Asthma, also called bronchial asthma, is a condition that affects your lungs. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines it as a chronic health condition involving muscle tightening and inflammation around the air passageways. Since it is a chronic condition, asthma does not go away with time and needs ongoing medical management. Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.

Dr Sandeep Nair, Principal Director and HOD - Chest and Respiratory Diseases at BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital, said that despite being a common disease, it is still misdiagnosed worldwide. He underscored that there is both over and underdiagnosis of asthma. Overdiagnosis leads to unnecessary treatment and a delay in diagnosing the patient's actual disease. On the other hand, not being able to diagnose asthma may result in the progression of the disease and difficult to treat.

Asthma Can Go Undetected For Years

According to Dr. Nair, one may continue to have symptoms and go undiagnosed for years together as they take symptomatic treatment and don't bother to get it fully investigated. Routine investigations like chest X-ray and another blood test may be normal, giving a false sense of well-being. To diagnose asthma, one needs to get a Pulmonary Function Test (PFT), which may not be easily available, especially in remote rural areas and is often difficult to interpret. Bronchoconstriction with reversibility on Pulmonary Function Testing is a hallmark to diagnose asthma. PFT is a very underutilised investigation as it is either not advised by a doctor or patients themselves avoid getting it. Another problem in diagnosing asthma is that asthmatics do not have continuous symptoms, as the airway constriction occurs intermittently. So patient may not have any signs or symptoms during routine physical examination. Careful history and thorough investigation help in clinching the diagnosis," he said.

Another problem in diagnosis is the acceptability of the disease by the patient, and hence, he may be labelled as bronchitis or by some other name. The patient will take treatment for some time and leave it once they feel better, and will also not get further investigated.

Many patients may consult quacks who would control their symptoms by giving them medicines on their own, which may contain steroids. Patients feel better and continue to take steroid-containing medication from them without consulting a specialist. Unfortunately, these patients become resistant and dependent on steroids and then fail to control their asthma symptoms over a period of time. These patients then visit a specialist to realise that they were suffering from asthma and were being administered steroids for the past many months or even years.

Asthmatics Can Live For Years Without Getting Diagnosed

Dr. Nair concluded that asthmatics may live for years together without getting it diagnosed. Some of them may be lucky to have mild or seasonal symptoms, which would be controlled by getting treatment from local doctors. But on the other hand, some patients may not be lucky enough and may be either taking self-medication or consulting quacks who would have put them on steroids to control their symptoms. Hence, it is advised to consult a specialist whenever you have a symptom of cough or wheezing or chest tightness or breathlessness.

A new study from Duke University is completely changing what we thought we knew about how our bodies handle blood sugar. The research, published in the journal Science Advances, points to a surprising new player in the fight against type 2 diabetes: alpha cells in the pancreas.

For a long time, scientists believed these cells only made a hormone called glucagon, which raises blood sugar. But this study reveals they have a secret ability—they also produce GLP-1. This is the same powerful hormone that is mimicked by popular diabetes drugs like Ozempic and Mounjaro, known for helping to boost insulin and control blood sugar.

How The Pancreas Can Help Us Control Blood Sugar

Researchers found that human alpha cells can naturally produce much more GLP-1 than was ever thought possible. This production is directly linked to how much insulin is released. The study shows that these alpha cells are far more flexible than previously imagined. They can actually change what hormones they produce to help support the beta cells, which are the ones responsible for making insulin. So while GLP-1 is typically made in the gut, the study confirms that pancreas can also release GLp-1 into the bloodstream, which then helps us lower blood sugar by increasing insulin and reducing glucagon.

To prove this, the researchers did a study on mice. When they stopped the mice's alpha cells from making glucagon, they were surprised to find that insulin levels didn't drop. Instead, the alpha cells started making more GLP-1, which led to better blood sugar control and a stronger release of insulin. It turns out, GLP-1 is a much more powerful signal for beta cells than glucagon is.

How Does GLP-1 Antagonists Work?

According to the Cleveland Clinic, the GLP-1 hormone is made in your small intestine. It plays several important roles in your body, especially after you eat. It tells your pancreas to make more insulin. Insulin is the key hormone that lets your body use sugar from food for energy. When you have more insulin, your blood sugar goes down.

It stops your body from releasing glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that raises your blood sugar. By blocking it, GLP-1 helps keep your blood sugar from getting too high. Another one of its functions is slowing down how fast your stomach empties the food. This means food is digested more slowly, so less sugar enters your blood all at once, preventing big spikes in blood sugar as well as making you feel full. GLP-1 affects the parts of your brain that control hunger, making you feel satisfied after you eat.

Could This Lead To New Diabetic Treatment?

This discovery suggests that our bodies have a built-in safety net. When a person is under metabolic stress, such as from an unhealthy diet, the body may try to keep blood sugar in check by having alpha cells switch from making glucagon to making GLP-1.

This new information opens an exciting door for future diabetes treatments. If scientists can figure out a safe way to naturally increase the GLP-1 output from a person's alpha cells, it could offer a new approach to helping people with diabetes boost their own insulin production and better manage their blood sugar levels.

Ravi (name changed), a young, energetic software engineer from Hyderabad, had recently moved to the UK. At 25, he was in great shape, regularly hitting the pavement for runs and enjoying an active lifestyle. Because of his healthy habits, he couldn't have imagined that a simple backache would turn into a medical nightmare that would change his life forever. In a recent post, Dr Sudhir Kumar, a Hyderabad-based neurologist recounted this case highlighting the importance of time in treatments.

His symptoms began with a nagging pain in his mid-back. His local doctor prescribed painkillers, but the relief was only temporary. As weeks went by, he developed a strange heaviness and tingling in his legs, which made it hard to run. When he went back to his doctor, a CT scan of his spine was recommended, but the earliest appointment was two months away.

Ravi had no choice but to wait. For the next six weeks, his condition didn't seem to get any worse, which made him feel a little better. He thought he had nothing to worry about. But then, things changed dramatically. The weakness in his legs suddenly got much worse, and he decided to fly back to Hyderabad to seek medical care. During the long flight, his condition deteriorated so quickly that by the time the plane landed, he was no longer able to walk. He had to be helped off the plane in a wheelchair.

What Caused Him To Lose His Mobility?

In Hyderabad, emergency medical tests revealed the cause of his symptoms: Pott’s spine (spinal tuberculosis). He was rushed into emergency surgery to relieve the pressure and began treatment for tuberculosis.

According to Medscape, Pott disease, also known as tuberculosis of the spine, is a serious infection caused by the same bacteria that cause regular tuberculosis. The infection usually starts in one of the bones of the spine and then spreads to the nearby bones. This can make the space between the bones narrower and may cause the vertebrae to collapse.

If left untreated, this condition can put pressure on the spinal cord, leading to nerve damage and even paralysis. People with Pott disease often have long-lasting back pain and may experience swelling near their spine from a collection of pus.

What Happens When Potts Is Left Untreated?

By the time Ravi got the right treatment, the damage was already done. The delay had caused a permanent injury to his spinal cord. He was left with partial paralysis in his legs and lost control of his bladder. His journey to recovery will be difficult and long, with no guarantee that he will ever fully regain his mobility.

Dr. Sudhir Kumar points out that this shows a serious problem in many healthcare systems: the long waits for important tests and specialist doctors. A condition that could have been treated and managed early was instead allowed to get worse for weeks, leading to a permanent disability. When the spinal cord is being compressed, every single day matters. An earlier CT or MRI scan would have likely led to a quicker diagnosis and a much better outcome for Ravi.

Signs of Potts Disease You Should Not Ignore

Dr Sudhir explained that if you ever experience persistent back pain combined with other symptoms like leg weakness, numbness, or problems with your bladder, you must get medical help immediately. These are not symptoms to ignore.

He also points out that this case is a powerful reminder that slow access to diagnostic tools like medical scans and specialized doctors can turn a problem that could have been easily treated into a lifelong disability.

We have all had days when we get less sleep and functioning without these hours can also prove difficult. However, feeling disoriented is not the only problem you may face here. A new long-term study from the Mayo Clinic has found a strong connection between chronic insomnia and changes in the brain that can lead to dementia. For older adults, staring at the ceiling at 3 a.m. isn't just a nuisance; it may be actively harming the brain.

Have previous studies found this link? Yes, studies like the 2022 review published in the Frontiers in Neurology which found several links to Alzheimer’s including sleep. Their research showed that lack of sleep can increase stress hormones, lower levels of a protein that supports brain health, and reduce the number of connections between your brain cells. All of these factors can help Alzheimer's disease develop and get worse.

The Mayo clinic study has pinpointed the exact components that may be responsible for this stress.

What Causes The Link Between Sleep and Dementia

The study followed 2,750 people over 50 for more than five years. Researchers looked at two key markers of future brain trouble:

• The buildup of amyloid plaques
• Tiny areas of damage in the brain's white matter, called white-matter hyperintensities.

These are both signs that the brain is on a path toward cognitive decline. The study found that people with chronic insomnia experienced a faster decline in their memory and thinking skills. They were also 40% more likely to develop mild cognitive impairment or dementia.

Does Lack Of Sleep Make You Older?

The research showed that chronic insomnia paired with unusually short sleep was especially damaging. These individuals performed as if they were four years older on memory tests and had more amyloid plaques and white-matter damage.

The study also confirmed that people with the ApoE4 gene, a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's, declined faster. The effect of insomnia was so significant that it was comparable to the effect of having this high-risk gene. Scientists believe that ApoE4 may worsen the damage from sleepless nights by making it harder for the brain to clear out amyloid and by making blood vessels more vulnerable to inflammation.

Can Treating Insomnia Prevent Dementia?

Poor sleep seems to push the brain toward dementia through multiple pathways, including increasing amyloid buildup, damaging blood vessels, and possibly raising blood pressure and blood sugar.

So, can treating insomnia prevent dementia? The answer isn’t so clear yet. The study found no obvious benefit from participants taking sleeping pills. While some newer drugs show promise, the research on them is still limited. The most effective treatment for insomnia, called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), helps about 70% of patients sleep better, but it's still unproven whether it also protects the brain from dementia.

The link between the two conditions is complex. Poor sleep often goes hand-in-hand with other health problems like depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and sleep apnea—all of which can also harm the brain. It will take more research to figure out the best way to intervene and when to do it for the greatest benefit.

Why Young Adults Should Focus On Sleep Health?

While the study focused on older adults, other research shows that routinely getting less than six hours of sleep a night in your 50s is already linked to a higher risk of dementia decades later.

This suggests that we shouldn't wait until retirement to start thinking about brain health. Focusing on getting good sleep in midlife, along with managing blood pressure, cholesterol, and exercise, is a smart strategy.

In the end, this study adds to a growing body of evidence that good-quality sleep is a key pillar of brain health. Chronic insomnia seems to speed up both amyloid buildup and silent blood-vessel damage, pushing the brain toward cognitive decline. Scientists are still working to understand if and when treating sleep problems can truly help prevent dementia.