Human immunodeficiency virus or HIV continues to remain a major global public health issue, and has claimed an estimated of 42.3 million lives to this date, notes the World Health Organization (WHO). Despite its prevalence, there are many myths associated with the condition. While it is a fact that HIV is spread from body fluids of an infected person, including blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal fluids, it is not spread through saliva.

Why Can't You Spread HIV With Saliva?

As per the 1999 study published in Archives of Internal Medicine, titled Why is HIV rarely transmitted by oral secretions? Saliva can disrupt orally shed, infected leukocytes, notes that oral transmission of HIV by the millions of HIV-infected individuals are a rare event.

Another 2006 review, published in journal Oral Diseases, titled Oral Transmission of HIV, reality or fiction? An update, notes that HIV and many other viruses can be isolated in blood and body fluids, including saliva, and can be transmitted by genital-genital and especially anal-genital sexual activity. The risk of transmission of HIV via oral sexual practices is very low. Unlike other mucosal areas of the body, the oral cavity appears to be an extremely uncommon transmission route for HIV.

Why Saliva Is Not An HIV Carrier?

Saliva contains several proteins and enzymes that serve various functions, including beginning the digestion process, assisting in mouth lubrication and fighting off germs.

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is an enzyme found in saliva, mucus, and seminal fluid. It helps protect the immune system by preventing HIV from infecting monocytes and T cells, two types of white blood cells.

Saliva thus also contain higher levels of SLPI than vaginal and rectal fluids. This could be the reason why HIV does not spread while kissing.

As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person cannot transmit HIV through saliva or closed-mouth kissing. However, CDC also notes that in extremely rare cases, a person can transmit HIV through “deep, open-mouth kissing if both partners have sores or bleeding gums and blood from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative partner.”

Other bodily fluids that do not transmit HIV include sweat and tears.

Examples of What Won't Spread HIV?

• Kissing
• Sharing food or drinks
• Using the same bathrooms
• Touching and shaking hands

So, How Does HIV Spread?

HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids, particularly when they come into contact with mucous membranes, broken skin, or are directly injected into the bloodstream. Here’s how it can spread:

• Unprotected sex – HIV can be passed through vaginal, anal, or oral sex without the use of protection.
• Blood transfusions – Though rare today due to rigorous screening, it remains a possible route.
• Sharing needles – People who use injectable drugs face a high risk if they share needles or syringes.
• Mother-to-child transmission – The virus can be transmitted during childbirth or through breastfeeding.

Certain behaviors and situations can raise the risk of HIV transmission. Being aware of them can help you take effective preventive steps:

• Unprotected sex – Not using condoms during sexual activity increases the risk.
• Sharing needles – Using or sharing contaminated needles can transmit the virus.
• Multiple sexual partners – Having several partners can heighten exposure to HIV.
• Being born to an HIV-positive mother – The virus can be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.

John Cena, the beloved WWE wrestler and actor, has opened up about his skin cancer diagnosis. Being diagnosed with melanoma twice, he recalled getting a phone call twice as his doctors told him the biopsy for came out cancerous. The first spot had appeared on his pectoral muscle and a year later it was in a different spot on his upper trapezius muscle. He explains that this information was sobering and prompted him to change his life.

He has also now become the face of Ultra Sheer Mineral Face Liquid Sunscreen SPF 70 that moves to normalize the use of sunscreen among men. He admitted he always neglected sunscreen, but now he has added it to his daily routine. While there has been a rise in the number of cancer diagnoses, there hasn’t been a clear reason why.

Is There A Gender Gap For Sunscreen?

Cena noticed that women talk about skin care and sunscreen more openly than men. He believes it can be harder for men to start these conversations. But he thinks it shouldn't be that way. "Men are becoming more aware of taking care of themselves," he says. "We just need to make it a normal thing." Cena wants more men to use sunscreen as often as women.

Studies show that women are much more likely to use sunscreen than men. However, by the age of 50, men have a higher risk of getting melanoma, a serious type of skin cancer, than women. At any age, men are more likely to die from melanoma. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, in 2020, only a small percentage of men (12.3%) always used sunscreen when outside in the sun for more than an hour, compared to a much larger percentage of women (29.0%). Younger men used sunscreen the least.

A recent survey done by Neutrogena also found that a third of people never go to a skin doctor for check-ups. Women were also more likely to be told to wear sunscreen every day compared to men. Cena believes that sunscreen is often linked to beauty in women's minds, which might explain why they use it more.

Why Is Melanoma Becoming An Increased Issue?

According to 2023 review published in the Cancer journal, in the US, the number of melanoma cases have increased by 40% from the years 2009 to 2019. The number of new cases that have been predicted to happen is 110,000, which is a drastic increase considering the 65,000 in the year 2011. The study says that there is a disproportionately higher risk of men developing cancer and by 2040, melanoma will be the second most common cancer overall.

Cena says he doesn't care if men use sunscreen for health reasons or to avoid wrinkles – he just wants them to use it. He compares using sunscreen to going to the gym for looks but getting healthier in the process. He says using SPF is "super easy," like brushing your teeth. His hope is that men will start keeping sunscreen next to their toothpaste and use it every day. Cena says his own life perspective changed after his cancer scares, and he wants to encourage others to be proactive about skin protection before it's too late.

Being overweight means tackling health issues like high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases. However, gaining weight in certain stages of life is worse. While childhood obesity must be avoided, healthy weight gain is necessary for children’s growth, it is also not a big concern as kids who lead a generally active lifestyle.

So, are there certain ages when weight gain should be avoided or paid more attention to?

Science says yes. A recent study, showcased in the 32nd European Congress on Obesity in Malaga, found that putting on extra weight before you turn 30 could almost double your chances of dying early. Researchers looked at the health information of 620,000 adults and saw that most people gained about one pound each year between ages 17 and 60. However, becoming very overweight in your 20s had much worse health effects than gaining weight later in life.

How Gaining Weight In 20s Could Be A Health Issue

The study showed that men who became obese before they were 30 had a 79% higher chance of dying early compared to those who stayed at a healthy weight. For women who became obese before 30, this risk was even higher, at 84%. These findings are important because most people tend to gain weight when they are young adults. This often happens when people in their early 20s move out and start eating more fast food and easy, unhealthy meals.

Researchers explained that the most important takeaway from the study is that avoiding weight gain, especially when you're in your late teens and 20s, can really help your health in the long run. She said that gaining weight early in adulthood or becoming obese at a young age makes you more likely to die from many long-term illnesses later in life. The study followed men for an average of 23 years and women for an average of 12 years.

Why Young Adults Must Adopt Healthy Living

People who gained weight later in life also had a higher risk of dying early, but not as much as those who gained weight when they were young. Becoming obese between the ages of 45 and 60 increased the overall risk of early death by about one-fourth. If people became obese between 30 and 45, their risk increased by 52%. For those under 30, gaining just a little bit of weight each year (one pound) increased the risk of early death by 24% for men and 22% for women.

Experts said that the years between 17 and 30 are a very important time in life when building healthy habits can have long-lasting good effects. Experts say that even gaining a small amount of weight in your 20s can greatly increase your risk of dying early if it stays with you for many years. They emphasized that the earlier people start living healthily, the better their chances of living a long life.

Ibrahim Ali Khan recently opened up about his struggle with speech impediment since childhood due to severe jaundice. In a recent interview with GQ magazine, the 24-year-old actor said he had difficulty with speech since childhood and had to work "hard" on it.

Talking to GQ magazine, he said, "Soon after I was born, I had very bad jaundice, and that went straight to my brainstem. I went on to lose quite a bit of my hearing, and that impacted my speech."

He shared that he has worked a lot over the years to improve his speech and in fact, continues to do so. "My speech is something that I had to work hard on since I was a child, with coaches and therapists. It is not perfect; I am still working hard on it."

How Does Jaundice Impact One's Speaking And Hearing Abilities?

As per a 2018 study titled Risk Factors for Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, published in the Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, hyperbilirubinemia is a common neonatal problem with toxic effects on the nervous system that can cause hearing impairment.

What Is hyperbilirubinemia?

As per the National Library of Medicine, jaundice is also known as hyperbilirubinemia. It is defined as a yellow discoloration of the body tissue resulting from the accumulation of excess bilirubin.

Deposition of bilirubin happens only when there is an excess of bilirubin, and this indicates increased production or impaired excretion. The normal serum levels of bilirubin are less than 1 milligram per deciliter (mg/dL). However, the clinical presentation of jaundice with peripheral yellowing of the eye sclera, also called scleral icterus, is best appreciated when serum bilirubin levels exceed 3 mg/dl.

As per the Nationwide Children's Hospital, jaundice is a very common condition in newborn babies and appears in the first few days or weeks of life. Most causes of jaundice are not caused by any disease or concerning problem and clear up quickly without any treatment.

As per a 2016 study titled Audiologic impairment associated with bilirubin-induced neurologic damage, bilirubin-induced neurologic damage may occur in some infants. The auditory pathway is the most sensitive part of the central nervous system to bilirubin-induced toxicity, and permanent sequelae may result from only moderately elevated total serum/plasma bilirubin levels. The damage to the auditory system occurs primarily within the brainstem and cranial nerve VIII, and manifests clinically as auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder.

As per these studies high levels of bilirubin damage various parts of the auditory system, which also include the auditory brainstem nuclei, auditory nerve, and spiral ganglion. It leads to hearing loss and other auditory issues, which can in fact be permanent.

When the auditory nerves get damaged, the inner ear causes issues processing the sound, and it can thus translate into language difficulty. Severe jaundice and kernicterus can also cause other neurological problems, such as brain damage, cerebral palsy and developmental delays.