Intermittent fasting is an eating plan that alternates between periods of eating and fasting on a set schedule. Studies show that intermittent fasting can help manage weight and even reduce the risk of certain diseases. But some people worry whether fasting could harm the brain or lead to cognitive decline.

Researchers addressed this concern in a paper published in Psychological Bulletin, reporting that short-term fasting of less than 24 hours does not appear to affect the mental performance of adults.

What Is Intermittent Fasting?

Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern that involves alternating between times when you don’t eat and times when you do, sometimes with calorie restrictions on specific days.

This practice dates back thousands of years and is woven into several cultural and religious traditions. Scientists began studying it for weight control in the early 1900s, and recent research has expanded to explore its broader health effects.

There are three widely followed types of intermittent fasting, as per Healthline:

• Time-restricted eating: You eat within a fixed time window and fast during the remaining hours. The 16/8 pattern is the most popular, where you eat during an 8-hour window and fast for 16 hours (including sleep). Other variations include 14/10 and 20/4.
• Alternate-day fasting: You rotate between normal eating days and fasting days, when you consume very few calories, around 500 on average. Some prefer spreading this limited intake across the day, while others eat one small meal.
• 5:2 fasting: Instead of alternating daily, this plan limits calorie intake to 500–800 calories on two chosen days each week, while the rest of the week follows a regular eating routine.

Intermittent Fasting and Brain Health: How Are They Related?

Only recently have scientists started exploring how intermittent fasting influences the brain. Early findings suggest it might offer certain cognitive benefits as we age and even help reduce symptoms of anxiety or depression.

“Many people assume fasting will make it hard to focus or perform well at work or school,” said David Moreau, PhD, a neuroscientist at the University of Auckland and senior author of the study. “Our findings show that for most healthy adults, short-term fasting doesn’t significantly impact mental sharpness.”

The research did note that children and teenagers experienced slight declines in attention and memory while fasting, emphasizing the need for a balanced breakfast before school. Adults, meanwhile, tended to perform a little worse later in the day while fasting, possibly because hunger can heighten natural dips in alertness due to circadian rhythm.

“Humans evolved with periods of limited food, so it makes sense our brains can function well without constant eating,” Dr. Moreau added. “Still, younger people seem more affected, which aligns with their higher energy demands.”

Intermittent Fasting Unlikely to Cause Cognitive Decline

According to recent studies, as per Healthline, intermittent fasting is unlikely to cause cognitive decline. Experts who reviewed the findings say it reinforces the safety and benefits of fasting. “The key takeaway is that fasting doesn’t harm mental performance,” said Dr. Mir Ali, bariatric surgeon and medical director at the MemorialCare Surgical Weight Loss Center, California.

The meta-analysis reviewed 63 studies across the world, including over 3,400 participants. Most individuals fasted between 8 and 24 hours, with a median duration of 12 hours.

Researchers concluded that fasting “neither enhances nor impairs mental performance.” They identified three main factors that influence cognitive function:

• Fasting duration
• Type and timing of the cognitive test
• Individual characteristics, such as age or body composition

They also noted that glycogen—the body’s stored form of glucose provides energy during normal eating. When glycogen levels fall during fasting, the body shifts to using ketones derived from fat as an alternate energy source.

How To Practise Intermittent Fasting?

Intermittent fasting is not suitable for everyone, particularly those with a history of eating disorders or women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. However, for most healthy adults, it offers flexibility in timing and approach.

During fasting hours, you can still drink water, black coffee, or unsweetened tea. Light exercise is also permitted. Healthline advises focusing on nutrient-rich meals during eating periods, staying hydrated, and maintaining good sleep habits.

For beginners, it’s best to start slowly, perhaps by fasting for 6 to 8 hours at first, then gradually extending to 8–10 hours, and eventually to the more balanced 12–14-hour fasting window.

David Protein Bars is facing a lawsuit that alleged that the company misrepresented the calorie and fat contents. It is a challenge for a company which is known for catering health-conscious customers.

The complaint was filed on January 23 in the US District Court for the Southern District of New York. Three individuals who bought David bars claimed that the protein bars contained "way more" calories and fat than the label noted.

As per CBS News, independent and third-party testing used a method called Atwater factors. The result showed that the number of calories exceeded the amount listed on the label as much as by 83 per cent.

Fat Content In David Protein Bars

The lawsuit alleged that David Protein underestimated the fat content, as the testing revealed that the fat content exceeded by as much as 400 per cent.

As per the David Protein's website and the product label, the bar is supposed to contain 150 calories, 28 grams of protein and 0 grams of sugar. The lawsuit also stated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines that dictate that a product is misbranded if the "nutrient content of the composite is greater than 20% in excess of the value for that nutrient declared on the label."

The lawsuit names Linus Technologies as the primary defendant. The nutrition-focused company was founded by entrepreneur Peter Rahal in 2023, according to market intelligence platform Tracxn. It operates under the brand name David Protein.

Neither Linus Technologies nor David Protein immediately responded to requests for comment as reported by CBS News. However, on Wednesday the company posted a statement on Instagram that said, “No one is getting Regina Georged,” referencing the film Mean Girls, where the character Cady Heron tricks Regina George into eating a protein bar that leads to weight gain.

After the lawsuit was filed in January, Rahal told Vanity Fair that the company stands by the accuracy of its product labeling and plans to strongly contest the claim.

The David Protein bar was launched in 2024. According to Forbes, its name is inspired by Michelangelo’s famous 16th-century sculpture David.

The bars are sold in several flavors, including chocolate chip cookie and fudge brownie. A pack of 12 bars retails for $39, which works out to about $3.25 per bar.

Clear Information On Labels

FDA last year announced that in the coming next few years, food manufacturers have to put nutritional labels on the front of packaged foods. This proposal by FDA comes in the content of chronic diseases and the need for combating the same. The front-of-package labels are required for "most packaged foods", said the announcement.

Read: FDA Wants Nutrition Labels Of Saturated Fat, Sodium, And Added Sugar On Food Packaging

This announcement makes it easier for the customer to read the nutrition box that could otherwise go unnoticed, with many thinking that they are consuming something healthy. In most cases nutrition boxes are placed behind the packaging, and many ignore the content and thus continue to consume products with the presumption that it is healthy.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a serious, long-term condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood effectively, while placing immense strain on the cardiovascular system, leading to heart disease and chronic inflammation.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), for CKD patients, food becomes more than just an energy source; health is determined not only by foods but also by their quality.

There is no universal diet for people with CKD. In its early stages, dietary restrictions may be minimal. But as the disease progresses, patients often need to adjust their dietary choices and intake.

Experts advise people with CKD to work closely with a healthcare professional or dietitian. Nutritional needs can shift as kidney function changes and personalized guidance ensures that patients receive adequate calories while avoiding foods that strain the kidneys.

1. Salt And Sodium

Doctors recommend reducing sodium intake as the most effective way to lower the pressure on these organs while preventing fluid buildup in the body. Additionally, cooking meals from scratch using natural alternatives like fresh herbs and spices provides flavor while significantly reducing systemic strain and helps maintain stable fluid levels.

2. Protein

Balancing protein intake is a delicate decision for those with CKD. While protein is essential for maintaining muscle mass, its metabolism creates a waste product called urea. When kidneys are functioning well, they easily flush this nitrogen-based waste from the blood. However, in patients with kidney disease, this process becomes significantly impaired.

As a result, it puts an unnecessary burden on the remaining functional units of the kidney accelerate further damage. Therefore, shifting toward plant-based proteins, which are typically easier for the body to process than the high-phosphate proteins, is a good choice.

It is important to note, though, that this approach is not best for those undergoing dialysis treatment, as they require increased protein to compensate for the significant amount lost during the treatment process.

3. Potassium

Potassium plays a vital role in helping muscles and nerves function properly but can become a serious health risk when damaged kidneys are unable to remove the excess from the blood. This messes up with electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm, which may lead to dangerous heart palpitations or even sudden cardiac arrest.

Moreover, potassium is hidden in many healthy-looking foods like bananas and potatoes; patients must be extremely cautious with their dietary choices. That's why it's good to consult a doctor who may recommend specific preparation techniques, such as leaching or boiling vegetables in large amounts of water, to pull the potassium out before eating. Managing intake through careful food selection and modified cooking methods is a fundamental step in preventing life-threatening complications.

4. Phosphorus

As a result, phosphorus levels in the blood skyrocket, and the body begins to pull calcium out of the bones to compensate leading to osteoporosis.

Furthermore, this excess mineral buildup can settle in the blood vessels, causing them to stiffen and increasing the risk of heart disease. Therefore, patients need to prioritize fresh foods and carefully check ingredient labels for hidden additives to protect both their skeletal and cardiovascular systems.

5. Daily Fluid Intake

6. Heart-healthy Fats

The heart and the kidneys have an interconnected relationship. While the kidneys clean the blood from waste, the heart circulates that blood to the body. However, in CKD patients kidney fail to do so, the heart would be working too hard, leading to chronic inflammation with toxins in the blood.

That's why dieticians suggest not eating saturated fat foods such as butter, fried food and fatty meats, creating blockages called cholesterol in blood vessels, making it harder to let blood flow freely. whereas heart-healthy foods such as fats from avocados, nuts, and olive oil help in smooth blood flow.

7. Eat Enough Calories

Additionally, inadequate nutrition causes extreme fatigue, weakened immunity and fatal nutrient imbalances. Dietitians encourage patients to obtain energy from nutritious foods so the body maintains strength while coping with the disease.

What you eat does far more than simply fuel your day. Over time, the quality of food, the way it is prepared, and how often it appears on your plate can significantly influence long-term health. Increasingly, research shows that certain types of foods may quietly contribute to inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Researchers at the VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center have been exploring how diet and environmental factors shape health outcomes. Scientists there are particularly studying compounds called advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their connection to chronic diseases.

Why Ultra-Processed Foods Are A Concern

Recent dietary recommendations from the United States Department of Health and Human Services emphasize a simple principle: eat real food and cut back on ultra-processed products.

Ultra-processed foods include packaged snacks, highly refined products, and foods loaded with added sugars. These foods are designed for convenience and long shelf life, but research increasingly links them to poor health outcomes.

Experts studying nutrition note that most research examining ultra-processed foods consistently shows they are harmful when consumed frequently. One major reason is their association with higher levels of harmful compounds such as AGEs.

Today, avoiding them entirely is difficult. Studies suggest that more than 70% of foods available in grocery stores are processed or ultra-processed in some way, making healthy choices more challenging for many people.

What Are AGEs And Why Do They Matter?

Advanced glycation end products, or AGEs, are harmful compounds that form when proteins or fats combine with sugars in the bloodstream. While small amounts occur naturally in foods, they tend to be much higher in ultra-processed items.

Once consumed, these compounds can accumulate in tissues throughout the body. Over time, this buildup may accelerate tissue aging and trigger harmful biological processes.

Research shows that AGEs can contribute to inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction—three mechanisms strongly linked with chronic diseases. Patients with long-term conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers often show significantly higher levels of these compounds.

Because AGEs accumulate slowly over a lifetime, they may also reflect long-term lifestyle and environmental exposures.

Cooking Methods Can Also Increase Risk

It is not just what you eat that matters—but also how you cook it.

High-temperature, dry cooking methods such as grilling, roasting, or frying can significantly increase AGE formation in food. Many people assume grilling is automatically healthier than deep-frying, but when it comes to AGE formation, intense heat can still promote the production of these compounds.

This does not mean you must avoid these cooking methods entirely, but balancing them with gentler methods like steaming, boiling, or stewing may help reduce exposure.

Foods To Limit For Better Health

To reduce long-term health risks, experts recommend limiting:

• Ultra-processed foods, including packaged snacks and ready-to-eat meals
• Highly refined foods made from processed grains
• Products with high added sugar content
• Foods cooked at very high temperatures frequently

These foods often contain higher levels of AGEs and other compounds that may stress the body over time.

The Power Of Moderation

Dietary changes do not require giving up favorite foods completely. Experts often emphasise moderation rather than strict restriction.

Balancing high-AGE foods with healthier, minimally processed options can help the body manage these compounds more effectively. Whole foods, balanced meals, and mindful preparation methods can make a meaningful difference over time.

Ultimately, the goal is simple: prioritize real, less-processed foods whenever possible and keep indulgences occasional. Small, consistent changes in everyday eating habits can go a long way in lowering the risk of chronic diseases and supporting long-term health.