The first year is the most phenomenally transformational period of a baby's life. Your little one evolves from an absolutely helpless newborn into a lively toddler within 12 short months, with significant milestones achieved during this process. From the first coo to the first step, this period is all joy and curiosity for new parents. While developmental milestones give a guide to this development, it's important to note that every baby is unique and that the timelines for these milestones vary.

The first year of any baby's life is a rollercoaster of emotions, growing, and learning. While guides are helpful, every baby is unique, and things develop on their timeline. Celebrate each small thing, knowing that these will be the building blocks that form your child's life.

Developmental Milestones

Developmental milestones are the key behaviors and physical skills children achieve as they grow. These milestones fall into four categories: physical, cognitive, social/emotional, and language/communication.

• Physical milestones: Rolling over, sitting, crawling, standing, and eventually walking.
• Cognitive milestones: Tracks objects, solves simple problems, explores environment.
• Social/emotional milestones: Smiles, laughs, exhibits stranger or separation anxiety.
• Language milestones: Babbling, cooing, and saying first words.

Each baby grows in a special way, so the timeline of development has small differences from one to another. Knowledge of what a baby does each month allows parents to support their little one with confident and caring gestures.

Month 1: The Newborn Phase

At birth, babies are mainly concerned with adapting to life outside the womb. During the first month, your baby's development is around basic reflexes and sensory experiences:

Reflexes: Flinching at loud noises and shutting their eyes at bright lights.

Sensory Development: Focusing on objects within 12 inches and turning toward familiar sounds, especially their parents' voices.

Hand Movements: Bring hands and fists toward their mouth but not in much control. Though these actions seem rudimentary, they are foundations for more advanced skills.

Month 2: The First Social Smiles

By two months of age, babies start exhibiting more social interaction. Parents like to see the first smile from their baby, signifying increasing interaction:

Social Skills: Smiling and cooing, responding to familiar faces and voices.

Motor Development: Trying to hold his or her head up, and pushing up with his or her arms when in tummy time.

Visual Tracking: Moving the eyes to follow movement, coordination still developing.

All these small steps mean transition from newborn reflexes into intentional actions.

3-4 months: Strengthening and Interacting

By the third and fourth months, your baby becomes more sensitive to their environment, engaging with objects and people:

Head Control: The child is able to hold its head steady and upright for more extended periods.

Grasping: The baby is able to hold onto toys, such as rattles, and shake them.

Expression: The baby mimics parental expressions and coos more often.

Rolling Over: Some babies will begin rolling from tummy to back.

This is also when babies begin to recognize emotions in voices, deepening their bond with caregivers.

Months 5-6: Exploring the World

By mid-year, your baby’s strength and coordination improve significantly. You’ll notice more deliberate movements and an eagerness to explore:

Sitting Up: Briefly sitting without support and pushing themselves up during tummy time.

Object Play: Transfer of objects from one hand to another and oral exploration. Language Development: Babbling with consonant and vowel sounds like "ma-ma" or "da-da."

Emotional Expression: Laughing, squealing, or whining based on feelings.

At this age, solid foods can also be introduced since babies indicate readiness through interest in meals and greater control over their hands.

Months 7-8: On the Move

The last half of the year increases mobility and curiosity. For months seven and eight, babies will begin to develop some more complex motor skills such as:

Sitting Independently: Sit for long periods without support.

Crawling Pre-Cursors: Rocking on hands and knees, ready to crawl.

Standing: Pull up to a standing position by holding onto furniture.

Hand Skills: Using the "raking grasp" to reach for objects and moving them from one hand to another.

Emotionally, babies begin to recognize tones of voice and exhibit stranger anxiety, a normal phase in their socialization.

Months 9-10: Crawling and Cruising

By nine months, your baby is likely to be on the move, learning the thrill of getting around on his or her own:

Crawling: Most babies start crawling, but some skip this stage and cruise right to walking.

Pincer Grip: Picking up small objects with their thumb and forefinger.

Cruising: Walking while holding onto furniture, a precursor to walking.

Language Skills: Babbling strings of consonants, with occasional "words" like "mama."

Expect much exploration and experimentation, as babies like to explore objects by banging, throwing, or dropping them.

Months 11-12: The First Steps

As the first year comes to a close, your baby becomes an emerging toddler. During months 11 and 12, they often take their first independent steps:

Walking: Some babies start walking on their own, while others cruise.

Communication: Using simple words such as "hi" or "bye" and understanding simple commands.

Imitation: Imitation is shown through actions such as pretending to talk on the phone.

Problem-solving: Placing objects in and out of containers is one of the signs of cognitive development.

By the end of the first year, the baby's growth shows an incredible mixture of physical, emotional, and social milestones.

Ways You Can Support Your Baby's Development

Parents play a critical role in fostering growth. Provide a safe and stimulating environment with toys and activities that encourage exploration. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician ensure milestones are met, and any concerns are addressed promptly.

When Should You Consult a Paediatrician?

If you feel that your baby is not advancing in milestones or is delayed significantly, trust that instinct and visit a doctor. Early intervention can mean all the difference, and as a parent, you are always right.

Every parent waits eagerly for the day their child takes those wobbly first steps. For many, it's more than just a motor milestone—it’s symbolic of growth, independence, and progress. While the typical age range for walking spans from 8 to 24 months, the reason why some children walk earlier than others has remained an enigma—until now.

New research from a team of scientists across the University of Surrey and the University of Essex, published in Nature Human Behaviour, reveals that genetics may be a key player in determining when babies begin to walk. The study, one of the largest of its kind, analyzed genetic data from over 70,000 infants and found that nearly a quarter of the variation in the age at which children begin to walk can be explained by their DNA.

The onset of walking, termed Age of Onset of Walking (AOW) is widely recognized as a clinical marker for brain and behavioral development. Researchers conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that examined the DNA of infants from four major European-ancestry cohorts, including the United Kingdom Medical Research Council, the Netherlands Twin Register, and the Norwegian MoBa cohort.

What they uncovered was striking- 2,525 significant genetic variants were associated with AOW, of which 11 loci remained statistically robust. Among these, certain genes were found to be strongly expressed in the brain, particularly in areas responsible for motor control like the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.

Further analysis revealed that walking later but still within the typical developmental window—was genetically linked to higher cognitive performance and reduced risk for ADHD. This suggests that a child who walks later might actually be developing brain functions that support focus and learning.

Why Walking is More a Brain Activity than Muscle?

The act of walking involves a complex interplay between muscles, balance, sensory feedback, and brain coordination. The study showed that many of the genes related to delayed walking were also enriched in processes involving neuron generation and neurogenesis—the very building blocks of brain function.

Interestingly, the researchers also identified overlaps between walking onset genes and those associated with autism, intellectual disability, and educational attainment. This does not mean that walking later is a cause for concern; rather, it highlights how intertwined motor milestones are with broader neurological development.

Moreover, the polygenic scores—an estimate of genetic predisposition—were found to correlate with brain volume and cortical folding patterns in neonatal MRI scans. This reinforces the notion that motor development may reflect deeper, genetically driven processes within the brain.

Is Late Walking a Warning Sign?

While delayed walking can sometimes point to developmental disorders, most late walkers fall within the wide spectrum of normal development. According to Professor Angelica Ronald, a senior researcher on the study, “Only a minority of late walkers have underlying neurological abnormalities. In most cases, the timing is just one part of the child’s individual developmental rhythm.”

Still, the 18-month mark remains an important pediatric checkpoint. Children who haven’t begun walking independently by then may benefit from a medical evaluation to rule out conditions like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or developmental coordination disorder.

Although genetics play a significant role, they are only one part of the story. Environmental influences—such as nutrition, gestational age, opportunity to practice movement, and cultural norms—also shape when a child learns to walk. For instance, children in cultures that emphasize early motor training often walk sooner, regardless of genetic predispositions.

Moreover, the researchers noted that their findings, while robust, were limited to populations of European ancestry. Future studies including diverse populations will help uncover whether these genetic markers are universally applicable or ethnicity-specific.

This study provides more than just a scientific breakthrough—it offers reassurance. Your baby’s timeline isn’t a race, and walking “late” might simply reflect a different kind of neurological development in progress.

Recognizing Baby Walking Styles

Babies have their own unique walking styles, and many are completely normal as their muscles and bones develop:

The Toddle: A wide-legged, deliberate style that becomes smoother over time.

The Cowboy: Bow-legged with knees apart and ankles together—a temporary phase.

The Duck: “Out-toeing” or “in-toeing” where toes point outward or inward; usually resolves with growth.

Toe Walking: Walking on tiptoes, common in early stages of walking.

Tips to Encourage Your Baby to Walk

Alongside a baby’s first smile and first word, those very first steps are a big deal. For many parents, it's an eagerly awaited milestone—camera in hand, ready to capture the magic. But behind those few wobbly steps lies months of motor development: sitting, rolling, crawling, and standing. And as this moment approaches, it’s natural to wonder—are they walking differently than other kids? Is there a way to help them along?

Here are six practical and parent-approved tips to gently support and encourage your baby’s walking journey:

1. Let Them Go Barefoot

While baby shoes are adorable, barefoot is best during those initial walking phases. Walking is a complex task, requiring your baby’s bones, tendons, and muscles to adjust and work in sync. Bare feet help your child better sense their footing and improve balance—crucial in building confidence and coordination.

2. Use Toys as Motivation

Encouragement can come in the form of fun! Hold out a toy—or even the irresistible TV remote—just out of reach to motivate your baby to take a few steps. Position yourself strategically and cheer them on as they inch closer.

3. Create a Furniture Path

Turn your living room into a mini obstacle course by placing pieces of furniture close together. This gives your little one a safe way to “cruise” from one surface to another. As they gain confidence, increase the gap between objects to gradually build strength and independence.

4. Check the Flooring

Slippery surfaces can make walking harder. Avoid glossy tiles or slick laminates early on. Opt instead for carpeted areas or lay down rugs and yoga mats for better grip and safety while they’re learning.

5. Pick the Right Push Walker

Choose a push-along walker like a trolley with blocks inside, instead of a sit-in, wheeled version. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has recommended banning sit-in baby walkers due to safety concerns. Push-along types support forward movement while helping babies develop stability and control.

6. Steady and Encourage Them Emotionally

Support matters. Position your baby against a stable surface and sit opposite them. Gently encourage them to move forward. Keep the mood upbeat with claps, songs, and smiles. Remember, babies mirror emotions—your confidence and joy fuel theirs. A tumble or two is normal—what matters is consistent encouragement.

When to Talk to Your Pediatrician?

Not all differences are concerning, but you should consult a doctor if you notice:

Asymmetry: One foot dragging, or one side moving differently than the other.

Frequent Falls: Some tripping is normal, but consistent stumbles could signal an issue.

Signs of Pain: Limping or discomfort while walking shouldn’t be ignored.

So the next time you're asked, “Is your baby walking yet?”, you can confidently say, “Not yet—and that's perfectly fine. It’s in their DNA.”

Walking is not just a physical milestone—it’s a reflection of both genetics and neurodevelopment. With nearly 25% of walking-age variability explained by genetic factors, science is now rewriting the way we understand infant development, one step at a time.

While parents often claim they do not have a favorite child, sometimes their favor is evident. Sometimes it is the kid they depend on the most, other times it is the youngest kid of the family. However, is there a specific factor parents enjoy more in their kids? After analyzing factors like age, gender and behavioral pattern, researchers found what parents favored the most in their children

In a 2025 study published by the Psychological Bulletin, researchers found that parents favor daughters. They are more likely to be the favorite, across both mothers and fathers. Firstborn children also often receive more positive attention. Additionally, children who are described as conscientious – meaning they are responsible, organized, and do what they're supposed to – are also frequently favored. These findings suggest that certain personality traits and birth order can influence how parents interact with their children, even if unintentionally.

How Did They Find Parents Favored Certain Kids

Researchers looked at the results of many different studies. They combined the findings from over two dozen research papers, including articles, school projects, and large collections of data. This allowed them to see broader patterns in how parents treat their children differently. By looking at things like how much affection parents show and how they share resources, the researchers could draw more reliable conclusions than if they had just looked at one single study. This big picture approach helps us understand the common trends in parental favoritism.

Why Did The Parents Favor These Traits

Older Siblings

Parents tend to grant older children more freedom and decision-making power, likely due to perceiving them as more mature and responsible based on their age and experience. Having navigated earlier developmental stages, they've often earned more trust, leading parents to offer greater independence compared to their younger siblings who are still learning and growing.

Daughters

Social norms and potential emotional closeness might contribute to daughters being favored. Parents may have different communication styles or expectations, possibly leading to a stronger perceived bond. While conscientiousness and agreeableness play a role overall, a general inclination towards daughters could also stem from subtle societal influences on parental perceptions and interactions.

Conscientious and Agreeable Children

Children who are responsible, organized, cooperative, and kind often experience more positive parental interactions. Their agreeable nature leads to less conflict, creating smoother relationships. These traits can make parenting easier, resulting in more praise, trust, and overall favored treatment compared to siblings who may exhibit more challenging behaviors.

Avoiding Shows Of Favoritism For Kid’s Well-Being

When children feel like they are not the favorite, it can have a real impact on their well-being. It's not just about feeling a little sad; it can affect their mental health, their relationships with others, and even how well they do in school. To make sure all their children feel equally loved and valued, parents can try a few practical things.

It's helpful for parents to regularly think about how they interact with each child. Showing interest in each child's unique hobbies and asking them open-ended questions about what's important to them can make a big difference.

Spending dedicated one-on-one time with each child and avoiding comparisons between them are also key. Encouraging a positive relationship between siblings and openly talking about everyone's needs can create a more supportive and equitable family environment.

Trying to conceive in your 30s can feel like a race against time, but what if the secret to increasing your fertility was as easy as taking a walk outside for some sunlight? Yes, you heard that right! New studies indicate moderate sun exposure to have a crucial role in maintaining ovarian health and fertility, particularly for women past the age of 30. The quest for fertility and reproductive well-being assumes greater importance with advancing age for women, more so after passing the 30s. That biological functions change with age for women is not a secret, and with this comes the dip in fertility as well but what if something as easy as sunlight could improve those chances? Research indicates that moderate sunlight exposure may play a big role in ovarian health and fertility, particularly in women aged over 30.

We've known for years that sunlight improves our mood and mental health. Natural serotonin production while being exposed to sunlight is well-documented, but new studies are now connecting sunlight exposure with better fertility rates, especially among women aged over 30.

A study appearing in Steroids, authored by scientists at Tel Aviv University and the Sheba Medical Center, reveals how solar radiation exposure may impact fertility. The study, in particular, examined how sun exposure influenced the level of Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) in women. AMH is an important marker of ovarian reserve—the amount of eggs a woman possesses in her ovaries, which determines her fertility potential.

The scientists followed 2,235 women aged 20 to 40 and discovered an interesting trend: women aged 30 to 40 who were exposed to moderate amounts of sunlight in spring and autumn had more AMH compared to those exposed to little sunlight in winter months. Surprisingly, those who were exposed to more solar radiation in summer had greater levels of AMH than those in the winter. Although the study does not create a direct cause-and-effect relationship, it does imply that moderate sun exposure can be good for ovarian reserve and therefore fertility.

Role of Vitamin D in Fertility

Vitamin D, or the "sunshine vitamin," is manufactured by our skin after exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D has been found to be very important for fertility, especially for women who are attempting to get pregnant. A deficiency in vitamin D has been linked to unfavorable fertility outcomes, such as lower IVF success rates and an increased risk of pregnancy complications.

For women attempting conception without medical aid, having optimal levels of vitamin D can maximize the possibility of conception. A number of studies establish that women with higher levels of vitamin D are likely to have better rates of implantation of the embryo and better success when undergoing IVF treatment. The relationship between vitamin D and fertility highlights the need to maximize exposure to sunlight or take supplements, especially for those attempting conception.

How Much Sun is Too Much?

While moderate sun exposure will improve fertility by increasing vitamin D levels and AMH levels, it's necessary to counterbalance this with the danger of too much sun. Long-term exposure to strong sunlight can cause sun damage, premature aging, and increased skin cancer risk. So, it's worth striving for safe, moderate sun exposure—usually, about 10 to 30 minutes a few times a week, depending on the type of your skin and sun intensity.

It's essential to pay attention to your body and not expose yourself to the sun during the strongest hours, usually between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Applying sunscreen to longer exposures and dressing in protective clothing is worth considering to avoid long-term damage to your skin.

Fertility-Enhancing Lifestyle Changes for Women Age 30 and Above

Sunlight exposure is only half the solution when it comes to enhancing fertility among women aged 30 and above. Embracing a healthy lifestyle can also contribute in a notable way to enhancing reproductive health. These are some of the most important lifestyle changes that can enhance fertility:

1. Eat a Balanced Diet

A healthy diet high in antioxidants, healthy fats, and whole foods may also contribute to improving fertility. Foods that are rich in nutrients such as folic acid, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids play a critical role in maintaining reproductive health. Especially, consuming fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains can normalize hormones and make conception more likely.

2. Exercise Regularly, But Don't Overdo It

Physical exercise is essential for general health and fertility. Regular, moderate exercise—like walking, swimming, or yoga—can help normalize hormones, enhance blood flow, and alleviate stress. Excessive exercise, on the other hand, can have the opposite effect and harm fertility. Women who overexert themselves or have extremely low body weight can suffer from menstrual irregularities, which can prevent ovulation.

3. Stress Management

Chronic stress is a proven fertility killer, as it can cause hormonal imbalance and affect ovulation. Adding stress-reduction methods like yoga, meditation, or breathing exercises can help balance your body. Also, talking to a counselor or therapist can be helpful in resolving emotional and psychological stress that could be impacting your fertility.

4. Get Enough Sleep

Sleep is necessary for hormone balance and overall health. Lack of sleep can raise cortisol levels and interfere with your reproductive hormones. Get 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep each night to aid your fertility and overall health.

Although no one factor can promise fertility, sunlight exposure may be a natural and inexpensive means of aiding reproductive health. Along with a healthy diet, exercise on a regular basis, and stress management techniques, you can really boost your chances of conception, particularly if you're in your 30s. Fertility is a multifaceted process, and it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider when changing your lifestyle or embarking on a family planning adventure.

Moderate sunlight exposure not only does your mood and mental health good but also has an unsuspected but possibly vital role to play in enhancing ovarian health and fertility beyond the age of 30.