Riya Baibhawi

How Much of Your Personality Is Encoded in Your DNA?

Personality

Is <span>personality</span> inherited, or is it shaped by our environment? This long-standing debate about nature versus nurture continues to intrigue scientists and philosophers alike. While research suggests that 30% to 60% of personality traits are inheritable, the precise extent and mechanisms remain a mystery. Here's what we know so far.

Personality traits are patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that distinguish one individual from another. Studies comparing identical twins—who share 100% of their DNA—offer compelling evidence of <span>genetics</span> playing a significant role. Even when raised apart, twins often display similar personality traits, more so than non-twin siblings or adopted children.

<h2>Research Focusses On Big Fives Of Personality </h2>

These studies largely focus on the "Big Five" personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Research has identified 42 genetic variations across 727 DNA regions strongly linked to personality traits. For instance, gene variants like DRD2 and DRD4 are associated with novelty-seeking behavior, while others, like MAOA, are linked to introversion in specific contexts. 

However, much of the human genome remains unexplored. While some traits, such as extraversion and conscientiousness, show high heritability, others, like openness to experience, appear less genetically influenced.

<h2>Role Of Environment in <span rel="noindex">Personality Development</span></h2>Environmental factors significantly shape personality. Early childhood experiences, cultural influences, and even socioeconomic conditions can activate or suppress genetic tendencies. For example, children raised in adverse environments, such as those involving neglect or abuse, may exhibit higher impulsivity due to the activation of certain temperament genes. Conversely, nurturing and stable environments promote calmer temperaments. 

This interplay between genes and environment underscores the complexity of personality development. Even traits rooted in genetics can be modified through experiences and external influences.

Personality isn't fixed. It evolves, particularly during early adulthood. While personality traits have their roots in temperament—a concept observable as early as 4 months old—they remain fluid throughout life. Temperament includes reactivity (emotional responses) and self-regulation (control over these responses). 

A 2020 study notes that significant personality changes occur between ages 20 and 40, a period often marked by life-altering experiences like higher education, careers, and relationships. However, even in later years, personality can adapt in response to new challenges or circumstances.

The National Library of Medicine links specific gene variants to certain temperamental traits. For instance: 

- AGBL2 and others: Anxiety and depression 

Still, heritability varies. A 2015 study estimated openness to experience and neuroticism to have around 15% heritability. In contrast, traits like self-directedness and cooperativeness were found to be 50%-58% heritable.

<strong>ALSO READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/bird-flu-in-us-are-cats-spreading-a-deadly-disease-article-151112961" data-type="tilCustomLink">Bird Flu In US: Are Cats Spreading A Deadly Disease?</a></strong> 

While genetics lays the foundation for personality, environmental factors and life experiences shape its expression. As science advances, the intricate dance between nature and nurture continues to unfold, offering deeper insights into what makes each of us unique.<strong></strong>

<strong>ALSO READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/nutrition/5-natural-foods-that-curb-hunger-and-support-healthy-eating-article-151113102" data-type="tilCustomLink">5 Natural Foods That Curb Hunger And Support Healthy Eating</a></strong>

Health Conditions A-Z

health

Personality Development

Genetics

Psychology

Impact of environment on personality

Auto-brewery Syndrome: When Your Gut Makes You Feel Like You Are Drunk Without Alcohol

Parents Could Be Leading Their Children To Food Allergies Unknowingly

Can You Get Cervical Cancer Without HPV?

Health & Wellness

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Is personality inherited, or is it shaped by our environment? This long-standing debate about nature versus nurture continues to intrigue scientists and philosophers alike. While research suggests that 30% to 60% of personality traits are inheritable, the precise extent and mechanisms remain a mystery. Here's what we know so far.Genetic Roots Of PersonalityPersonality traits are patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that distinguish one individual from another. Studies comparing identical twins—who share 100% of their DNA—offer compelling evidence of genetics playing a significant role. Even when raised apart, twins often display similar personality traits, more so than non-twin siblings or adopted children.Research Focusses On Big Fives Of Personality These studies largely focus on the "Big Five" personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Research has identified 42 genetic variations across 727 DNA regions strongly linked to personality traits. For instance, gene variants like DRD2 and DRD4 are associated with novelty-seeking behavior, while others, like MAOA, are linked to introversion in specific contexts. However, much of the human genome remains unexplored. While some traits, such as extraversion and conscientiousness, show high heritability, others, like openness to experience, appear less genetically influenced.Role Of Environment in Personality DevelopmentEnvironmental factors significantly shape personality. Early childhood experiences, cultural influences, and even socioeconomic conditions can activate or suppress genetic tendencies. For example, children raised in adverse environments, such as those involving neglect or abuse, may exhibit higher impulsivity due to the activation of certain temperament genes. Conversely, nurturing and stable environments promote calmer temperaments. This interplay between genes and environment underscores the complexity of personality development. Even traits rooted in genetics can be modified through experiences and external influences.Personality Across the LifespanPersonality isn't fixed. It evolves, particularly during early adulthood. While personality traits have their roots in temperament—a concept observable as early as 4 months old—they remain fluid throughout life. Temperament includes reactivity (emotional responses) and self-regulation (control over these responses). A 2020 study notes that significant personality changes occur between ages 20 and 40, a period often marked by life-altering experiences like higher education, careers, and relationships. However, even in later years, personality can adapt in response to new challenges or circumstances.What Traits Are Heritable?The National Library of Medicine links specific gene variants to certain temperamental traits. For instance: - DRD2 and DRD4: Novelty-seeking - KATNAL2: Discipline and caution - PCDH15 and WSCD2: Sociability - AGBL2 and others: Anxiety and depression Still, heritability varies. A 2015 study estimated openness to experience and neuroticism to have around 15% heritability. In contrast, traits like self-directedness and cooperativeness were found to be 50%-58% heritable.ALSO READ: Bird Flu In US: Are Cats Spreading A Deadly Disease? While genetics lays the foundation for personality, environmental factors and life experiences shape its expression. As science advances, the intricate dance between nature and nurture continues to unfold, offering deeper insights into what makes each of us unique.ALSO READ: 5 Natural Foods That Curb Hunger And Support Healthy Eating

how much of your personality is encoded in your dna?

Health and Me

Ishita Roy

Nutrition

Struggling With IBS? This One Diet Tweak Could Ease Your Symptoms

struggling with ibs? this one diet tweak could ease your symptoms

Parenting

Kids’ Tongues Show Signs Of Illness, Reveals Study

kids’ tongues show signs of illness, reveals study

Are Kids’ Breakfast Cereals Turning Into Junk Food? New Study Says Yes

are kids’ breakfast cereals turning into junk food? new study says yes

Fitness

Why Your Post-Workout Headache Isn’t Just About Dehydration, Here's What Could Be Wrong

why your post-workout headache isn’t just about dehydration, here's what could be wrong

<span>Auto-Brewery Syndrome</span>, also known as gut fermentation syndrome, is a rare medical condition where the digestive system produces alcohol internally. This happens when certain microorganisms—mostly yeasts like Candida or some bacteria—ferment carbohydrates in the gut, creating ethanol. The ethanol then enters the bloodstream, causing symptoms such as dizziness, disorientation, fatigue, and even slurred speech, mimicking alcohol intoxication.

ABS typically occurs when the natural balance of the gut microbiome is disrupted. This disruption can follow antibiotic use, gastrointestinal infections, or diets high in refined carbohydrates. In some cases, people with diabetes or existing gut disorders are more prone to developing the condition.

When the gut environment changes, fermentative microbes may flourish. These microbes thrive on simple carbohydrates and sugars, converting them into alcohol during digestion. While most people efficiently digest these foods without any issue, those with ABS experience a build-up of ethanol, leading to unwanted and surprising symptoms.

<h4>The Role of Bread and Carbohydrates</h4>

Bread—especially white or refined varieties—is rich in simple carbohydrates. For most people, eating bread in moderation doesn’t cause harm. In fact, whole grain bread can be beneficial due to its fibre content, which supports healthy digestion and feeds good gut bacteria.

However, when eaten in excess, particularly in its refined form, bread can contribute to an overgrowth of fermentative microbes in susceptible individuals. This can lead to symptoms like bloating, gas, discomfort, and, in rare cases like ABS, internal alcohol production.

To support gut health, many wellness experts recommend incorporating psyllium husk, or Isabgol, into your routine. Psyllium is a soluble fibre that absorbs water and forms a gel-like substance in the gut. This helps regulate bowel movements, slows down carbohydrate absorption, and may prevent the rapid fermentation of food in the intestines.

By stabilizing digestion and reducing the speed at which carbs are broken down, psyllium can help minimise gas, bloating, and the risk of ethanol build-up—making it a helpful tool for those concerned about gut health.

Managing ABS or preventing gut issues doesn't require drastic changes. Here are a few everyday habits that support better digestion:

<ul><li>Limit intake of refined carbohydrates and processed foods</li><li>Choose whole grains, fresh fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins</li><li>Include fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, or pickles</li><li>Stay active and hydrate well</li><li>Manage stress through breathing exercises, meditation, or regular routines</li></ul>

Auto-Brewery Syndrome is an unusual and extreme case, but it highlights a powerful truth: the food we eat shapes our internal health in surprising ways. Paying attention to our gut and making mindful dietary choices can go a long way in supporting not just digestion, but overall well-being.

auto-brewery syndrome

health and wellness

drunk syndrome

rare disease

mysterious disease

Auto-Brewery Syndrome, also known as gut fermentation syndrome, is a rare medical condition where the digestive system produces alcohol internally. This happens when certain microorganisms—mostly yeasts like Candida or some bacteria—ferment carbohydrates in the gut, creating ethanol. The ethanol then enters the bloodstream, causing symptoms such as dizziness, disorientation, fatigue, and even slurred speech, mimicking alcohol intoxication.How Does It Happen?ABS typically occurs when the natural balance of the gut microbiome is disrupted. This disruption can follow antibiotic use, gastrointestinal infections, or diets high in refined carbohydrates. In some cases, people with diabetes or existing gut disorders are more prone to developing the condition.When the gut environment changes, fermentative microbes may flourish. These microbes thrive on simple carbohydrates and sugars, converting them into alcohol during digestion. While most people efficiently digest these foods without any issue, those with ABS experience a build-up of ethanol, leading to unwanted and surprising symptoms.The Role of Bread and CarbohydratesBread—especially white or refined varieties—is rich in simple carbohydrates. For most people, eating bread in moderation doesn’t cause harm. In fact, whole grain bread can be beneficial due to its fibre content, which supports healthy digestion and feeds good gut bacteria.However, when eaten in excess, particularly in its refined form, bread can contribute to an overgrowth of fermentative microbes in susceptible individuals. This can lead to symptoms like bloating, gas, discomfort, and, in rare cases like ABS, internal alcohol production.A Simple Remedy: Psyllium HuskTo support gut health, many wellness experts recommend incorporating psyllium husk, or Isabgol, into your routine. Psyllium is a soluble fibre that absorbs water and forms a gel-like substance in the gut. This helps regulate bowel movements, slows down carbohydrate absorption, and may prevent the rapid fermentation of food in the intestines.By stabilizing digestion and reducing the speed at which carbs are broken down, psyllium can help minimise gas, bloating, and the risk of ethanol build-up—making it a helpful tool for those concerned about gut health.Supporting a Healthy GutManaging ABS or preventing gut issues doesn't require drastic changes. Here are a few everyday habits that support better digestion:Limit intake of refined carbohydrates and processed foodsChoose whole grains, fresh fruits, vegetables, and lean proteinsInclude fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, or picklesStay active and hydrate wellManage stress through breathing exercises, meditation, or regular routinesAuto-Brewery Syndrome is an unusual and extreme case, but it highlights a powerful truth: the food we eat shapes our internal health in surprising ways. Paying attention to our gut and making mindful dietary choices can go a long way in supporting not just digestion, but overall well-being.

auto-brewery syndrome: when your gut makes you feel like you are drunk without alcohol

Aarushi Bhadury

7 Foods That Look Like The Body Parts They Are Good For

7 foods that look like the body parts they are good for

NHS Doctor Warns Using Tap Water For This Practice Could Expose You To Brain-Eating Amoeba

nhs doctor warns using tap water for this practice could expose you to brain-eating amoeba

You may know about people who avoid certain foods like peanuts, berries or eggs because they are allergic to it, but what does that mean? <span>Food allergies</span> can happen to anyone. It is a condition where your body’s natural defenses overreact to exposure to a particular substance. The American College of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology explains that our body’s immune system basically mistakes food or a particular particle as an invader or a threat to your body. 

This then causes your immune system to release ‘defense’ chemicals that can cause reactions like nausea, swellings, dizziness or worse, anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a whole-body reaction that can impair your breathing and cause a dramatic drop in blood pressure. Life-threatening reactions like such are the reason why many parents are apprehensive about introducing certain foods to their children. However, could that be the reason why children are developing more <span>allergies</span>? 

A new study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that some parents are waiting much longer—a year or even more. Many parents, understandably worried, might actually be preventing their children from avoiding food allergies. Experts now say that introducing tiny amounts of common allergy-causing foods like peanuts and eggs to babies as young as 4 to 6 months old can help them build a strong defense. This delay could mean their children don't get the chance to become tolerant to these foods, increasing their risk of <span>developing allergies</span>. 

The study looked at what parents are feeding their babies and found some interesting, and perhaps concerning, trends: 

<strong>Nuts: </strong>About 35% of babies hadn't eaten nuts by their first birthday.

<strong>Eggs: </strong>Similarly, around 21% of parents hadn't given their one-year-olds any egg.

<strong>Sesame:</strong> And for sesame, 16% of babies hadn't tried it by age one. 

These numbers come from a survey of parents in the UK, who are part of a study tracking their children's health over time. 

<h2>Persistent Misconceptions And How It Affects Health </h2>

For many years, parents were told to avoid giving allergenic foods to babies and even during pregnancy. The idea was to prevent allergies. However, we now know that this advice might have actually made allergies more common, especially in children. 

Researchers explain that studies as such are very important. Parents must update themselves regarding new food allergy guidelines. This understanding is important as if parents keep waiting to introduce these foods, it will continue to fuel the "allergy epidemic" we're seeing. 

The researchers talked to nearly 400 parents involved in a project tracking children's health from birth. They found that most children did start eating common allergenic foods like eggs and nuts when they were between 6 and 9 months old. However, many parents still chose to wait longer for certain foods: 

<strong>Sesame: </strong>About 26% of parents waited until their child was older than 9 months.

<strong>Fish: </strong>25% delayed introducing fish.

<strong>Nuts:</strong> 21% waited longer for nuts.

<strong>Eggs:</strong> 11% held off on eggs. 

The researchers concluded that even parents whose families had a history of allergies weren't following the updated advice. Many babies weren't exposed to nuts and eggs by their first birthday, which is a key time for building tolerance. 

These findings suggest that the new guidelines about food allergies aren't reaching new parents clearly enough. Research consistently shows that introducing allergenic foods early, especially nuts and eggs, lowers the risk of developing allergies. In fact, for babies at high risk of allergies, experts even suggest introducing peanut-containing foods as early as 4 to 6 months of age. It's crucial for this message to get out so more children can benefit from these updated recommendations. 

diet & Nutrition

Children and Food Allergies

Food allergies

Can you develop allergies

are you born with allergies

are allergies life-threatening

allergies

developing allergies

You may know about people who avoid certain foods like peanuts, berries or eggs because they are allergic to it, but what does that mean? Food allergies can happen to anyone. It is a condition where your body’s natural defenses overreact to exposure to a particular substance. The American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology explains that our body’s immune system basically mistakes food or a particular particle as an invader or a threat to your body. This then causes your immune system to release ‘defense’ chemicals that can cause reactions like nausea, swellings, dizziness or worse, anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a whole-body reaction that can impair your breathing and cause a dramatic drop in blood pressure. Life-threatening reactions like such are the reason why many parents are apprehensive about introducing certain foods to their children. However, could that be the reason why children are developing more allergies? A new study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that some parents are waiting much longer—a year or even more. Many parents, understandably worried, might actually be preventing their children from avoiding food allergies. Experts now say that introducing tiny amounts of common allergy-causing foods like peanuts and eggs to babies as young as 4 to 6 months old can help them build a strong defense. This delay could mean their children don't get the chance to become tolerant to these foods, increasing their risk of developing allergies. Delayed Introduction Trend The study looked at what parents are feeding their babies and found some interesting, and perhaps concerning, trends: Nuts: About 35% of babies hadn't eaten nuts by their first birthday.Eggs: Similarly, around 21% of parents hadn't given their one-year-olds any egg.Sesame: And for sesame, 16% of babies hadn't tried it by age one. These numbers come from a survey of parents in the UK, who are part of a study tracking their children's health over time. Persistent Misconceptions And How It Affects Health For many years, parents were told to avoid giving allergenic foods to babies and even during pregnancy. The idea was to prevent allergies. However, we now know that this advice might have actually made allergies more common, especially in children. Researchers explain that studies as such are very important. Parents must update themselves regarding new food allergy guidelines. This understanding is important as if parents keep waiting to introduce these foods, it will continue to fuel the "allergy epidemic" we're seeing. The researchers talked to nearly 400 parents involved in a project tracking children's health from birth. They found that most children did start eating common allergenic foods like eggs and nuts when they were between 6 and 9 months old. However, many parents still chose to wait longer for certain foods: Sesame: About 26% of parents waited until their child was older than 9 months.Fish: 25% delayed introducing fish.Nuts: 21% waited longer for nuts.Eggs: 11% held off on eggs. The researchers concluded that even parents whose families had a history of allergies weren't following the updated advice. Many babies weren't exposed to nuts and eggs by their first birthday, which is a key time for building tolerance. Bridging the Knowledge Gap These findings suggest that the new guidelines about food allergies aren't reaching new parents clearly enough. Research consistently shows that introducing allergenic foods early, especially nuts and eggs, lowers the risk of developing allergies. In fact, for babies at high risk of allergies, experts even suggest introducing peanut-containing foods as early as 4 to 6 months of age. It's crucial for this message to get out so more children can benefit from these updated recommendations. 

parents could be leading their children to food allergies unknowingly

Tanya Dutt

Study Reveals A Rare Appendix Cancer Among Millennials And Gen X

study reveals a rare appendix cancer among millennials and gen x

Cancer Diagnosis Under 50s Have Been Fueled By These Lifestyle Factors

cancer diagnosis under 50s have been fueled by these lifestyle factors

<span>Cervical cancer</span> is usually associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease that accounts for nearly all cervical cancer cases. HPV types 16 and 18 have been found to account for more than 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccination and cervical screening schemes have had a remarkable impact in lowering the incidence of HPV-associated cervical cancer, particularly in developed countries but can cervical cancer happen without HPV?

Surprisingly, yes—but only rarely. Between 5.5% and 11% of cervical cancers are HPV-negative, and these tend to be missed until advanced stages. This article discusses what we now know about HPV-negative cervical cancers, why they are difficult to diagnose, and what it all means for prevention and treatment in the future.

<h2>Dominant Role of HPV in Cervical Cancer</h2>

HPV is by far the most frequent cause of cervical cancer and is responsible for almost 99% of cases. The virus is generally transmitted through sexual contact and can remain in the body for years before resulting in abnormal cell growth in the cervix.

In nations such as Australia, where screening and vaccination programs are well organized, the majority of cervical cancer cases can be traced to HPV. Of the 900 women who develop cervical cancer annually in Australia, nearly all have been attributed to this virus. The two most lethal types of HPV—16 and 18—are accountable for as much as 80% of the cases.

However, in a small percentage of cases, no detectable HPV infection is present. These are the uncommon but important outliers that researchers and clinicians are working increasingly harder to comprehend.

<h2>What is HPV-Negative Cervical Cancer?</h2>

HPV-negative cervical cancers occur in an estimated 5.5% to 11% of all cases worldwide. These are uncommon subtypes of adenocarcinomas, including:

<ul><li>Clear cell carcinoma</li><li>Mesonephric carcinoma</li><li>Gastric-type adenocarcinoma</li></ul>

In a few instances, tumors that are HPV-negative at presentation can be and were once HPV-positive, yet the virus is no longer detectable because of tumor progression or testing limitations. In any case, such cancers tend to act differently than HPV-positive tumors—and present formidable diagnostic challenges.

<h2>Why HPV-Negative Cases Go Undetected?</h2>

One of the biggest challenges to tackling HPV-negative cervical cancers is that existing screening tools—both the Pap test and the newer Cervical Screening Test (CST)—are intended to pick up HPV-associated abnormalities. Therefore, HPV-negative tumors usually go undetected early on.

Lacking an independent test that can specifically pick up these uncommon types, many women won't be diagnosed until they start noticing symptoms, including:

<ul><li>Unexplained vaginal bleeding</li><li>Pelvic pain</li><li>Painful sex</li><li>Irregular discharge</li></ul>

These symptoms usually manifest later, hence HPV-negative cervical cancers usually have a poorer prognosis. A meta-analysis of 17 studies with more than 2,800 patients revealed that the outcomes for HPV-positive cervical cancers are substantially better than those for HPV-negative cancers. Both earlier detection and biologic differences in tumor behavior are likely to be the reasons for this.

<h2>Potential Risk Factors Of Cervical Cancer Beyond HPV</h2>

Although HPV is still the leading cause of cervical cancer, various factors can contribute to elevating one's risk, particularly in HPV-negative patients:

Smoking: Duplicates the risk of cervical cancer by subjecting cervical cells to carcinogens.

Long-term oral contraceptive use: Prolonged use can raise the risk, although risk dissipates after stopping pills.

Multiple births: Multiple full-term pregnancies can raise the vulnerability through hormonal fluctuations and prolonged exposure to HPV.

Weakened immune system: Diseases such as HIV or immunosuppressive drugs may weaken the body and make it less likely to resist infections and abnormal cell growth.

Family history: There may be a genetic component that contributes to susceptibility.

Chlamydia infection: Long-term infections caused by this bacterium may raise the risk.

Poor diet: Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake has been linked with increased cancer risk from less protective antioxidants and vitamins.

Nevertheless, risk factors above are modifiers and not primary causes. In the case of HPV-negative cervical cancer, there is no single cause, and studies on possible genetic or environmental cause are under way.

<h2>Diagnosis of HPV-Negative Cervical Cancer</h2>

Since there is no screening test for HPV-negative cervical cancers, diagnosis typically only happens after symptoms arise. Physicians use:

<ul><li>Pelvic exams</li><li>Biopsies</li><li>Imaging tests like MRI or CT scans</li></ul>

By the point of discovery, the cancer is typically so advanced that the treatment becomes more complex and survival rates lower.

This delay in detection underscores a critical imperative for biomarker identification, cutting-edge imaging, and better awareness both within the healthcare community and among the general public.

<h2>Are We Underestimating the Role of HPV?</h2>

Some authors believe that the rate of HPV-negative cervical cancers could be overestimated because of false negatives, i.e., cases with the presence of the virus that are not detectable at the moment of testing. This may be explained by:

<ul><li>Low viral load</li><li>Sampling errors</li><li>Short period of time between infection and testing</li></ul>

This hypothesis is put forward on the grounds that the actual number of true HPV-negative cases may be less than reported, though more sophisticated diagnostic methods are required to support this.

<h2>How To Minimize Risk Of Cervical Cancer?</h2>

HPV-positive or HPV-negative, there are steps to take that lower the risk of developing cervical cancer overall:

Get vaccinated: The HPV vaccine protects against the most risky types of the virus.

Go for regular screenings: Although they don't catch HPV-negative cancers, Pap and HPV tests are still important for the early detection of most.

Stop smoking: Reducing tobacco use reduces exposure to carcinogens.

Practice safe sex: Wear condoms to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

Eat a balanced diet: Provide a nutrient-rich diet with high levels of antioxidants.

Women who have any unusual gynecological symptoms—no matter what their screening history is—should see a healthcare provider early.

Though HPV-negative cervical cancer is uncommon, it poses special detection, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges. These instances remind us that cervical cancer is not a monolith and highlight the need for ongoing research, improved screening technologies, and heightened awareness.

cervical cancer

cervical cancer without hpv

hpv negative cervical cancer

rare cervical cancer types

adenocarcinoma hpv negative

cervical cancer causes

hpv vaccine limitations

cervical cancer screening

Cervical cancer is usually associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted disease that accounts for nearly all cervical cancer cases. HPV types 16 and 18 have been found to account for more than 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccination and cervical screening schemes have had a remarkable impact in lowering the incidence of HPV-associated cervical cancer, particularly in developed countries but can cervical cancer happen without HPV?Surprisingly, yes—but only rarely. Between 5.5% and 11% of cervical cancers are HPV-negative, and these tend to be missed until advanced stages. This article discusses what we now know about HPV-negative cervical cancers, why they are difficult to diagnose, and what it all means for prevention and treatment in the future.Dominant Role of HPV in Cervical CancerHPV is by far the most frequent cause of cervical cancer and is responsible for almost 99% of cases. The virus is generally transmitted through sexual contact and can remain in the body for years before resulting in abnormal cell growth in the cervix.In nations such as Australia, where screening and vaccination programs are well organized, the majority of cervical cancer cases can be traced to HPV. Of the 900 women who develop cervical cancer annually in Australia, nearly all have been attributed to this virus. The two most lethal types of HPV—16 and 18—are accountable for as much as 80% of the cases.However, in a small percentage of cases, no detectable HPV infection is present. These are the uncommon but important outliers that researchers and clinicians are working increasingly harder to comprehend.What is HPV-Negative Cervical Cancer?HPV-negative cervical cancers occur in an estimated 5.5% to 11% of all cases worldwide. These are uncommon subtypes of adenocarcinomas, including:Clear cell carcinomaMesonephric carcinomaGastric-type adenocarcinomaIn a few instances, tumors that are HPV-negative at presentation can be and were once HPV-positive, yet the virus is no longer detectable because of tumor progression or testing limitations. In any case, such cancers tend to act differently than HPV-positive tumors—and present formidable diagnostic challenges.Why HPV-Negative Cases Go Undetected?One of the biggest challenges to tackling HPV-negative cervical cancers is that existing screening tools—both the Pap test and the newer Cervical Screening Test (CST)—are intended to pick up HPV-associated abnormalities. Therefore, HPV-negative tumors usually go undetected early on.Lacking an independent test that can specifically pick up these uncommon types, many women won't be diagnosed until they start noticing symptoms, including:Unexplained vaginal bleedingPelvic painPainful sexIrregular dischargeThese symptoms usually manifest later, hence HPV-negative cervical cancers usually have a poorer prognosis. A meta-analysis of 17 studies with more than 2,800 patients revealed that the outcomes for HPV-positive cervical cancers are substantially better than those for HPV-negative cancers. Both earlier detection and biologic differences in tumor behavior are likely to be the reasons for this.Potential Risk Factors Of Cervical Cancer Beyond HPVAlthough HPV is still the leading cause of cervical cancer, various factors can contribute to elevating one's risk, particularly in HPV-negative patients:Smoking: Duplicates the risk of cervical cancer by subjecting cervical cells to carcinogens.Long-term oral contraceptive use: Prolonged use can raise the risk, although risk dissipates after stopping pills.Multiple births: Multiple full-term pregnancies can raise the vulnerability through hormonal fluctuations and prolonged exposure to HPV.Weakened immune system: Diseases such as HIV or immunosuppressive drugs may weaken the body and make it less likely to resist infections and abnormal cell growth.Family history: There may be a genetic component that contributes to susceptibility.Chlamydia infection: Long-term infections caused by this bacterium may raise the risk.Poor diet: Inadequate fruit and vegetable intake has been linked with increased cancer risk from less protective antioxidants and vitamins.Nevertheless, risk factors above are modifiers and not primary causes. In the case of HPV-negative cervical cancer, there is no single cause, and studies on possible genetic or environmental cause are under way.Diagnosis of HPV-Negative Cervical CancerSince there is no screening test for HPV-negative cervical cancers, diagnosis typically only happens after symptoms arise. Physicians use:Pelvic examsBiopsiesImaging tests like MRI or CT scansBy the point of discovery, the cancer is typically so advanced that the treatment becomes more complex and survival rates lower.This delay in detection underscores a critical imperative for biomarker identification, cutting-edge imaging, and better awareness both within the healthcare community and among the general public.Are We Underestimating the Role of HPV?Some authors believe that the rate of HPV-negative cervical cancers could be overestimated because of false negatives, i.e., cases with the presence of the virus that are not detectable at the moment of testing. This may be explained by:Low viral loadSampling errorsShort period of time between infection and testingThis hypothesis is put forward on the grounds that the actual number of true HPV-negative cases may be less than reported, though more sophisticated diagnostic methods are required to support this.How To Minimize Risk Of Cervical Cancer?HPV-positive or HPV-negative, there are steps to take that lower the risk of developing cervical cancer overall:Get vaccinated: The HPV vaccine protects against the most risky types of the virus.Go for regular screenings: Although they don't catch HPV-negative cancers, Pap and HPV tests are still important for the early detection of most.Stop smoking: Reducing tobacco use reduces exposure to carcinogens.Practice safe sex: Wear condoms to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.Eat a balanced diet: Provide a nutrient-rich diet with high levels of antioxidants.Women who have any unusual gynecological symptoms—no matter what their screening history is—should see a healthcare provider early.Though HPV-negative cervical cancer is uncommon, it poses special detection, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges. These instances remind us that cervical cancer is not a monolith and highlight the need for ongoing research, improved screening technologies, and heightened awareness.

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Auto-brewery Syndrome: When Your Gut Makes You Feel Like You Are Drunk Without Alcohol

Parents Could Be Leading Their Children To Food Allergies Unknowingly

Can You Get Cervical Cancer Without HPV?