Autophagy, derived from a Greek word, the "self-eating" nature refers to an interesting cellular process as part of the body's own recycling mechanism for cellular damage or components that have no purpose. This natural cleansing biological mechanism assists in maintaining health and restoring cellular structures through break-down and repurposing the dysfunctional components, generating energy, and rebuilding new structures for cells.

In the recent past, autophagy has been in the headlines as a potential factor toward achieving health benefits that run from anti-aging features to preventing chronic diseases.

Learn how autophagy works, its potential health impacts, and how individuals might harness this natural process for better health and longevity.

What is Autophagy?

Autophagy is an essential process in which cells remove their "junk" components - such as damaged proteins, malfunctioning organelles, or harmful pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, which would otherwise interfere with proper cellular functioning. This autophagic housekeeping maintains cell functionality and allows them to recover from stress or nutrient depletion.

The breakdown products of these cellular wastes are amino acids during autophagy, which the cell reuses to build new proteins for energy creation or to restore and replace damaged cells. In effect, the body is recycling itself on the microscopic level, boosting survival and efficiency of its cells.

How Autophagy Works

Autophagy occurs in the cytoplasm, which is the jelly-like fluid inside cells. The whole process occurs in the following steps:

Sequestration

The dysfunctional parts of the cell are engulfed by a double-membraned structure known as a phagophore, which gives rise to an autophagosome.

Fusion

The autophagosome fuses with lysosomes, which are special structures containing enzymes that degrade waste materials.

Degradation

Lysosomal enzymes degrade the trapped cellular components into their building blocks, such as amino acids.

Utilization

The produced amino acids are then reutilized for energy or protein synthesis to build new proteins and cellular structures.

In this way, cells manage to remain viable in situations of nutrient starvation or stress, increasing their efficiency and resilience.

Health Effects of Autophagy

The researchers have linked autophagy to numerous health benefits although much of the current knowledge is based on animal studies. Some of the significant ways autophagy can promote health include the following.

1. Anti-Aging and Cellular Longevity

Autophagy is often described to be an anti-aging process. It helps remove the damaged or dysfunctional cellular components so that the process can slow the rate of cellular aging, reduce inflammation, and even enhance tissue regeneration.

2. Disease Prevention

Autophagy is very crucial in preventing chronic diseases. For example:

Neurodegenerative Diseases: It could help in clearing abnormal protein buildup, for instance, those found in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

Liver Health: Autophagy may prevent damage caused to the liver by alcohol, drugs, or conditions known as fatty liver.

Cancer: While autophagy may inhibit early tumor growth by removing damaged cells, it can also aid cancer cells’ survival under certain conditions, underscoring the complexity of its role.

3. Metabolic Health

By recycling damaged components, autophagy supports metabolic efficiency, potentially reducing the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders.

4. Immune Function

Autophagy helps eradicate harmful pathogens and contributes to a more robust immune response, allowing the body to fight infection better.

Can You Trigger Autophagy?

Although autophagy is a physiological process, there are a few lifestyle modifications that have been known to enhance or trigger it. Here are several potential triggers:

Fasting

Probably, one of the most studied autophagy triggers is fasting. Fasting cells switch to survival mode and start breaking their components down for energy production. It has been observed that fasting periods of 24 to 48 hours trigger autophagy.

Caloric restriction

Even partial fasting has been proven to stimulate autophagy. Nutrient deficiency forces cells to recycle components for energy.

Exercise

Physical activity stresses cells and causes damage, which autophagy can repair. Regular exercise does not only induce autophagy but also promotes the overall cellular and metabolic well-being of an individual.

Ketogenic Diet

A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet may push the body into autophagy by forcing it to obtain energy from fat rather than glucose. Such a change in metabolism will enhance cellular cleaning abilities.

Curcumin

Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, has been reported in animal studies as an autophagy inducer. Yet, more human studies will be required; however, curcumin's properties as an anti-inflammatory agent and antioxidant make it worthwhile for further investigation.

Is Fasting Connected to Autophagy?

Fasting perhaps represents the most well known form of autophagy induction. When the organism lacks food, it enters the catabolic state and has to recycle internal elements for survival.

Research has indicated that short-term fasting may actually induce autophagy in the brain, although it is still an area of active research. However, fasting should be done with extreme care because long-term deprivation can cause nutrient deficiencies and other health risks.

Potential Risks and Limitations of Autophagy

Although the benefits of autophagy are promising, there are limitations and risks associated with trying to induce it artificially:

• Unintended Consequences: Overactivation of autophagy can damage healthy cells and tissues, potentially worsening certain conditions.
• Individual Variation: Not everyone responds the same way to fasting, calorie restriction, or exercise.
• Lack of Human Research: Most studies on autophagy have been conducted in animals, leaving questions about its effects on humans unanswered.

For these reasons, consultation with a healthcare provider before such significant lifestyle modifications would stimulate autophagy. Autophagy is that beautiful cellular mechanism that underscores the ability of the body to heal and regenerate and to respond to stress. Although it will require more research for further details on its implications, health benefits are numerous; anti-aging effects as well as prevention of chronic diseases fall under this wide-ranging aspect.

If you’re interested in exploring ways to promote autophagy, consider integrating fasting, regular exercise, or a balanced diet into your routine. However, as with any health intervention, it’s crucial to approach these strategies with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

At a glance: A history of autophagy and cancer. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2019

The effect of fasting or calorie restriction on autophagy induction: A review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2018

Autophagy in liver diseases: Time for translation? J Hepatol. 2019

Autophagy: eat thyself, sustain thyself. Nature Methods. 2015

Role of autophagy in alcohol and drug-induced liver injury. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020

There's a remarkable change taking place within your brain every single day and chances are, you don't even realize it. Every time you overcome a bad habit, acquire a new skill, or have a new idea, your brain remaps itself. This isn't poetic, it's science and it is called neuroplasticity.

For decades, scientists thought the adult brain was static, hardwired after childhood but over the last few decades, that's been completely rewritten by futuristic science. Today we know that the brain is dynamic, a changing entity that continues to adapt throughout life. Whether you're healing from trauma, creating new habits, or attempting to hone focus, your brain has the capacity to change—structurally and functionally.

What makes it even more intriguing is the way all this occurs unseen, as if a sculptor is working quietly, remolding clay with every experience, feeling, and deed. Neurons are reconfigured, synapses grow or dissolve. Large areas of the brain expand or contract based upon usage.

You're not tied to the brain you were born with. Neuroplasticity is possibility, and opening it up doesn't involve miracle tablets—it takes regular, conscious effort. From mindfulness exercises to movement and mindset changes, tiny habits can result in huge rewiring. Let's see how it works—and what it might do for your mental health.

What Is Neuroplasticity?

Neuroplasticity is the brain's capacity to reorganize its structure and function as a result of learning, experience, or injury. It's a process by which new connections are created among neurons or the existing ones are stabilized, enabling the brain to change. Says Dr. Prajwal Rao, Professor and Head of Neurology at Pune's Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, "Neuroplasticity is the brain's built-in mechanism for recovery.". It's how the nervous system adapts, compensates, and—even when injured—develops new ways of working."

This concept has transformed the treatment of injury to the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI), rehabilitation efforts now center upon retraining the brain through neuroplastic principles.

What is The Common Thread Between Birth Injury to Neurodegeneration?

On the surface, cerebral palsy and Parkinson's disease seem worlds apart. One is a motor disorder due to brain damage in utero or in the first moments after birth; the other is an otherwise healthy neurological disease that typically happens later in life. But both have damaged brain circuits—and that's where neuroplasticity comes in.

As Dr Rao explains, "Cerebral palsy, usually resulting from brain damage at birth, and Parkinson's disease, an incurable condition that degrades brain cells responsible for movement, are worlds apart. But both have something in common: both are the result of damage to brain circuits. And that's where neuroplasticity becomes relevant.".

The brain's neural network is able to create new paths or reinforce old ones, particularly when they are stimulated by activity, learning, or therapy. In cerebral palsy individuals, this rewiring is able to improve coordination and movement. In Parkinson's patients, the brain can be persuaded to tap into alternative pathways to make up for motor deficits by doing targeted exercises or activities."

In children with cerebral palsy, it is possible to train the brain to redirect impaired motor functions to healthier areas. With age, neuroplasticity makes it possible to enhance movement despite the damage being static. In Parkinson's disease patients, therapies involving targeted movement, rhythm, and coordination exercises can restore or even recover motor functions by facilitating alternate neural pathways to assume lost functions.

When you learn something new—how to ride a bike, how to play the piano, or even how to type—your brain is making certain links between neurons stronger. That's neuroplasticity in action. But here's the kicker- this very principle will work even after neural damage, provided the brain is stimulated with regular and targeted activity.

Consider for instance the mechanism of task-specific repetition. In order for neuroplastic changes to occur, the task needs to be:

Novel: It stimulates new circuits.

Challenging: It keeps the brain engaged.

Repetitive: The more it's practiced, the more efficient and instinctive it becomes.

Whether it's a child learning to walk again or an adult trying to regain hand coordination after a stroke, neuroplasticity makes progress possible—not perfect, but often meaningful. "Modern rehabilitation approaches are now designed to tap into this power. Tools like robot-assisted therapy, virtual reality, and non-invasive brain stimulation are showing promise in helping patients recover brain functions. It’s like giving the brain a second chance to learn what it lost. The key, is timing and repetition, the earlier and more consistently someone engages their brain through goal-directed activity, the better the chances of building new neural pathways. Think of it as physical therapy for your brain," adds Dr Rao.

What Are Some New Technologies Leveraging Brain Plasticity?

Rehabilitation in today's world is more than walking along parallel bars or doing puzzles. Advanced therapy is capitalizing on the plasticity of the brain. Some of these include:

Virtual Reality (VR): Engaging surroundings assist patients in moving and balancing in interactive, real-time situations.

Robot-Assisted Therapy: Machines assist limbs by guiding them through movement to facilitate neuromuscular retraining.

Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: Methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) increase plasticity by altering neural activity.

These are not sci-fi tools—these are already being used in clinics, aiding individuals in regaining control over their body and life following neurological injury.

How Neuroplasticity Can Help Treat Neurological Disorders?

One of the most robust outcomes in neuroplasticity research is that sooner is better. The earlier therapy begins—particularly after trauma—the more plastic the brain will be. Speed is only part of it, however. Consistency and intensity are also crucial. Working on highly structured, goal-driven activities daily reinforces new neural pathways and promotes sustained change.

It's physical therapy for your brain: challenge, repeat, get used to it, repeat once again.

It's crucial to understand: neuroplasticity is no panacea. It does not reverse damage to the brain or stop diseases in their tracks. Parkinson's disease continues to progress, and cerebral palsy is still a life-long affliction. But accessing the brain's capacity to reorganize provides a means to improvement, not merely management.

Neuroplasticity cannot reverse all symptoms but can enhance function, independence, and most importantly quality of life.

We’re still scratching the surface of what neuroplasticity can do. But what’s clear is this: the brain is not a static organ. It’s dynamic, responsive, and, with the right tools and persistence, capable of remarkable change. From the neonatal ICU to nursing homes, this concept is reshaping neurological care.

As Dr. Rao concludes, “This doesn’t mean neuroplasticity is a magical cure. Conditions such as Parkinson's remain progressive, and cerebral palsy is accompanied by a lifetime of difficulties but tapping the brain's own malleability provides clinicians and patients with an extraordinary tool to enhance quality of life. Briefly, neuroplasticity is becoming one of medicine's most promising frontiers. Whether in a child with cerebral palsy learning to walk, or an older person with Parkinson's learning to balance again, the brain's capacity to rewire itself might be one of its most powerful assets.

High performers are typically seen as the gold standard of confidence, clarity, and control. They are the ones with packed schedules, flooded inboxes, and achievements that look impressive on paper. Yet, behind this polished exterior lies a quiet undercurrent of anxiety, a sense that despite all their success, they’re somehow falling behind.

FOMO, But Not the One You Think

This isn’t your usual fear of missing out on parties or holidays. Pritika Singh, a mental health expert, explains that this is a more internalised form of FOMO, driven by self-comparison. It’s not about others having more fun; it’s about thinking, “Maybe I should’ve done things differently, moved faster, started earlier.” These thoughts tend to creep in during long commutes, late nights, or while scrolling through yet another announcement of someone else’s achievement.

What No One Talks About

In the world of high performance, such feelings rarely find a voice. Singh observes that the conversations in these circles stay surface-level—productivity, KPIs, market trends. But beneath it all is an emotional toll: the weight of constant ambition, the pressure to do better, and the fear that someone else is inching ahead. And it’s not about craving praise either. Most of these professionals stopped chasing external validation long ago. What rattles them is the subtle sense of sta when growth feels slow and someone else’s story feels shinier.

The Environment of Ever-Rising Bars

Why is this happening? Singh points to the nature of the environment these individuals work in. When excellence is expected, achievements that once thrilled now feel ordinary. An idea that was groundbreaking five years ago may now seem outdated. Constant exposure to others’ polished highlight reels can skew one’s perspective, leaving even top-tier professionals feeling behind.

The Mental Churn of ‘What More?’

The high-functioning brain is always buzzing with “What more could I have done?” Left unchecked, this becomes more draining than motivating. Ms Singh notes how this mental churn can blur decision-making. Success doesn’t feel like success. Taking a break feels like laziness. And even milestones are accompanied by a haunting urgency to get to the next one.

Why It Feels So Lonely at the Top

There’s also the cultural expectation that leaders must always be strong, focused, and future-oriented. As Singh puts it, the higher someone climbs, the fewer spaces they find to express vulnerability. And as everyone else’s life appears increasingly curated and perfect, the loneliness grows. The internal struggle becomes more isolated, more silent.

What Actually Helps

According to Singh, what helps is clarity, not the kind that fills spreadsheets or timelines, but the one that comes from knowing your personal direction. Without this, even ambitious pursuits can feel empty. It’s important to filter what truly deserves your attention. Every achievement that pops up on your feed is not your missed opportunity. “Momentum, when borrowed, rarely lasts,” she warns. That buzz of external inspiration often leads people away from what really matters.

Make Space for Quiet

Instead of reacting constantly, Singh recommends carving out time for honest reflection. Ironically, some of the best leadership decisions happen in the quiet seasons. It’s not always about doing more, she says. Sometimes, it’s about doing what’s right with intention.

When the Inner Edge Begins to Fray

This silent form of FOMO is widespread but rarely acknowledged. High performers are often expected to have it all figured out. But Singh warns that when the pressure builds from within slowly, subtly, and without expression, it chips away at the very edge that made them excel in the first place.

Ask the Right Question

It’s not about whether someone else is racing ahead. Singh closes with a powerful reminder: “The better question is whether the current direction still feels right.” Because when it does, the outside noise starts to fade.

Every July, Sarcoma Awareness Month reminds us of a cancer that’s often sidelined in public discourse. However, sarcoma is not just one disease, it is a group of rare cancers with over 150 subtypes, many of which can mimic everyday health complaints or go completely unnoticed until they’re dangerously advanced.

To break through the confusion and stigma surrounding sarcomas, Health and Me spoke exclusively with Dr. Mrinal Gounder, a globally recognized sarcoma expert and medical oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, who is also the Physician Ambassador to India and Asia

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“When someone says they have a sarcoma, the real question is: what type?” says Dr. Gounder. “That’s the question that determines everything.”

What Is Sarcoma, And Why Don’t People Know About It?

Sarcomas are cancers of the body’s supporting structures, explains doctor. These include anything that supports the body's structure, a muscle, fat, bone, blood vessels, cartilage, and connective tissue.

They can arise anywhere in the body, from a hair follicle on the scalp to deep inside an organ. Unlike most cancers that are linked to age or lifestyle, like smoking or pollution, sarcomas can affect anyone, from infants to the elderly.

Sarcomas make up just 1% of all cancers, which is why they’re often overshadowed by more common types like breast, lung, or colon cancer. Yet their rarity doesn't make them any less dangerous.

“Many assume sarcomas are benign tumors,” Dr. Gounder warns. “But most are malignant. And when left undiagnosed or mismanaged, they can be fatal.”

Why Diagnosis Is So Difficult

Unlike breast or lung cancer, sarcomas don’t have a “home base.” You can’t always scan one specific body part and expect to find them.

Their symptoms can be misleading, ranging from a small lump under the skin to persistent leg pain or a mysterious cough. In young adults, especially, symptoms are often dismissed as sports injuries, growth pains, or hormonal changes.

“A teenager may say their leg hurts. People tell them it’s from playing football. But if that pain lingers for weeks or months, that’s a red flag,” explains Dr. Gounder.

He stresses the importance of listening to your body and trusting your instincts. Persistent or unexplained pain, swelling, or fatigue, especially in children or young adults, should prompt further medical evaluation.

The Right Diagnosis Is Everything

Getting a sarcoma diagnosis is complex. The location, biopsy technique, and pathology expertise all matter deeply.

“Not everyone should biopsy a suspected sarcoma,” says Dr. Gounder. “A wrong biopsy can cause serious complications or limit treatment options later.”

He recommends that any unusual mass or unexplained symptom, especially in young patients, should be assessed at a cancer center or specialist clinic with expertise in sarcoma.

Diagnosis requires not just imaging but also molecular testing and precision pathology—and ideally, a team-based approach.

What Causes Sarcoma?

Surprisingly, most sarcomas aren’t linked to lifestyle, diet, or pollution.

Around 20% of cases may be due to genetic predisposition, including inherited mutations or developmental changes that occur in utero. The remaining 80% are sporadic—essentially random, unexplained genetic misfires.

“They’re not preventable in the conventional sense.”

That said, anyone with a family history of young-onset cancers, even if not sarcomas, should consider genetic counseling and testing, especially if multiple relatives were affected in their 30s, 40s, or 50s.

The Biopsy Mistake People Keep Making

A key takeaway from Dr. Gounder’s experience is the urgency to pause, not rush. Often, the moment someone hears the word “tumor,” they panic, and quickly seek a biopsy or treatment at the nearest facility.

“But a rushed or poorly planned biopsy can do more harm than good,” he cautions.

Instead, he advises taking a few days or even weeks to seek guidance from a sarcoma specialist.

A well-thought-out plan—starting with the correct imaging, followed by expert-led biopsy and staging—can make all the difference.

Is There Any Way to Prevent It?

There’s no sure way to prevent sarcoma. However, awareness and early detection remain our best tools. For those with a strong family history of early-age cancers, Dr. Gounder advises genetic testing—but only under the guidance of a trained counselor.

“Genetic testing can bring answers, but also anxiety,” he notes. “Do it only if you’re emotionally and medically prepared for the results.”

While lifestyle changes may not directly prevent sarcoma, maintaining a healthy body through movement, balanced diet, and avoiding processed foods, "anything that comes out of packaged boxes or bottles", tobacco and excessive alcohol reduces risk for other common cancers, which are now spiking among younger populations globally.

Sarcoma doesn’t follow rules. It doesn’t care about age or health. “If something feels off, don’t ignore it,” says Dr. Gounder. “You know your body better than anyone. If a symptom doesn’t go away after a few weeks, listen to that voice and seek help.”