Epilepsy affects millions of people worldwide, yet it remains one of the most misunderstood neurological conditions. The disorder is marked by recurring seizures, sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain , which can cause symptoms ranging from brief confusion and muscle twitches to severe convulsions.

While anyone can have a single seizure for a variety of reasons, epilepsy is diagnosed when a person experiences two or more unprovoked seizures. Experts say understanding the causes can help with both prevention and treatment.

Genetics Can Play a Role

In some cases, epilepsy runs in families, pointing to a genetic connection. Certain gene mutations can disrupt normal brain activity, making seizures more likely.

Genetic epilepsy can be inherited, but the link isn’t always straightforward, says neurologists. Different genes affect the brain in different ways, and researchers are still uncovering exactly how these changes lead to seizures.

Even without a family history, spontaneous mutations in a person’s genes can also result in epilepsy.

Brain Damage Can Lead to Epilepsy

Any structural damage to the brain can disrupt its electrical signalling, triggering seizures over time. This damage might be recent or decades old.

Common structural causes include:

• Birth complications that reduce oxygen supply to the brain
• Head trauma from accidents or falls
• Brain tumors
• Stroke or bleeding in the brain

“Sometimes the injury happened years earlier, such as during birth, but its effects on brain function appear much later,” says Dr Gabriel Martz, MD, FAES, writing for Hartford HealthCare, who is a neurologist and director of the Ayer Neuroscience Institute Epilepsy Center.

Infections and Autoimmune Conditions Can Be Triggers

Infections that cause brain inflammation, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can have long-term consequences. Even after recovery, scarring and other changes in brain tissue can increase the risk of seizures.

In other cases, the immune system mistakenly attacks the brain, a condition known as autoimmune encephalitis, which can also lead to epilepsy.

“These causes highlight why protecting brain health through early diagnosis and treatment of infections is so important,” specialist notes.

4Sometimes, the Cause is Unknown

Despite advances in brain imaging and genetic testing, many people with epilepsy never learn the exact cause.

“We don’t always get a clear answer,” Dr Martz notes. “Not knowing the cause can be frustrating, but it doesn’t make the condition less real or less treatable.”

This uncertainty means that in some cases, treatment focuses entirely on managing seizures rather than addressing an underlying trigger.

Lifestyle and Environment Matter

While lifestyle alone doesn’t cause epilepsy, certain factors can raise the risk by increasing the chances of brain injury or neurological stress. These include:

• Substance misuse
• Dangerous sports without protective gear
• Repeated concussions

“Protecting your brain is one of the best ways to reduce preventable risk,” doctor says. Wearing helmets, avoiding risky behavior, and staying away from drugs can make a real difference.

When to Seek Medical Advice

If you or someone you know experiences a first-time seizure, it’s essential to consult a doctor. Tests such as an MRI, EEG, or bloodwork can help identify potential causes and guide treatment.

Epilepsy affects people in deeply personal ways, not only in how seizures manifest but also in how the condition impacts daily life and emotional well-being. Understanding what lies behind it is the first step toward effective care and fuller, healthier lives.

When robotic surgery was first introduced in India, it was considered an advanced and largely inaccessible technique, reserved for high-end hospitals and select cases. Over time, it has evolved into an important tool in women’s healthcare, transforming gynaecologic procedures by making them safer, more precise, and significantly less invasive.

Now, if you’re imagining a machine operating on you while your surgeon takes a break, hit the brakes. This is not sci-fi. In reality, the surgeon is in full control, seated at a console, guiding robotic arms with the finesse of human wrists and the added bonus of 3D vision.

As Dr Rooma Sinha, Founder and President of AGRS and Senior Mentor at Vattikuti Foundation, explains, the advantages of robotic surgery shine brightest in complex cases like hysterectomies, myomectomies, endometriosis excision, and cancer surgeries, especially when factors like obesity, previous surgeries, or deep pelvic adhesions come into play. Public perceptions, however, are still catching up. “There is still a need for greater public clarification that robotic procedures are not only precise and minimally invasive but also safe when performed by trained specialists,” she says.

Even in the US, she points out, 85 per cent of women with large or multiple fibroids still undergo open surgery, largely because traditional laparoscopy proves tricky. “Doing 1000+ benign gynaecological surgeries in my career is the testimony of my belief in this technology as a game-changer in surgery for women,” she says.

Babies, Blood Loss, and Better Scars

One unexpected benefit is fertility. Robotic myomectomy allows for precise fibroid removal and meticulous suturing, increasing the chances of full-term pregnancy, something not always guaranteed with traditional surgery. Endometriosis patients, too, benefit from improved pelvic anatomy restoration, reduced pain, and a better shot at conceiving naturally.

And while the upfront cost of robotic surgery still raises eyebrows, Dr Sinha points out that it’s an investment with returns: shorter hospital stays, fewer complications, and speedier returns to daily life. “Within a few days, many patients are back on their feet and return to work,” she says.

The New-Age Patient

According to Dr Sinha, today’s Indian woman is informed, outcome-driven, and unwilling to settle for outdated surgical methods. She asks better questions and demands better options and robotic-assisted surgery is increasingly stepping up as a modern, evidence-based choice rather than an unattainable luxury.

The Truth Behind the Myths

Over in the oncology wing, Dr Arun Kumar Giri, Director of Surgical Oncology at Aakash Healthcare, sees similar misconceptions playing out. “Beliefs about autonomous robotic surgery or its applicability to complex cases may dissuade people from pursuing this revolutionary treatment,” he says.

MYTH: Robotic surgery is experimental and unsafe for gynaecological operations.

FACT: Dr Giri points out that robotic surgery has been around for more than two decades, backed by substantial research and clinical trials. In disciplines including gynaecology, it has shown lower complication rates and better patient outcomes than standard open surgery.

MYTH: Robotic surgery is completely automated and doesn’t need a surgeon.

FACT: “This is not correct,” Dr Giri says firmly. Robotic systems are sophisticated tools, nothing more, nothing less, always operated by a trained surgeon from a console. The robot doesn’t make decisions or perform surgery on its own; instead, it enhances a human surgeon’s precision and control.

From fibroids to fertility and from pelvic pain to complex cancer care, robotic surgery is quietly proving itself as one of the most effective, least invasive ways forward. Sure, it’s not a sci-fi robot saving the world single-handedly, but maybe that’s for the best. The best surgeries happen when human skill and robotic precision work hand in hand.

In today’s world, things move very fast. Our meals are rushed, and food choices often lean toward convenience. Supermarkets overflow with ready-to-eat snacks, sugary drinks, and packaged meals. These quick bites may save time, but they come at a hidden cost, especially to our teeth. While these usually dominate health discussions, one silent victim of modern diets is often ignored, which is our smiles.

How Sugar Affects Teeth

According to Dr. Sanyukta Rege, Periodontist, Laxmi Dental Limited, sugar is in almost everything we consume. From breakfast to dinner, it shows up in cereals, sauces, juices, and snacks. When we eat sugary food, mouth bacteria feed on it. As they feed, they release acid which eats away the enamel. As enamel wears down, cavities form. Over time, untreated cavities lead to deeper decay, infections, and even tooth loss.

Why Oral Health Affects the Whole Body

Your mouth does not work in isolation. It connects to your entire body. Studies show that poor oral health links to heart problems, diabetes, and even respiratory diseases. Dr. Rege explains that if gum disease causes inflammation, bacteria can enter the bloodstream and travel to other organs.

Hence, tooth decay is not just about losing teeth. It is about how diet choices affect the body as a whole. What starts as a cavity can become a larger health issue, especially if ignored for years.

Escaping the Sugar Trap

Stopping sugar damage is not just about brushing more. It takes a group effort by everyone and here is how we can start:

Teach Kids Early

Children need to know that diet affects teeth. Schools should explain how sugar leads to decay. Lessons should include how to read food labels and choose better snacks. Dr. Rege says that instilling these lessons early makes healthier habits more likely to stick.

Help Parents Make Informed Choices

Parents shape early eating habits. By cooking more at home, checking labels, and offering fruits instead of packaged snacks, they can limit sugar exposure. Dr. Rege adds that this not only helps children’s teeth but also improves overall family health.

Make Dental Care Accessible

Regular check-ups can catch problems early. Sealants, fluoride treatments, and cleanings protect teeth. Free or affordable dental programmes in schools and communities can help reach more children. Dr. Rege stresses that prevention is far less costly than treating advanced dental issues.

Modern diets may be quick and tasty, but they often fail our long-term health. What we eat today shapes our bodies and our smiles tomorrow. The solution lies not just in brushing more but in eating smarter and acting earlier. As Dr. Rege reminds us, caring for your teeth is not just about avoiding cavities; it is an investment in your overall wellbeing.

For many women with endometriosis, chronic and painful gastrointestinal symptoms are part of daily life, yet they often go untreated due to under-recognition by healthcare providers and a lack of evidence-based treatment options.

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory gynaecological disorder affecting one in seven Australian women. It causes a range of unpredictable and often severe symptoms, including dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), pelvic pain (below the belly button and between the hips), and dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse). These symptoms disrupt daily life, impacting finances, relationships, mental health, and the ability to work, learn, socialise, exercise, and have children.

According to Jane Varney, Senior Research Dietitian at the Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, distension, diarrhoea, constipation, and painful defecation affect more than three-quarters of sufferers. These symptoms often intensify during menstruation, occur regardless of bowel involvement, and overlap with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which affects between 10.6 per cent and 52 per cent of women with endometriosis.

Why current treatments fall short

Despite the high prevalence and burden of gut symptoms in endometriosis, treatment options are limited. Few treatments specifically target these gastrointestinal issues, and some, such as progesterone and opioid medications, can make them worse. Surgery can come with long waiting times, high costs, ongoing pain, and the need for repeat procedures, while hormone treatments and pain relief medicines are limited by modest effectiveness and troublesome side effects.

It is no surprise that many women turn to self-management strategies such as diet and nutritional supplements to help control symptoms and take an active role in their care. International data shows that more than 58 per cent of women with endometriosis have tried supplements, though only 43 per cent reported an improvement in pain. In Australia, three-quarters use fish oil, multivitamins, vitamin B, or vitamin D.

Dietary changes are also common. Surveys from Australia, Holland, the UK, and beyond reveal that between 27 per cent and 84 per cent of women with endometriosis use dietary modifications to manage symptoms, with many reporting benefits. Popular approaches include anti-inflammatory diets or avoiding red meat, gluten, dairy, lactose, FODMAPs, caffeine, soy, and alcohol. However, the evidence for most of these is limited or absent.

The EndoFOD study

The study was the first randomised controlled crossover feeding trial in this patient group. Thirty-five participants were assigned to a 28-day low FODMAP diet or a control diet based on Australian dietary guidelines, with both diets nutritionally matched except for their FODMAP content. After a washout period of at least 28 days, they switched to the other diet. Each diet began on the first day of a menstrual cycle to account for hormonal symptom fluctuations.

By the end of the trial, 60 per cent of participants responded to the low FODMAP diet, with significant improvements in gut symptom severity. Abdominal pain, bloating, stool consistency, and quality of life all improved. Changes were noticeable by week two, continuing steadily until the end of the intervention.

What it means for endometriosis care

What’s next for diet research