Health and Me

Ishita Roy

Japanese Scientists Discover Hidden Immune 'Hubs' That Could Cause Arthritis-Related Joint Damage

A team of researchers from Kyoto University, Japan, has uncovered hidden immune “hubs” that appear to play a critical role in driving <span>joint damage</span> in patients with rheumatoid <span><a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health/arthritis">arthritis</a></span> (RA). 

The breakthrough, published in Science Immunology, sheds light on why inflammation persists in many patients despite existing treatments and may pave the way for new therapies.

<h2>Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis</h2>

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects millions worldwide, causing painful swelling, stiffness, and damage in the joints. It occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. 

While medications such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics have improved outcomes, nearly one in three patients continues to respond poorly to current therapies. This new study provides an explanation for that treatment resistance.

<h2>Discovery of <span rel="noindex">Immune Hubs</span></h2>

The Japanese team focused on a subset of immune cells known as peripheral helper T cells (Tph cells). Researchers discovered that Tph cells exist in two distinct forms: stem-like Tph cells and effector Tph cells. 

The stem-like Tph cells were found residing inside small immune hubs known as tertiary lymphoid structures within inflamed joints. Inside these hubs, the stem-like cells multiply and activate B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies.

Some of these stem-like Tph cells eventually mature into effector Tph cells, which leave the hubs and contribute directly to joint inflammation by interacting with other immune cells such as macrophages and killer T cells. This continuous supply of effector cells could be the reason inflammation continues in patients even after treatment.

By pinpointing the root of the problem, the scientists believe treatment strategies could shift toward targeting these stem-like Tph cells. 

“Because stem-like Tph cells can both self-renew and differentiate, they may represent a root cause of the disease,” said lead researcher Yuki Masuo of Kyoto University. Neutralizing or limiting the activity of these cells at their source could potentially reduce the cycle of inflammation and slow down joint damage.

<h2>Advanced Techniques Revealed the Mechanism</h2>

The team reached these findings using a cutting-edge approach called multi-omics, which combines multiple layers of biological data. 

By analyzing immune cells from both inflamed joint tissues and blood samples of RA patients, they created a comprehensive picture of how Tph cells behave. The results showed that stem-like Tph cells predominantly live inside immune hubs where they maintain close contact with B cells.

To confirm their theory, researchers recreated the environment in the lab by growing stem-like Tph cells and B cells together. They found that this interaction not only helped Tph cells transform into effector cells but also activated B cells, further fueling the immune response.

The study marks an important step in understanding why rheumatoid arthritis is so difficult to treat in some patients. By revealing the role of immune hubs, it provides a more detailed map of how chronic inflammation is sustained in joints. For patients who struggle with current medications, these insights could one day translate into therapies that are more precise and effective.

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A team of researchers from Kyoto University, Japan, has uncovered hidden immune “hubs” that appear to play a critical role in driving joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The breakthrough, published in Science Immunology, sheds light on why inflammation persists in many patients despite existing treatments and may pave the way for new therapies.Understanding Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects millions worldwide, causing painful swelling, stiffness, and damage in the joints. It occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. While medications such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics have improved outcomes, nearly one in three patients continues to respond poorly to current therapies. This new study provides an explanation for that treatment resistance.Discovery of Immune HubsThe Japanese team focused on a subset of immune cells known as peripheral helper T cells (Tph cells). Researchers discovered that Tph cells exist in two distinct forms: stem-like Tph cells and effector Tph cells. The stem-like Tph cells were found residing inside small immune hubs known as tertiary lymphoid structures within inflamed joints. Inside these hubs, the stem-like cells multiply and activate B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies.Some of these stem-like Tph cells eventually mature into effector Tph cells, which leave the hubs and contribute directly to joint inflammation by interacting with other immune cells such as macrophages and killer T cells. This continuous supply of effector cells could be the reason inflammation continues in patients even after treatment.A New Therapeutic TargetBy pinpointing the root of the problem, the scientists believe treatment strategies could shift toward targeting these stem-like Tph cells. “Because stem-like Tph cells can both self-renew and differentiate, they may represent a root cause of the disease,” said lead researcher Yuki Masuo of Kyoto University. Neutralizing or limiting the activity of these cells at their source could potentially reduce the cycle of inflammation and slow down joint damage.Advanced Techniques Revealed the MechanismThe team reached these findings using a cutting-edge approach called multi-omics, which combines multiple layers of biological data. By analyzing immune cells from both inflamed joint tissues and blood samples of RA patients, they created a comprehensive picture of how Tph cells behave. The results showed that stem-like Tph cells predominantly live inside immune hubs where they maintain close contact with B cells.To confirm their theory, researchers recreated the environment in the lab by growing stem-like Tph cells and B cells together. They found that this interaction not only helped Tph cells transform into effector cells but also activated B cells, further fueling the immune response.Why This MattersThe study marks an important step in understanding why rheumatoid arthritis is so difficult to treat in some patients. By revealing the role of immune hubs, it provides a more detailed map of how chronic inflammation is sustained in joints. For patients who struggle with current medications, these insights could one day translate into therapies that are more precise and effective.

japanese scientists discover hidden immune 'hubs' that could cause arthritis-related joint damage

Supriya Ramesh

6 Scary Symptoms ER Doctors Say You Should Never Brush Off

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We have all been there, done that. Reaching out to Google every time we face slight discomfort sneezing, convinced that we have some serious disease. While not every ache or tickle means an emergency, some symptoms really do need urgent attention. According to ER doctors, there are a handful of red flags you should never brush off. 

Here are six warning signs you should pay attention to immediately.

<h3>1. Chest Pain That Feels Super Heavy</h3>

We have all had heartburn after a cheesy pizza, but chest pain is not something to gamble with. Reports say crushing, pressure-like chest pain that radiates to your arm, jaw, or back is a huge red flag for a heart attack. Sometimes it comes with sweating, shortness of breath, or nausea. Even if you are young and otherwise healthy, do not assume it is just gas or stress. When in doubt, get checked out; it is always better to be told it is heartburn than to ignore a heart attack.

<h3>2. The Worst Headache of Your Life</h3>

Sure, headaches are common, but if you suddenly feel like someone is hammering your skull with no mercy, do not tough it out. According to the reports, a sudden, severe headache, especially if it is different from your usual migraines, could signal a brain aneurysm, bleeding, or other neurological emergency. Pair that with vision changes, weakness, or slurred speech, and you should be calling for help immediately.

<h3>3. Unexplained Shortness of Breath</h3>

Running up the stairs and wheezing like a deflating balloon is one thing. But struggling to breathe at rest or without any exertion? That is a whole different story. Experts say unexplained shortness of breath could point to conditions like blood clots in the lungs, asthma attacks, pneumonia, or even heart problems. If your chest feels tight, you are gasping for air, or your lips are turning blue, it is not something to “walk off”.

<h3>4. Sudden Weakness or Numbness in One Side of the Body</h3>

If you are holding something, and suddenly it slips right out of your hand because your arm has no feeling. Or half your face feels like it is melting. These are classic stroke symptoms, and ER doctors stress that time is everything. The quicker you get treatment, the higher the chances of recovery. Remember the acronym FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services. Do not wait it out hoping it will pass.

A paper cut? No big deal. A deep cut that refuses to stop bleeding after 10 minutes of firm pressure? That is a medical emergency. According to the reports, that uncontrolled bleeding can mean a damaged artery or an underlying clotting disorder. If you are soaking through bandages or the blood will not stop, it is not something to ignore. Plus, losing too much blood too quickly can lead to shock and nobody wants to faint in their bathroom.

<h3>6. Severe Abdominal Pain That Comes Out of Nowhere</h3>

Stomach aches are often brushed off as bad food choices. But if you suddenly develop intense abdominal pain that does not go away, reports suggest it could be something much more serious, like appendicitis, gallstones, a perforated ulcer, or even an intestinal blockage. The kind of pain where you cannot stand up straight or move without wincing is not the “sleep it off” kind. Trust your gut, literally, and get checked.

<h3>Listen to Your Body’s Alarm Bells</h3>Not every symptom is an emergency, but when your body loses it, it is trying to tell you something. ER doctors agree that ignoring these signs can lead to complications that are far harder to treat later. 

emergency symptoms

chest pain heart attack

worst headache warning

shortness of breath causes

stroke symptoms fast

uncontrolled bleeding emergency

severe abdominal pain danger

er doctors health tips

when to go to er

urgent health warning signs

We have all been there, done that. Reaching out to Google every time we face slight discomfort sneezing, convinced that we have some serious disease. While not every ache or tickle means an emergency, some symptoms really do need urgent attention. According to ER doctors, there are a handful of red flags you should never brush off. Here are six warning signs you should pay attention to immediately.1. Chest Pain That Feels Super HeavyWe have all had heartburn after a cheesy pizza, but chest pain is not something to gamble with. Reports say crushing, pressure-like chest pain that radiates to your arm, jaw, or back is a huge red flag for a heart attack. Sometimes it comes with sweating, shortness of breath, or nausea. Even if you are young and otherwise healthy, do not assume it is just gas or stress. When in doubt, get checked out; it is always better to be told it is heartburn than to ignore a heart attack.2. The Worst Headache of Your LifeSure, headaches are common, but if you suddenly feel like someone is hammering your skull with no mercy, do not tough it out. According to the reports, a sudden, severe headache, especially if it is different from your usual migraines, could signal a brain aneurysm, bleeding, or other neurological emergency. Pair that with vision changes, weakness, or slurred speech, and you should be calling for help immediately.3. Unexplained Shortness of BreathRunning up the stairs and wheezing like a deflating balloon is one thing. But struggling to breathe at rest or without any exertion? That is a whole different story. Experts say unexplained shortness of breath could point to conditions like blood clots in the lungs, asthma attacks, pneumonia, or even heart problems. If your chest feels tight, you are gasping for air, or your lips are turning blue, it is not something to “walk off”.4. Sudden Weakness or Numbness in One Side of the BodyIf you are holding something, and suddenly it slips right out of your hand because your arm has no feeling. Or half your face feels like it is melting. These are classic stroke symptoms, and ER doctors stress that time is everything. The quicker you get treatment, the higher the chances of recovery. Remember the acronym FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services. Do not wait it out hoping it will pass.5. Uncontrolled BleedingA paper cut? No big deal. A deep cut that refuses to stop bleeding after 10 minutes of firm pressure? That is a medical emergency. According to the reports, that uncontrolled bleeding can mean a damaged artery or an underlying clotting disorder. If you are soaking through bandages or the blood will not stop, it is not something to ignore. Plus, losing too much blood too quickly can lead to shock and nobody wants to faint in their bathroom.6. Severe Abdominal Pain That Comes Out of NowhereStomach aches are often brushed off as bad food choices. But if you suddenly develop intense abdominal pain that does not go away, reports suggest it could be something much more serious, like appendicitis, gallstones, a perforated ulcer, or even an intestinal blockage. The kind of pain where you cannot stand up straight or move without wincing is not the “sleep it off” kind. Trust your gut, literally, and get checked.Listen to Your Body’s Alarm BellsNot every symptom is an emergency, but when your body loses it, it is trying to tell you something. ER doctors agree that ignoring these signs can lead to complications that are far harder to treat later. 

6 scary symptoms er doctors say you should never brush off

Aarushi Bhadury

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The discourse surrounding vaccinations has been rampant in the past few years. Many people are questioning the validity of vaccines and why they need to have them. This becomes much more complicated when it involves children. Parents have expressed their concerns and whether their immune systems can handle vaccines. This is why we turn to recommendations by health organizations such as AAP and CDC, however, their new guidelines on the same are now clashing. 

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has released new recommendations stating that all children ages 6 to 23 months should receive a <span>COVID-19</span> vaccine. This guidance is part of the AAP's annual childhood immunization schedule and includes recommendations for <span>COVID</span>, flu, and RSV vaccines for those 18 and under. This advice from the AAP stands in contrast to recent guidance from federal health officials. 

<h2>How Are These Different From Federal Guideline? </h2>

The AAP's recommendation comes after Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) would no longer recommend the COVID-19 vaccine for healthy children. The CDC has since updated its guidance to a "shared clinical decision-making" model, which leaves the choice to vaccinate up to parents and their doctors. This difference in opinion highlights a growing disagreement between federal health officials and medical organizations on vaccine policy. 

ABC news reports that AAP's president, Dr. Susan J. Kressly, stated that children between 6 and 23 months old are at the highest risk for severe COVID-19. She emphasized that the vaccine can protect these young children, many of whom were not exposed to the virus during the pandemic and therefore have no natural immunity. The AAP aims to provide clear and confident guidance to families who rely on them for medical advice, especially in a time of widespread misinformation. 

<h2>How Does This Impact Vaccine Coverage? </h2>

While the AAP provides its own recommendations, insurance companies often follow the guidance of the CDC's vaccine panel. If the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) does not recommend a vaccine, it could lead to families having to pay for the shots out-of-pocket. It could also mean the shots aren't covered by the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, which provides free vaccines to eligible children. The AAP is in talks with insurance companies to ensure that vaccines remain accessible as a part of standard preventive care. 

<h2>Has Vaccine Skepticism Affect People’s Health? </h2>

The world is seeing a worrying increase in diseases that were once rare because of vaccines. GAVI, vaccine alliance, explains that this is threatening decades of public health progress and putting millions of lives at risk. In places like the United States and Canada, vaccination rates are dropping, leading to a rise in cases of diseases like measles. This problem is largely driven by the spread of false information about vaccines. 

The children in this study were born during or after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused major disruptions to routine medical care. To help fix this problem, doctors should check a child's vaccination history at every visit and strongly recommend the necessary shots. To increase vaccination rates and protect all children from preventable diseases, experts suggest: 

<ul><li>Making it easier to get vaccines by removing financial and access barriers.</li><li>Fighting vaccine hesitancy and the spread of false information.</li><li>Using tools like reminder systems and strong recommendations from doctors to encourage parents to get their children vaccinated.</li></ul>

COVID-19

covid

COVID 19 Shot

COVID 19 vaccine

COVID 19 vaccines for children

do children need covid vaccine

The discourse surrounding vaccinations has been rampant in the past few years. Many people are questioning the validity of vaccines and why they need to have them. This becomes much more complicated when it involves children. Parents have expressed their concerns and whether their immune systems can handle vaccines. This is why we turn to recommendations by health organizations such as AAP and CDC, however, their new guidelines on the same are now clashing. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has released new recommendations stating that all children ages 6 to 23 months should receive a COVID-19 vaccine. This guidance is part of the AAP's annual childhood immunization schedule and includes recommendations for COVID, flu, and RSV vaccines for those 18 and under. This advice from the AAP stands in contrast to recent guidance from federal health officials. How Are These Different From Federal Guideline? The AAP's recommendation comes after Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) would no longer recommend the COVID-19 vaccine for healthy children. The CDC has since updated its guidance to a "shared clinical decision-making" model, which leaves the choice to vaccinate up to parents and their doctors. This difference in opinion highlights a growing disagreement between federal health officials and medical organizations on vaccine policy. ABC news reports that AAP's president, Dr. Susan J. Kressly, stated that children between 6 and 23 months old are at the highest risk for severe COVID-19. She emphasized that the vaccine can protect these young children, many of whom were not exposed to the virus during the pandemic and therefore have no natural immunity. The AAP aims to provide clear and confident guidance to families who rely on them for medical advice, especially in a time of widespread misinformation. How Does This Impact Vaccine Coverage? While the AAP provides its own recommendations, insurance companies often follow the guidance of the CDC's vaccine panel. If the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) does not recommend a vaccine, it could lead to families having to pay for the shots out-of-pocket. It could also mean the shots aren't covered by the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, which provides free vaccines to eligible children. The AAP is in talks with insurance companies to ensure that vaccines remain accessible as a part of standard preventive care. Has Vaccine Skepticism Affect People’s Health? The world is seeing a worrying increase in diseases that were once rare because of vaccines. GAVI, vaccine alliance, explains that this is threatening decades of public health progress and putting millions of lives at risk. In places like the United States and Canada, vaccination rates are dropping, leading to a rise in cases of diseases like measles. This problem is largely driven by the spread of false information about vaccines. The children in this study were born during or after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused major disruptions to routine medical care. To help fix this problem, doctors should check a child's vaccination history at every visit and strongly recommend the necessary shots. To increase vaccination rates and protect all children from preventable diseases, experts suggest: Making it easier to get vaccines by removing financial and access barriers.Fighting vaccine hesitancy and the spread of false information.Using tools like reminder systems and strong recommendations from doctors to encourage parents to get their children vaccinated. 

covid-19 shot recommendations children 6 months to 2 years should be vaccinated, aap diverges from cdc advice

Which Ticks Are Living Around You?

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Dermaentor-varaiabilis-PHIL

Haemaphysalis-longicornis-PHIL

Ixodes-scapularis-PHIL

Rhipicephalus-sanguineus-PHIL

Amblyomma-maculatum-PHIL

Amblyomma-americanum-PHIL

Dermacentor-andersoni-PHIL

Ioxodes-pacificus-PHIL

As the temperature rises, the rise in tick-borne disease are also being reported. When you think about ticks, you probably think about <span>Lyme disease</span> or the general unease of finding one clinging to your skin. 

However here’s an important fact: just because a certain <span>tick</span> species is found in your area doesn’t automatically mean it spreads a specific disease there. Disease transmission depends on several factors, from local ecology to host availability, not simply the presence of ticks.

Still, understanding which ticks are in your region helps you stay alert to potential health risks. 

Below is a guide to the major tick species in the United States, what they look like, where they’re found, and the diseases they may carry.

<h2>American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis, D. similis)</h2><h2></h2>

As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American dog tick is common east of the Rocky Mountains and in some western pockets. A related species, D. similis, lives west of the Rockies.

These ticks can spread tularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF).

<strong>READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/first-rocky-mountain-spotted-fever-case-confirmed-in-quebec-article-152485401" data-type="tilCustomLink">First Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Case Confirmed In Quebec</a></strong>

Spring and summer are peak seasons for bites, with adult females being the ones most likely to latch onto humans.

<h2>Asian Longhorned Tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)</h2>

CDC notes that it was first detected in the U.S. in 2017. This invasive species has spread quickly. As of 2024, it has been reported in at least 19 states, including New York, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky.

In Asia, these ticks are known to spread pathogens that can make humans and animals seriously ill. In the U.S., their disease-spreading potential is still being studied. While they are less likely to bite humans compared with native ticks, they can carry bacteria that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, though this hasn’t been found naturally in U.S. populations yet.

These ticks reproduce without mating, meaning a single female can produce thousands of offspring. They’ve been found on pets, livestock, wildlife, and even people, often appearing in large numbers in grassy or shrubby areas.

<h2>Blacklegged Tick (Ixodes scapularis)</h2>

CDC notes that this is common across the eastern United States.

<strong>READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/justin-timberlake-reveals-lyme-disease-diagnosis-heres-what-that-means-for-his-health-article-152385795" data-type="tilCustomLink">Justin Timberlake Reveals Lyme Disease Diagnosis: Here’s What That Means For His Health</a></strong>

This tick is one of the most medically important in the U.S., spreading multiple diseases, including:

<ul><li>Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi and B. mayonii)</li><li>Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum)</li><li>Babesiosis (Babesia microti)</li><li>Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis)</li><li>Powassan virus disease</li></ul><strong>READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/unique-symptoms-of-lyme-disease-in-2025-and-how-long-infection-now-last-article-152481528" data-type="tilCustomLink">Unique Symptoms Of Lyme Disease In 2025 And How Long Infection Now Last</a></strong>

The risk of bites is highest in spring, summer, and fall, but adults can be active anytime winter temperatures rise above freezing. Nymphs and adult females are the main culprits when it comes to human bites.

<h2>Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)</h2>

It is truly a global traveler, this tick is found worldwide and throughout the U.S.

In certain parts of the U.S., especially the Southwest and along the U.S.-Mexico border, it can spread Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Dogs are the preferred hosts at every stage of their life cycle, but they can also bite humans. Because of their close association with dogs, they often infest kennels, homes, and even veterinary clinics.

<h2>Gulf Coast Tick (Amblyomma maculatum)</h2>

Primarily in the southeastern U.S., with isolated populations in other regions such as the Midwest and Southwest.

The main disease linked to this tick is Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis, a type of spotted fever.

Adults are most often involved in transmitting pathogens to humans.

<h2>Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)</h2>

This aggressive biter is found widely in the Northeast, South, and Midwest.

Lone star ticks are linked to several diseases and unusual health effects, including:

<ul><li>Human ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. ewingii)</li><li>Tularemia</li><li>Bourbon virus</li><li>Heartland virus</li><li>Alpha-gal syndrome (a surprising tick-related allergy to red meat)</li><li>A rash sometimes called STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness)</li></ul>

Adult females can be recognized by a single white dot, or “lone star”, on their back. Their bites can cause skin irritation even without infection. Nymphs and females are most likely to bite humans.

<h2>Rocky Mountain Wood Tick (Dermacentor andersoni)</h2>

Lives in the Rocky Mountain states and parts of southwestern Canada, mostly at elevations between 4,000 and 10,500 feet.

Known carriers of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, and tularemia.

Adult ticks are the primary stage that transmit diseases to people.

<h2>Western Blacklegged Tick (Ixodes pacificus)</h2>

It is found along the Pacific Coast, especially in northern California.

<strong>READ: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/family-shares-how-a-lyme-disease-misdiagnosis-cost-their-sons-childhood-article-152321687" data-type="tilCustomLink">Family Shares How A Lyme Disease Misdiagnosis Cost Their Son's Childhood</a></strong>

which ticks are living near you

lyme disease

tick

tick diseases

tick borne diseases

As the temperature rises, the rise in tick-borne disease are also being reported. When you think about ticks, you probably think about Lyme disease or the general unease of finding one clinging to your skin. However here’s an important fact: just because a certain tick species is found in your area doesn’t automatically mean it spreads a specific disease there. Disease transmission depends on several factors, from local ecology to host availability, not simply the presence of ticks.Still, understanding which ticks are in your region helps you stay alert to potential health risks. Below is a guide to the major tick species in the United States, what they look like, where they’re found, and the diseases they may carry.American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis, D. similis)Where found:As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American dog tick is common east of the Rocky Mountains and in some western pockets. A related species, D. similis, lives west of the Rockies.What it transmits:These ticks can spread tularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF).READ: First Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Case Confirmed In QuebecWhat to know:Spring and summer are peak seasons for bites, with adult females being the ones most likely to latch onto humans.Asian Longhorned Tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)Where found:CDC notes that it was first detected in the U.S. in 2017. This invasive species has spread quickly. As of 2024, it has been reported in at least 19 states, including New York, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky.What it transmits:In Asia, these ticks are known to spread pathogens that can make humans and animals seriously ill. In the U.S., their disease-spreading potential is still being studied. While they are less likely to bite humans compared with native ticks, they can carry bacteria that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, though this hasn’t been found naturally in U.S. populations yet.What to know:These ticks reproduce without mating, meaning a single female can produce thousands of offspring. They’ve been found on pets, livestock, wildlife, and even people, often appearing in large numbers in grassy or shrubby areas.Blacklegged Tick (Ixodes scapularis)Where found:CDC notes that this is common across the eastern United States.READ: Justin Timberlake Reveals Lyme Disease Diagnosis: Here’s What That Means For His HealthWhat it transmits:This tick is one of the most medically important in the U.S., spreading multiple diseases, including:Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi and B. mayonii)Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum)Babesiosis (Babesia microti)Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis)Powassan virus diseaseREAD: Unique Symptoms Of Lyme Disease In 2025 And How Long Infection Now LastWhat to know:The risk of bites is highest in spring, summer, and fall, but adults can be active anytime winter temperatures rise above freezing. Nymphs and adult females are the main culprits when it comes to human bites.Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)Where found:It is truly a global traveler, this tick is found worldwide and throughout the U.S.What it transmits:In certain parts of the U.S., especially the Southwest and along the U.S.-Mexico border, it can spread Rocky Mountain spotted fever.What to know:Dogs are the preferred hosts at every stage of their life cycle, but they can also bite humans. Because of their close association with dogs, they often infest kennels, homes, and even veterinary clinics.Gulf Coast Tick (Amblyomma maculatum)Where found:Primarily in the southeastern U.S., with isolated populations in other regions such as the Midwest and Southwest.What it transmits:The main disease linked to this tick is Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis, a type of spotted fever.What to know:Adults are most often involved in transmitting pathogens to humans.Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum)Where found:This aggressive biter is found widely in the Northeast, South, and Midwest.What it transmits:Lone star ticks are linked to several diseases and unusual health effects, including:Human ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. ewingii)TularemiaBourbon virusHeartland virusAlpha-gal syndrome (a surprising tick-related allergy to red meat)A rash sometimes called STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness)What to know:Adult females can be recognized by a single white dot, or “lone star”, on their back. Their bites can cause skin irritation even without infection. Nymphs and females are most likely to bite humans.Rocky Mountain Wood Tick (Dermacentor andersoni)Where found:Lives in the Rocky Mountain states and parts of southwestern Canada, mostly at elevations between 4,000 and 10,500 feet.What it transmits:Known carriers of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, and tularemia.What to know:Adult ticks are the primary stage that transmit diseases to people.Western Blacklegged Tick (Ixodes pacificus)Where found:It is found along the Pacific Coast, especially in northern California.READ: Family Shares How A Lyme Disease Misdiagnosis Cost Their Son's ChildhoodWhat it transmits:This species can spread:Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum)Hard tick relapsing fever (Borrelia miyamotoi)READ MORE: Lyme Disease In US: How Worried Should You Be Of Ticks?What to know:Although all stages can bite humans, nymphs and adult females are most frequently reported on people.Staying Tick-SmartWhile different ticks pose different risks, the best prevention steps remain the same:Use insect repellent containing DEET, picaridin, or permethrin-treated clothing.Wear long sleeves and pants in grassy or wooded areas.Perform regular tick checks after outdoor activities.Check your pets, too, dogs and cats often bring ticks indoors.Photos of ticks taken from CDC Website

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