watershed for junk food advertising.

The IPPR recommended the government safeguard spending on children and preventive spending in the NHS and other public services, and expand the role of the children’s commissioner.

In January, the Guardian reported that the number of children referred to emergency mental healthcare in England had risen by 10% in a year, with lengthy waiting lists for regular NHS care pushing more to crisis point.

Previous research by the IPPR estimated that the hidden cost of rising workplace sickness in the UK had passed £100bn a year, with employees now losing the equivalent of 44 days of productivity because of working through sickness, up from 35 days in 2018.

Amy Gandon, an associate fellow at the thinktank and a former senior government official on children’s health, said: “Successive governments have failed to face up to the long-term consequences of poor child health. If this government is serious about building a preventative state, it must act decisively to improve the prospects of our children and young people.

“What’s more, the dividends from doing so need not be decades away; the right action now, for example, for those joining the workforce within a few years, can deliver better health, opportunity and growth within this parliament.”

Dr Jamie O’Halloran, a senior research fellow at the IPPR, said: “The earlier we address both physical and mental health challenges for children, the more likely we can prevent costly health conditions and worklessness later in life. This is not just a matter of improving individual lives, but also of alleviating long-term pressures on the state.”

A Department of Health and Social Care spokesperson said: “As this report demonstrates, prevention is better than cure. That’s why this week, we expanded access to mental health teams in schools to almost an extra million children.

"We are investing an extra £680 million for mental health services, recruiting 8,500 extra mental health workers, and delivering an extra 345,000 talking therapies. Through our Plan for Change, we will tackle the mental health crisis and give every child a healthy start to life."

We all hear a lot of things about what causes miscarriages and what doesn't. And much of the information available is confusing at best and harmful at worst. In fact, it's estimated that as many as 26% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, with the likelihood increasing with advancing age.

"Much misinformation is shared among women or passed down from older generations," says Jonathan Schaffir, MD, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at Ohio State University College of Medicine.

According to Dr. Ankita Chandna, Director of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi several medical factors can lead to miscarriage. “Chromosomal abnormalities, maternal diseases, and certain infections are significant causes,” she explains. She adds that an abnormal number of chromosomes during fertilization can prevent the embryo from developing properly, leading to pregnancy loss. Additionally, maternal age plays a critical role, with the risk rising from 1 in 5 pregnancies by age 30 to 1 in 2 by age 40.

Dr. Chandna also emphasizes the importance of identifying blood clotting disorders, which can disrupt placental circulation, leading to early or late miscarriages. Conditions such as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), thrombophilia, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are common culprits. "Blood clotting disorders are causes of both early and late miscarriages and can also lead to recurrent losses," she notes.

Other potential causes include cervical insufficiency, developmental issues in the fetus, fibroids, hormonal imbalances, lifestyle factors such as smoking and excessive caffeine intake, and multiple pregnancies. Dr. Chandna also points out that placental abnormalities and certain uterine shapes, like a heart-shaped or septate uterus, can heighten the risk of miscarriage.

What Doesn't Cause A Miscarriage?

There are many reasons that can lead to a miscarriage, but several myths continue to circulate, causing unnecessary stress and guilt. Here are four things that do not cause miscarriages, according to experts.

Moderate Exercise: Exercising or picking up a reasonably heavy object, such as a grocery bag or a toddler, is unlikely to cause a miscarriage. In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) states that exercise during pregnancy, with a doctor’s approval, can be beneficial.

Abortion: While some studies suggest a slightly increased risk of miscarriage in people who had previously terminated a pregnancy, the evidence overwhelmingly indicates that elective abortion is safe and not linked to future pregnancy loss.

A large study published in The New England Journal of Medicine found that elective medical abortion was not associated with an increased risk of subsequent miscarriage. However, any increased risk appears to be limited to those who experienced complications like severe infection or uterine scarring after a surgical abortion.

Everyday Stress: While some studies on stress and miscarriage are conflicting, everyday tension or anxiety—like tight deadlines at work or worries about labor—have not been conclusively linked to pregnancy loss. According to Dr. Schaffir, even extreme stress, such as the death of a loved one, is not strongly associated with miscarriage.

Foods Themselves: Foods don't cause miscarriages directly, but certain foods carry higher risks of food-borne illnesses like listeriosis, which have been linked to pregnancy complications. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that pregnant people avoid raw meat and fish, unpasteurized cheeses, and deli meat due to the risk of food poisoning from bacteria like Listeria, Salmonella, and E. coli.

Dr. Chandna also highlights that eating a balanced diet, maintaining good hydration, and practicing relaxation techniques like yoga and meditation are essential in reducing stress and promoting overall health during pregnancy. “Routine antenatal visits, proper sleep, and following the doctor’s advice on safe medications are crucial,” she advises.

Sex During Pregnancy

Generally, all kinds of sex and sexual acts, including the use of sex toys, are considered safe during pregnancy. The fetus is protected by amniotic fluid and the strong muscles of the uterine walls. However, if the pregnancy is high-risk, or if there are concerns about pre-term labor or other complications, it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider.

Understanding what truly causes and doesn't cause miscarriages can help dispel misconceptions and alleviate unnecessary stress for those navigating the challenges of pregnancy.

We have all heard the phrase ‘I have a gut feeling’ or ‘gut-wrenching’ experience and other variations of gut and our feelings. However, are they just phrases or do they hold some truth to them. There have been many studies that show how your mental health affects your gut and vice versa.

People have expressed how when they are scared or angry or anxious they often experience an upset stomach with other people also experiencing some sort of sudden reaction with heightened feelings whether it is a lurch or a sudden ‘drop’.

So, if these things affect your gut, then can helping your gut make you feel better? A new study shows that a happy gut could mean a happy you.

A recent study published in the npj Mental Health Research found that people who took probiotic supplements, which contain live microorganisms, reported feeling better emotionally over a month. Interestingly, these probiotics didn't seem to change people's overall mood as measured by standard psychological questionnaires.

The study explained that "negative feelings" can mean different things to different people. She believes this finding is significant because it suggests probiotics might help with whatever an individual interprets as a negative emotion, whether it's anxiety, sadness, or tiredness.

What Are Probiotics?

The types of microbes that thrive in our gut are largely determined by the food we eat and what those microbes do because of this, companies and researchers have developed probiotic supplements containing specific strains of live microorganisms. The goal is to see if these supplements can improve health. Probiotics, usually sold in capsules or pills, are defined as live microorganisms that provide a health benefit when consumed in adequate amounts. These beneficial microbes are also naturally present in some fermented foods like yogurt.

How Do Probiotics Directly Affect Your Mood?

The study involved 88 healthy individuals. For one month, half of the participants took a daily probiotic supplement, while the other half took a placebo (a dummy pill with no active ingredients). The probiotic used was a mix of nine different bacteria strains found in the Ecologic Barrier mixture from a Dutch company. Participants mixed a sachet of these bacteria with lukewarm water each day.

At the beginning and end of the study, everyone completed ten different questionnaires about their emotions and how they processed them, as well as one about any bowel issues. Participants also rated how positive or negative they felt each day on a scale and provided stool samples.

The results showed that both the placebo group and the probiotic group:

• Scored similarly on the mood questionnaires.
• Reported similar levels of good mood each day.

However, the group that took probiotics said their negative mood went down after just two weeks. This difference between daily feelings and the questionnaires suggests we might need better ways to measure mood changes.

How the Gut And Brain is Connected?

Harvard Health Publishing explains that our gut and our brain are closely linked, so much so that how we feel emotionally can directly affect our stomach and intestines, and problems in our gut can also send signals to our brain, influencing our mood. Think about how stress can give you "butterflies" or how worry can make you feel sick to your stomach – these common feelings show this strong connection because of this, when our gut is upset for no clear physical reason, it's important to consider how our stress and emotions might be playing a role, as our mental state can actually change how our digestive system works and how sensitive we are to pain in our gut.