When it comes to morning routines, people do their own thing, whether it is waking up, exercising and eating a wholesome breakfast or waking up, washing and wearing fresh clothes and immediately going for coffee. Many coffee drinkers say that they simply cannot start their day without a fresh cup 'a joe, and not having coffee eventually leads them to have a headache or feeling groggy. While you may think that having coffee is the reason why caffeine intake has risen in the US, there is a catch to it. Less and less people are drinking coffee in the past few years, but the few people who have continued to drink it have increased their caffeine intake by a lot!

The latest research shows that fewer Americans are drinking the usual caffeinated drinks like coffee, soda, and tea but, those who still enjoy these drinks are choosing stronger versions, meaning they're getting more caffeine in each serving. So, even though fewer people are drinking these beverages, the total amount of caffeine Americans are consuming is going up. Even with this increase, the average person's caffeine intake is still below the safe limit of 400 milligrams per day. Researchers say the market for caffeinated drinks has changed a lot, and they need to keep track of these changes to understand how it affects people's health.

A recent study, published in the Food and Chemical Toxicology, involving over 49,000 American adults reveals a significant shift in caffeine consumption patterns. Coffee has become the most popular way for Americans to get their caffeine fix. Now, 70% of all caffeine consumed comes from coffee. This is a big jump from ten years ago. On the other hand, sodas are losing their popularity as a caffeine source. Only 15% of caffeine now comes from sodas, which is a big drop. Tea is also seeing a decline. Fewer people are drinking tea overall. However, those who still drink tea are drinking more of it, almost doubling their caffeine intake from tea. This means that while fewer people are drinking tea, those who do are drinking stronger brews or more cups. It's clear that people's choices for caffeinated drinks are shifting.

Study author Diane Mitchell of the Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M AgriLife, said in a news release, “We are all aware that the caffeinated beverage market has changed dramatically over the past 10 years, yet no comparable, comprehensive caffeine intake data have been published in recent years".

Do Energy Drinks Make The List?

While many people may not know this, energy drinks are a notorious source of caffeine, and many people do not even know that many of their favorite drinks contain an a lot of caffeine. Energy drinks are becoming a more common way for people to get their caffeine. These drinks, which weren't as popular a decade ago, now account for 6% of total caffeine intake. This increase is because there are now many more energy drink brands available. The number of brands has almost doubled. This gives people more choices, and many are opting for these high-caffeine beverages. Energy drinks often contain a lot of caffeine in a small can or bottle, which can quickly boost energy levels. The growing number of energy drink options is changing how people consume caffeine.

“With a constantly evolving market of caffeinated beverages and the potential impact it has on beverage consumption patterns, continued monitoring of caffeine intakes is warranted," the authors concluded.

What is the Recommended Healthy Caffeine Intake?

Even though people are changing how they consume caffeine, the average intake is still below the recommended safe limit. Health experts recommend that adults consume no more than 400 milligrams of caffeine per day. This is roughly equal to two or three regular cups of coffee. While the types of drinks people choose are changing, and some are opting for stronger options, overall consumption remains within a safe range. Researchers believe it's important to keep monitoring caffeine intake because the market for caffeinated drinks is constantly changing. They want to make sure that people understand how these changes might affect their health.

Wildfires are a big concern for US citizens. Since the beginning of 2025, 31,039 wildfires have consumed 1.3 million acres of US land, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that burn wildland and often rural areas. These fires can exhaust forests, grasslands, and many other ecosystems. With the amount of smoke generated, wildfires can severely affect the health of people.

A new study suggests that wildfires might indirectly raise the risk of flu and COVID-19 outbreaks. The smoke from wildfires often forces people to stay indoors, and when more people are gathered in enclosed spaces, infectious diseases can spread more easily. This finding was recently published in the journal PLOS Climate.

Why Staying Inside Puts You at Higher Risk

When wildfires burn, the air outside gets filled with smoke, making people go indoors. This creates perfect conditions for illnesses like the flu to spread, as a researcher from Georgetown University explained. With more people packed together, germs can jump from one person to another more easily. But there's a simple way to lower this risk: just wearing a mask indoors can help a lot.

Following People's Movements During Wildfires

Researchers looked at mobile phone data to see where people went during wildfires. This data showed visits to over 4.6 million places across the U.S., both inside and outside. They focused on the wildfire season in Oregon and Washington in 2020. By checking air quality, they found the areas worst affected by smoke. During that time, especially in August and September 2020, widespread wildfires caused a lot of smoke in these states.

More People, More Risk

The study found a clear increase in indoor activities when the wildfires were burning. In counties across Oregon, indoor activity went up by 14%, and in Washington counties, it increased by almost 11%. Major cities also saw a significant jump: Seattle experienced a 16% rise, and Portland saw an 11% increase in people spending time indoors. This shift means more people were confined together.

Using computer models, the researchers confirmed that more people indoors raises the risk of infectious diseases spreading, especially for highly contagious illnesses like flu and COVID-19. But these models also showed that wearing masks indoors can help slow the spread. They found that even a small increase in mask wearing (just 10% more people) could lower the number of new cases during wildfires. In areas hit hardest by smoke, like parts of Oregon and Washington, more than half the people might need to wear masks to effectively control the disease.

Preparing for Health Risks in a Changing Climate

The researchers advise public health experts to be aware of this connection if wildfire smoke reaches their communities. They should also warn people about the higher risk of infection. The study emphasized that as we face more extreme weather events, our public health plans need to change. We have to address not just the direct environmental harm from wildfires, but also how people react and adapt to these emergencies. By understanding how people behave and planning for it, we can better protect everyone's health in a world where extreme events are becoming more common.

Being one of the most common cancer diagnoses, skin cancer claims more than two people every hour. The Skin Cancer Foundation also specifies that having five or more sunburns doubles your risk of melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer. Despite the fact that people are often urged to wear sunscreen and take protection from heat, one in five Americans will develop skin cancer by the age of 70. However, the survival rate of melanoma is 99 percent, meaning if people can get it diagnosed early, they can get proper treatment. So, how can one get an early diagnosis?

An experimental AI tool called PanDerm shows promising results in accelerating the detection of melanoma and other skin conditions, according to a new study published in Nature Medicine. When doctors used PanDerm, it improved the accuracy of skin cancer diagnoses by 11%, and the accurate diagnosis of other skin conditions by almost 17%.

Enhancing Clinical Decision-Making

PanDerm is made in a way to assist doctors by helping them understand complex imaging data and make more confident and informed decisions. While a lot of people are skeptical of the use of AI and how it may impact human lives in the long rn, the study shows that using it to work alongside professionals can help us reach great medical heights.

Researchers explained the tool is built to work alongside medical professionals, making it easier for them to interpret difficult images and choose the right course of action with greater certainty. This support is especially important because about 70% of people experience some kind of skin condition, making it crucial to spot them early for better treatment outcomes.

How PanDerm Works

Developed by a global research team, PanDerm was trained on a massive collection of over 2 million skin images, using four different types of medical imaging. Unlike previous AI models that struggled to combine various data types, PanDerm was specifically created to identify a wide range of skin conditions. It uses images from tiny microscopic slides to wide views showing lesions and the surrounding skin.

Researchers also said that by training PanDerm with diverse data from different imaging techniques, they've created a system that can understand skin conditions similar to how dermatologists do—by combining information from various visual sources.

Impressive Performance and Future Potential

In the study, PanDerm was tested on various tasks related to skin health, including screening for cancer, counting moles, tracking changes in lesions, and diagnosing a broad spectrum of skin conditions. The AI consistently delivered strong results, often needing only 5% to 10% of the data that doctors typically require for diagnoses. This means it can provide accurate results with much less information.

This AI tool could be especially valuable in areas where it's hard to see a dermatologist, as researcher Peter Soyer pointed out. However, the researchers stress that PanDerm needs more evaluation and real-world testing in different healthcare settings and with various types of patients before it can be approved and widely used.

Treatment For Skin Cancer

The Cancer Research UK explains that when you have skin cancer, the main treatment is usually surgery. However, depending on where the cancer is, how big it is, and your overall health, you might have a different kind of treatment. Your doctor will discuss all the possible options with you.

Besides surgery, other treatments include radiotherapy, which uses high-energy rays similar to X-rays to kill cancer cells, often for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). You might also get a chemotherapy cream that uses strong drugs to destroy cancer cells, or Imiquimod cream (Aldara), which helps your body's own defenses fight the cancer.

For some types of skin cancer, doctors might suggest targeted drugs or immunotherapy. These treatments either attack specific parts of cancer cells or boost your immune system to help it kill the cancer. Another option is photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses a special drug and light to destroy the cancer cells.

After you finish your skin cancer treatment, you'll need to have follow-up appointments to make sure everything is okay.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Yeztugo, a powerful, long-acting injection developed by Gilead Sciences, as a twice-yearly preventive treatment against HIV. The move has ignited widespread hope among global health advocates, signaling what many believe to be the dawn of a new era in HIV prevention.

With a 99.9% success rate in preventing HIV transmission in clinical trials, this injectable therapy formally known as lenacapavir, offers a revolutionary alternative to daily pills and could dramatically reshape the global HIV landscape.

Why Is HIV Drug Approval Such a Big Deal?

For more than 40 years, HIV has eluded a vaccine. While treatment has transformed HIV into a manageable chronic condition for millions, preventing new infections has remained a formidable challenge. Daily oral PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), such as Truvada, has helped, but adherence is difficult for many especially in vulnerable populations.

That’s where Yeztugo changes the game. Its unique mechanism, longevity, and ease of use have the potential to overcome the barriers of daily pill regimens. Administered once every six months by a healthcare provider, it’s the longest-lasting PrEP option ever approved.

“This is a historic day in the decades-long fight against HIV,” said Daniel O’Day, CEO of Gilead Sciences. “We believe this marks a turning point.”

How Does Yeztugo Work?

Lenacapavir is not a vaccine. Instead, it is an antiretroviral that blocks HIV from infecting immune cells and replicating. What sets it apart is its ability to stay in the body for extended periods, providing protection for six months with a single shot.

Gilead conducted two major trials to test the drug’s efficacy in over 2,000 cisgender women in sub-Saharan Africa, the injection showed 100% prevention of HIV infection.

A parallel trial involving men who have sex with men and gender-diverse individuals showed a 99.9% effectiveness rate, with only two breakthrough infections. These outcomes, published in The New England Journal of Medicine, led Science to name lenacapavir its 2024 “Breakthrough of the Year.”

Reported side effects were minimal, limited mostly to injection site irritation, headaches, and nausea.

How The New Drug Affects HIV Treatment And Prevention?

Interestingly, lenacapavir didn’t start as a preventive drug. It was initially approved in 2022 (under the brand name Sunlenca) for treating drug-resistant HIV.

Researchers at Gilead quickly recognized two features that made it ideal for prevention: its long half-life and its ability to disrupt multiple stages of the HIV life cycle.

“We saw a fantastic protective effect after just one injection—even in non-human primate studies,” said Tomas Cihlar, Gilead’s VP of Virology. “That’s when we realized we had to pursue prevention aggressively.”

Could This Replace HIV Vaccine?

In many ways, yes—at least for now. While lenacapavir isn’t a vaccine in the traditional sense, its efficacy closely mimics one. And since traditional HIV vaccine development has repeatedly hit roadblocks, some experts believe lenacapavir may be the next best thing.

“Lenacapavir used by itself for prevention is a huge breakthrough,” said Dr. David Ho of Columbia University, a pioneer in HIV research. “Its potential to curb the epidemic is enormous.”

Yet ironically, the drug’s success could make it harder to develop a conventional vaccine. Why? Because it would now be unethical to assign people a placebo in vaccine trials when such a highly effective alternative exists.

Is There A the Catch?

While the science is exciting, several real-world challenges could stand in the way of Yeztugo’s success, cost, access, and policy chief among them.

Previous injectable PrEP options like cabotegravir, approved in 2021, came with hefty price tags and have yet to make a meaningful global impact. Gilead has not yet announced pricing for Yeztugo, but there’s concern it may follow suit.

Additionally, logistical barriers remain. Yeztugo must be administered in a clinic by a healthcare provider and requires that recipients test negative for HIV before each shot. That’s a significant hurdle for high-risk individuals in low-resource settings.

“There’s huge promise here, but we’ve built a jet without a runway,” said Hui Yang of the Global Fund to Fight HIV, TB, and Malaria. “If we don’t address distribution, affordability, and systemic barriers, the science won’t matter.”

Who Gets Access To HIV Injection?

Gilead has signed royalty-free licensing deals with six manufacturers to produce lenacapavir generics in 120 low- and middle-income countries. But critics point out that many middle-income nations, such as some in Latin America, are left out.

Meanwhile, in the U.S., states with strong support for PrEP programs have already seen a 38% decline in HIV infections. In contrast, states without similar support saw a 27% increase, according to The Lancet HIV.

With Medicaid cuts looming and the Supreme Court considering a case that could overturn the requirement for insurers to cover PrEP without copays, the long-term reach of Yeztugo may be compromised.

“We could be standing on the verge of eliminating new HIV infections,” said Carl Schmid of the HIV+Hepatitis Policy Institute. “But without the right policies, this will remain a medical miracle out of reach for too many.”

What Comes Next In the HIV Battle?

Gilead is already working on a once-a-year formulation of lenacapavir to make prevention even more accessible. The Global Fund aims to reach two million new PrEP users in the next three years, and Yeztugo could be pivotal to that goal.

There’s also ongoing research into self-administered versions of the injection, which would help reduce the need for in-clinic visits—especially vital for reaching marginalized populations.

The FDA’s approval of Yeztugo is more than a regulatory milestone—it’s a paradigm shift in HIV prevention strategy. Whether this breakthrough can live up to its promise will depend on how quickly and equitably it can be delivered.