Your noodles, soft drinks and chips are ruining your mental health. A new viewpoint article published in the journal Brain Medicine highlights a possible role of microplastics in influencing the association between ultra-processed food intake and mental health adversities.

Ultra-processed foods, such as instant noodles, carbonated drinks, and packaged foods, are industrial formulations made from substances derived from whole foods. These food products contain high amounts of industrial additives and involve sophisticated packaging. The consumption of ultra-processed foods is rapidly increasing worldwide, especially in high-income countries. In the United States, these foods are associated with more than 50% of energy intake. Convenience, affordability, accessibility, aggressive marketing, and lifestyle changes are the major factors driving the global dietary shift from whole foods to ultra-processed foods.

Ultra Processed Food Leading To Depression

According to an umbrella review published in The BMJ and referenced in the viewpoint, people who consume ultra-processed foods have a 22% higher risk of depression, a 48% higher risk of anxiety, and a 41% higher risk of poor sleep outcomes compared to those with lower intake.

Recent observational studies indicate that excessive consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with poor sleep quality, physical health adversities, depression, and anxiety. This evidence is further supported by studies reporting that higher consumption of nutrient-rich, unprocessed foods potentially reduces the risk of mental disorders. Small randomized controlled trials, particularly those examining Mediterranean diet interventions in people with depression, have demonstrated moderate-to-large improvements in depressive symptoms. The findings of recent interventional studies also clearly indicate a link between dietary intake and mental health.

Microplastics as a contributing factor

Mental health adversities associated with ultra-processed food intake might be attributed to their poor nutrient profiles, energy density, and physical or chemical properties related to industrial processing and packaging methods, which introduce bisphenols and microplastics as contaminants.

Similar to ultra-processed foods, microplastics are known to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, immune dysfunction, altered metabolism, impaired cell growth and organ development, and carcinogenicity.

Microplastics and nanoplastics can increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders by inducing oxidative stress in the brain, causing nerve cell damage, and influencing the functionality of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate. However, it is important to note that much of the mechanistic evidence on microplastics and neurological effects comes from animal and cell culture studies, with limited direct human data.

Sources Of Microplastics

Because of processing and packaging methods, ultra-processed foods contain high amounts of microplastics. These foods are often stored and heated in plastic containers, a significant source of microplastics. For example, chicken nuggets can contain 30 times more microplastics per gram than chicken breast, and microwaving some plastic containers may release millions of microplastic and nanoplastic particles within minutes. Besides microplastics, bisphenol A used in plastic production can be released and mixed with ultra-processed foods when plastics degrade. Bisphenol A has been specifically associated with autism and depression in some human studies. These observations clearly indicate that excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods can accumulate microplastics and bisphenol A in the body.

Microplastics in the human brain

Emerging evidence highlights the presence of microplastics in the human brain. These microplastics, mainly polyethylene, are smaller in diameter (less than 200 nanometers) and are 7 to 30 times higher than those found in other organs, such as the liver or kidney. A recent study also found a 50% increase in brain microplastic concentration from 2016 to 2024, paralleling the ongoing rise of ultra-processed foods. One recent study found that people with dementia had three to five times higher levels of brain microplastics, but the authors emphasize this correlation does not imply causation.

Although some human studies have shown a link between bisphenol A exposure and risk of autism, depression, and anxiety, no evidence is currently available linking microplastic exposure to mental health adversities. This gap in knowledge is partly due to the difficulty in quantifying microplastic exposures in the human brain from an observational perspective and the ethical limitations surrounding microplastic exposure in interventional studies.

Implications for dietary intervention

Identifying microplastics in the brain and throughout the body raises significant health concerns. Several studies have highlighted the potential negative impact of microplastics on immune functions, genetic stability, and endocrine functions.

The SMILES trial is the first randomized controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of adjunctive dietary intervention in treating moderate to severe depression. The main aim of the dietary intervention was to replace nutrient-deficient, ultra-processed foods with nutrient-rich, unprocessed foods. The trial findings indicated significant improvement in depression among participants who consumed the intervention diet for 12 weeks. Compared to the 8% control group participants, remission was achieved for 32% of intervention group participants. This means that for approximately every four people who adopted the dietary changes, one additional person experienced remission from depression, compared to the control group (a measure known as the “number needed to treat,” which was 4.1).

Although the trial did not directly measure microplastic accumulation in participants’ bodies, it is imperative to hypothesise that the improvement in depression is associated with a reduction in microplastic exposure due to dietary substitutions. However, this remains a hypothesis requiring further investigation, as microplastic exposure was not directly measured.

The viewpoint notes that it would be valuable to conduct post-hoc analyses in such dietary trials, retrospectively estimating changes in microplastic content due to dietary interventions and their potential effect on mental health outcomes, as more data on microplastic content in foods becomes available.

Need For New Dietary Index

While the paper notes that research quantifying the microplastic content of various ultra-processed food items is becoming increasingly available, it does not state that methods are already well-established for all foods. It would be of prime importance to evaluate the changes in microplastic content due to dietary interventions and their subsequent effect on various mental health outcomes.

Several diet-based risk indices have been developed to assess the long-term impact of dietary exposure on physical and mental health. The Dietary Inflammatory Index has been developed to assess the inflammatory potential of a person’s diet based on the foods they consume. Similarly, the Nova food classification system has been developed to categorise foods based on the extent and purpose of industrial processing.

Given the significant utility of these indices, the authors of this article propose designing a Dietary Microplastic Index to assess the microplastic content and risk of accumulation based on the foods consumed. Currently, no nutritional population-based surveys estimate or track microplastic intake via diet, which precludes robust analysis of long-term microplastic exposure and adverse mental health outcomes. The global rise in the intake of microplastic-enriched ultra-processed foods, together with the simultaneous induction in mental health adversities, highlights the need for more research to investigate this association in humans.

Why do some relationships feel effortless and magnetic, while others slowly unravel despite our best intentions? According to neuroscientist Andrew Huberman, the answers lie deep within our early childhood experiences and the intricate wiring of the brain.

In a recent episode of Huberman Lab titled “Essentials: The Science of Love, Desire & Attachment,” Huberman explores how biology and psychology work together to shape the way we connect, commit, and sometimes drift apart. What makes the conversation compelling is how it bridges hard science with very human emotions.

Our First Bonds Shape Our Love Stories

Huberman begins with a powerful idea: the way we love as adults often echoes how we were loved as children.

He refers to the landmark “Strange Situation” experiment by psychologist Mary Ainsworth. In this study, toddlers were briefly separated from their caregivers and then reunited. Researchers closely observed how the children reacted. Some felt secure and soothed upon return. Others were anxious, avoidant, or distressed.

These early attachment patterns, Huberman explains, frequently resurface in adult romantic relationships. A securely attached child may grow into a partner who trusts and communicates well. An anxious child may become someone who fears abandonment. An avoidant child may struggle with emotional closeness.

The hopeful part? These patterns are not destiny. Awareness allows change. Once people recognize their emotional blueprint, they can reshape it.

Love Is Not in One Spot in the Brain

Romantic connection is not housed in a single “love center.” Instead, multiple brain regions activate in sequence to create desire, attraction, empathy, and long term bonding.

Huberman clears up a common myth about dopamine. Many people think of it as the pleasure chemical. In reality, it is more about motivation and pursuit. Dopamine fuels craving and drives us toward a person we find compelling. It is the chemical that makes you check your phone, wait for a message, or feel a rush at the thought of someone.

But desire alone does not sustain love.

For deeper attachment, empathy circuits come into play. The prefrontal cortex and the insula are especially important. The insula helps us sense our internal bodily state, a process known as interoception. It allows us to feel our own emotions while tuning into someone else’s. This shared emotional awareness strengthens bonds.

The Role of “Positive Delusion”

One of the most fascinating ideas Huberman discusses is what he calls “positive delusion.” For long term stability, the brain benefits from believing that your partner is uniquely special. This slight bias, almost a romantic illusion, reinforces commitment.

It is not about ignoring flaws. It is about genuinely feeling that this person, out of billions, holds a singular place in your emotional world. Biologically, this strengthens attachment pathways.

Why Relationships Fall Apart

Huberman also references research from the Gottman Lab at the University of Washington. Decades of data reveal four behaviors that predict relationship breakdown: criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and contempt.

Stonewalling happens when one partner emotionally withdraws and stops responding. But the most toxic behavior is contempt. Researchers have described it as acid to a relationship because it corrodes trust and shuts down empathy. Once contempt takes root, the neural circuits that support connection begin to weaken.

In the end, love is both chemistry and choice. Our brains may set the stage, but awareness, empathy, and daily behavior determine whether attachment deepens or quietly falls away.

For decades, scientists believed the gradual loss of the Y chromosome in ageing men did not matter much. But a growing body of research now suggests otherwise. Studies show that losing the Y chromosome in blood and other tissues is linked to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and even shorter lifespan. The crux is simple but striking. As men age, many of their cells quietly lose the Y chromosome, and this loss may be shaping men’s health in ways we are only beginning to understand.

Aging And The Disappearing Y Chromosome

Men are born with one X and one Y chromosome. While the X carries hundreds of important genes, the Y is much smaller and contains just 51 protein coding genes. Because of this, scientists long assumed that losing the Y in some cells would not have serious consequences beyond reproduction.

However, newer genetic detection techniques tell a different story. Research shows that about 40 percent of men aged 60 have some cells that have lost the Y chromosome. By age 90, that number rises to 57 percent. Smoking and exposure to carcinogens appear to increase the likelihood of this loss.

This phenomenon, known as mosaic loss of Y, does not occur in every cell. Instead, it creates a patchwork in the body where some cells carry the Y chromosome and others do not. Once a cell loses the Y, its daughter cells also lack it. Interestingly, Y deficient cells seem to grow faster in laboratory settings, which may give them a competitive edge in tissues and even in tumors.

Why Would Losing The Y Matter?

The Y chromosome has long been viewed as mainly responsible for male sex determination and sperm production. It is also uniquely vulnerable during cell division and can be accidentally left behind and lost. Since cells can survive without it, researchers assumed it had little impact on overall health.

Yet mounting evidence challenges that assumption. Several large studies have found strong associations between loss of the Y chromosome and serious health conditions in older men. A major German study reported that men over 60 with higher levels of Y loss had an increased risk of heart attacks. Other research links Y loss to kidney disease, certain cancers and poorer cancer outcomes.

There is also evidence connecting Y loss with neurodegenerative conditions. Studies have observed a much higher frequency of Y chromosome loss in men with Alzheimer’s disease. During the COVID pandemic, researchers noted that men with Y loss appeared to have worse outcomes, raising questions about its role in immune function.

Is Y Loss Causing Disease?

Association does not automatically mean causation. It is possible that chronic illness or rapid cell turnover contributes to Y loss rather than the other way around. Some genetic studies suggest that susceptibility to losing the Y chromosome is partly inherited and tied to genes involved in cell cycle regulation and cancer risk.

However, animal research offers stronger clues. In one mouse study, scientists transplanted Y deficient blood cells into mice. The animals later developed age related problems, including weakened heart function and heart failure. This suggests the loss itself may directly contribute to disease.

A New Chapter In Men’s Health

So how can such a small chromosome have such wide ranging effects? While the Y carries relatively few genes, several of them are active in many tissues and help regulate gene activity. Some act as tumor suppressors. The Y also contains non coding genetic material that appears to influence how other genes function, including those involved in immune responses and blood cell development.

The full DNA sequence of the human Y chromosome was only completed recently. As researchers continue to decode its functions, the message for men’s health is becoming clearer. Ageing is not just about wrinkles or grey hair. At a microscopic level, the gradual disappearance of the Y chromosome may be quietly influencing heart health, brain health and cancer risk.

Understanding this process could open new doors for early detection, personalized risk assessment and targeted therapies that help men live longer and healthier lives.

First wife of singer Udit Narayan, Ranjana Narayan Jha made serious allegations against him, claiming that he forced her to get hysterectomy. She filed a police complaint earlier this week at the Women's Police Station in Supaul district, Bihar.

She accused Udit Narayan and his two brothers Sanjay Kumar Jha and Lalit Narayan Jha and his second wife Deepa Narayan of a criminal conspiracy that lead to hysterectomy - the surgical removal of uterus, without her knowledge. As per an NDTV report, "She claimed she became aware of this only years later during medical treatment."

Udit Narayan's First Wife's Allegations

As per the complaint, Udit and Ranjana were married on December 7, 1984, in a traditional Hindu ceremony. Udit then moved to Mumbai in 1985 to pursue his music career. She later learned through media that he had married another woman Deepa. As per the complaint, he continued to mislead her whenever she confronted him.

As per the complaint, in 1996, she was taken to a hospital in Delhi under the pretext of medical treatment, where, she claims that her uterus was removed without her knowledge. She said that she was compelled to file a complaint years after being ignored. "You all know that Udit Narayan ji repeatedly makes promises but does not fulfill them. He has not done anything till now, which is why I have come to the Women's Police Station. I deserve justice," she said.

"Nowadays, I am constantly unwell and need his support. But Udit Narayan is neither saying anything nor doing anything. He came to the village recently and left after making promises once again," she said, as per a Hindustan Times report.

What Is Hysterectomy?

It is the surgical removal of one's uterus and cervix. There are different kinds of hysterectomy available, which depends on the condition of the patients.

Total Hysterectomy

This removes uterus and cervix, but leaves ovaries. This means the person does not enter menopause after the surgery.

Supracervical Hysterectomy

Removing just the upper part of the uterus and leaving the cervix. This could also be when your fallopian tubes and ovaries are removed at the same time. Since, you have a cervix, you will still need Pap smears.

Total Hysterectomy With Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy

This is the removal of uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries. This will start menopause immediately after the surgery.

Radical Hysterectomy With Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy

This is the removal of uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, the upper portion of your vagina, and some surrounding tissue and lymph nodes. This is done to people with cancer. Patients who get this enter menopause right after the surgery.