Pregnancy is a beautiful journey, often life changing too. But many mothers do not know what they are about to experience. To make it easier, here is a step-by-step journey of what each trimester in pregnancy may look like to you. The entire journey of pregnancy is typically a 40-week journey, but full-term babies can be born anytime between 37 and 42 weeks. It is divided into three trimesters, each marked by different physical and emotional changes for both the baby and the pregnant person. Some also consider the postpartum period, or the first three months after birth, as a "fourth trimester" due to the significant adjustments that take place.

First Trimester (Weeks 1–12)

The first trimester is a critical period for fetal development. After fertilization, the egg and sperm form a zygote. This then gets implanted in the uterus and starts dividing rapidly. By the end of these 12 weeks, the embryo gets transformed into a fetus with a beating heart, developing organs, and tiny fingers and toes. The nervous system begins functioning, and the fetus can even make a fist. Though still small—about three inches long and weighing an ounce—it is growing at an incredible pace.

For the pregnant person, this trimester could be the most overwhelming, often way more than the other trimesters. As it is during this trimester that you see noticeable changes. Fatigue, nausea (morning sickness), breast tenderness, mood swings, and frequent urination are common. Some experience food cravings or aversions, while others struggle with digestion and occasional headaches. Morning sickness, despite its name, can occur at any time of day and may last beyond the first trimester.

Second Trimester (Weeks 13–27)

Many consider the second trimester to be the most comfortable phase of pregnancy. By now, the fetus has grown significantly—reaching about one foot in length and weighing around 1.5 pounds. Key developments occur during this stage: hair, skin, and nails form, the baby begins to hear and see, and taste buds develop. The baby also starts moving regularly, and these tiny kicks and flutters become more noticeable as the weeks progress.

For the pregnant person, early symptoms like nausea and extreme fatigue often ease. However, new changes appear. The abdomen expands to accommodate the growing baby, and stretch marks may form. Skin pigmentation changes, such as a darkening of the areolas or patches on the face, are also common. Some experience swelling in the hands, feet, and face, which is normal unless accompanied by other concerning symptoms. This trimester is often when the first real connection with the baby forms, as their movements become stronger.

Third Trimester (Weeks 28–40)

The final trimester is a time of rapid fetal growth and preparation for delivery. By this stage, the baby’s lungs fully develop, bones harden, and the eyes open. The protective fine hair (lanugo) that once covered the body starts to shed, replaced by a waxy coating called vernix, which helps protect the skin. In the final weeks, the baby typically moves into a head-down position in preparation for birth.

For the pregnant person, this trimester can bring discomfort due to the baby’s size and position. Common experiences include heartburn, shortness of breath, insomnia, and swelling. Many also notice leakage of milk from the breasts, more frequent urination, and hemorrhoids. This is also the time when Braxton Hicks contractions, or practice contractions, start occurring. Unlike real labor contractions, these are irregular and do not indicate immediate delivery. Anxiety about childbirth and parenthood often peaks in these final weeks, making emotional support and self-care essential.

The Fourth Trimester: The Postpartum Period

The first three months after birth are a crucial adjustment period for both the baby and the parent. Physically, postpartum recovery involves bleeding (lochia), cramping, and healing from childbirth-related injuries. For those who breastfeed, there may be breast soreness and milk production challenges. Emotionally, the mix of hormonal shifts, sleep deprivation, and new responsibilities can feel overwhelming.

Some experience postpartum depression, characterized by persistent sadness, feelings of inadequacy, or thoughts of self-harm. It’s important to seek help if these feelings persist. Simple strategies like resting when possible, accepting help, and attending follow-up medical appointments can ease the transition.

While infertility has long been viewed as a women’s issue, experts stress that men account for nearly half of all cases. According to fertility specialists, male infertility contributes to around 40% of infertility cases, with female factors responsible for another 40%, and combined or unexplained causes making up the rest. Alarming trends show a steady rise in male infertility, largely due to low sperm count, lifestyle factors, and sexual health issues.

Dr. Avantika Vaze Parab, Fertility Specialist at Nova IVF Fertility, Vashi, Mumbai, explains that several reproductive health conditions in men can impact their ability to father a child, many of which are treatable if identified early.

Common Medical Conditions That Affect Male Fertility

One of the most common causes of male infertility is varicocele, a swelling of the veins in the scrotum that increases testicular temperature and hampers sperm production. “It often goes unnoticed but can be treated through medication or, in some cases, surgery,” says Dr. Parab.

Hormonal imbalances also play a significant role in fertility. Hormones such as FSH, LH, and prolactin, released from the pituitary gland, along with testosterone produced in the testes, are essential for healthy sperm production. Any disruption in these hormones can reduce sperm quality and quantity.

Infections of the reproductive tract, including untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or illnesses like mumps during childhood, may cause long-term damage to sperm-producing tissues, leading to infertility.

When Sperm Can’t Reach the Ejaculate

In some men, sperm production occurs normally, but blockages in the reproductive tract prevent sperm from being ejaculated. “In such cases, sperm can still be retrieved directly from the testes through procedures like TESE (Testicular Sperm Extraction) or PESA (Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration),” explains Dr. Parab. These sperm can then be used in advanced fertility treatments such as ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection), allowing men to father children with their own sperm despite the obstruction.

The Impact of Sexual and Lifestyle Factors

Sexual dysfunctions such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation are another major contributor to male infertility. These issues are often linked to stress, obesity, or chronic conditions like diabetes, and they can strain both fertility and relationships.

Lifestyle habits also play a major role. Dr. Parab emphasizes that smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, lack of physical activity, and exposure to chemicals or radiation can all impair sperm health. “Even when sperm are produced, their count or motility may be too low for natural conception,” she notes. In such cases, assisted reproductive treatments like IUI (Intrauterine Insemination) or IVF/ICSI may be recommended.

Genetic and Hormonal Conditions

Certain genetic disorders, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome or Y-chromosome microdeletions, can lead to very low sperm counts or even azoospermia (zero sperm count). These require specialized diagnosis and fertility support.

Breaking the Stigma Around Male Infertility

Dr. Parab underscores that infertility is a shared responsibility, not solely a woman’s issue. “For generations, men have been hesitant to seek medical help due to social stigma,” she says. A basic semen analysis is often the first step for men who are trying to conceive.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle, quitting tobacco and alcohol, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and consulting a doctor early can significantly improve fertility outcomes. “Seeking timely medical guidance helps men take the right steps at the right time,” Dr. Parab concludes.

Staying hydrated during pregnancy is crucial, but not every beverage that quenches thirst is safe for a mom-to-be. From morning coffee to bedtime teas, the choices can get confusing. So, how do you know which drinks are actually good for you and your baby?

We spoke to Dr. Sushruta Mokadam, consultant obstetrician at Motherhood Hospital, Kharadi, Pune, who rated the most common beverages consumed during pregnancy — from best to worst — and explained what makes them safe or risky.

Water

She recommends drinking at least three litres of water daily. “If plain water feels boring, try adding slices of lemon, cucumber, or mint. Detox water can be a refreshing and healthy alternative,” she adds.

Milk

Milk is packed with calcium, protein, vitamin D, and iodine, all vital for the baby’s bone, tooth, and brain development. “Milk is one of the most wholesome drinks for expectant mothers, provided it’s pasteurized,” says Dr. Mokadam.

She advises choosing between low-fat or full-fat milk based on your dietary needs. For those who are lactose intolerant or prefer plant-based options, fortified almond or soy milk can be good substitutes — as long as they’re enriched with calcium and vitamin D.

Fresh Fruit Juices

Freshly squeezed juices provide a good dose of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. “Juices like orange, pomegranate, or apple can help boost your well-being,” explains Dr. Mokadam.

However, she cautions against overconsumption: “Juice lacks fiber and is high in natural sugars. One small glass a day is fine, but going overboard can lead to unnecessary calorie intake and affect blood sugar levels.”

Herbal Teas

Many pregnant women turn to herbal teas for relaxation or to ease nausea. “Mild herbal teas like ginger or chamomile in moderation can help with digestion or morning sickness,” says Dr. Mokadam.

But not all herbs are safe. “Avoid teas with licorice root, pennyroyal, or unknown herbal blends. Always check with your doctor before adding any herbal tea to your routine,” she advises.

Coffee and Black/Green Tea

Caffeine crosses the placenta and can affect the baby’s heart rate. “It’s best to limit caffeine to less than 200 mg per day,” warns Dr. Mokadam. That’s roughly one small cup of coffee or two cups of tea. Too much caffeine may increase the risk of miscarriage or low birth weight.

Soft Drinks, Energy Drinks, and Sugary Beverages

These are high in sugar, artificial additives, and caffeine, with no nutritional value. “They can increase the risk of gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain, or even affect fetal growth,” says Dr. Mokadam.

She advises cutting them out completely for better overall well-being.

Pregnancy is a time when woman need to be extra careful with what they consume. There are always endless recommendations, and thus sometimes it could be difficult to separate fact from fiction, especially when it comes to protein intake. While protein is essential for everyone, however, during pregnancy, it plays a critical role in maternal health and fetal development.

Why Does It Matter?

A recent study has shown that lead has been found in popular protein powder, and the highest found in whey protein powder, or the plant-based protein powders. This is concerning, as protein are essential during pregnant as they contribute directly to the growth and development of the baby.

Proteins are made up of amino acids- body's building blocks. These amino acids help build and repair muscle and create hormones and produce enzymes.

A study published in Advances in Nutrition highlights that pregnancy is an “exceptional stage of life defined by rapid growth and development.” From just weeks after conception, the body adjusts protein metabolism to support fetal growth. Most protein deposits occur in the third trimester, reinforcing the importance of consistent protein intake throughout pregnancy.

Read: High Levels Of Lead Found In Protein Powders And Shakes, Reveals Consumer Reports

How Much Protein Do You Need?

Recommended protein intake usually varies by country, for instance in Australia, the RDI for pregnant women s around 60 grams per day, whereas 46 grams for non-pregnant women.

Are Protein Powder Safe During Pregnancy?

Yes, they are safe, unless they contain lead and other contaminants, which must be checked by the list published by the Consumer Reports and your local physician, gynaecologist and nutritionist.

There are several plant-based proteins that have the highest lead content in them, they are:

• Whey protein: Derived from milk; contains all essential amino acids. Not ideal for lactose-intolerant individuals.
• Hemp protein: Plant-based, safe for vegetarians and vegans.
• Pea protein: Plant-based, rich in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs).
• Rice protein: Vegan-friendly, made from brown rice.

What Is An Alternative?

The RDI could be achieved with a manageable and balanced diet that includes:

Complete proteins: Lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy

Combined plant proteins: Legumes with grains or nuts (e.g., peanut butter on whole-grain toast)

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and moderate protein sources, whether plant-based or animal, supports both maternal and fetal health. Weight gain is expected during pregnancy, and incorporating protein helps ensure that gain is nutrient-dense. For individual guidance, consulting a GP or dietitian is recommended.

Other alternatives like protein bars, or homemade bars, which use dates, nut butter, and seeds could be a healthier option as they do not contain added sugar.