Every year in October, we observe breast cancer awareness month and for the longest, to me, it was just an important health month to spread awareness about it. However, things changed for me, and it changed twice.

"It Is Just A Lump"

The first time my life changed was back in June 2018, when my mother, a resident of Delhi, Dilshad Garden to be specific, 48 years old, discovered a lump in the left side of her chest. This is when I was just about to start my bachelor's from the University of Delhi. As excited as I was to live the university life, there was a lingering anxiety.

My mother, while resting one day, felt something on her chest. She tried to feel it, but could not. No one teaches women to touch themselves. It is still a taboo, and remains so when campaigns around breast cancers call breasts everything else, but what it really is - breasts!

This was also when my father was not in town, she called him and shared what she just found in her chest. He suggested to go see a gynaecologist. My mother went to someone she trusted, a gynaecologist, even I know of. The doctor asked her to get a breast X-ray, however, it had no clear results.

After a medical examination, the doctor asked her to get a mammography done and suggested that she see a different doctor, but did not tell her who to consult. My mother was confused, "I did not even know it could be something serious, I thought it's just a lump," she said as she narrated the story to me.

"I went to Savita Vihar because there was no imaging lab that had mammography services around our house," my mother told me. However, the mammography results were also not clear. "It was clear that lump existed, but no one was ready to tell me if it was cancerous. Then I was suggested to get a fine needle aspiration (FNA) done," she explained.

As fancy as it sounds, the procedure is not so fancy. FNA is done using a thin needle and syringe to extract fluid from a suspicious area of the body and is then diagnosed to rule out any cancerous condition. "We got this done in Preet Vihar because that was the only nearby place where FNA was performed. When we got the reports, it had numbers, but no one told us what it was. The guy who handed the reports came out with a long sad face. Even though we did not know if it was cancer, his expressions were enough of a hint," she said.

With the reports, my mother and my father went to a family doctor, a general surgeon of a nursing home in Laxmi Nagar, which now remains closed. This was though far from our house; it was close to Preet Vihar, where she had gotten her FNA. The doctor suggested that she get her lump removed. "This is when your dad asked him if he should take me to a hospital to an oncologist because we were doubting if it was cancerous. But the doctor said there was no need and that it would take us ages to get one appointment with a doctor in big hospitals, so we just got it removed. We sent it for biopsy at two different imaging labs," she recalled.

The "C" Word

The reports came out from both the labs, and there it was. My mother had Stage 1 breast cancer, but was not told, till after her first surgery. She then finally went to Max Hospital in Vaishali and consulted an oncologist. "The doctor there said that I would be put on medications, but that would be enough, I was happy that there won't be any surgeries," she said.

However, life had other plans. Her new doctor also suggested that she get her lump sample transferred to Max Hospital from the previous imaging labs for another biopsy. "After the biopsy at Max Hospital, I was told that there were cells which could still be active around the area of my left breast where the lump was found. The doctor said that if we hadn't removed the lump, then they could've performed a comprehensive test around the area on my breast where the lump was detected to see whether cells were multiplying. If they were, they would have taken care of that in just one surgery. However, the only way to know now whether any cells are multiplying is through another surgery," she explained.

This was an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), where a lymph node from her armpit was to be removed and sent for biopsy in the middle of surgery. If it came positive then the nodes would be removed from her armpit, if it came out negative, then the area would be stitched, with just one of the tested samples of lymph nodes removed.

While the tests were negative, which meant no cells were active, this surgery made her weak. She could not lift her left arm and had numbness around her left hand for more than one year.

Cancer Never Truly Goes Away

Even though she was cancer-free, she was now suggested radiation therapy. "It was a difficult time because it was painful and it felt like my body was burning. I smelled like burnt flesh. I would feel really hot even when the AC was on," she said.

She was then prescribed medicines that lowered her estrogen levels. These medicines were called "life-saving drugs" and were prescribed to her for 5 years. I remember getting these medicines every three months from a CGHS-designated medical dispensary, near RK Ashram Marg at subsidised rates because otherwise they were very costly.

The medicines lowered her estrogen levels because estrogen stimulates hormone receptor-positive breast cancers to grow, lowering the estrogen level can help slow the cancer's growth or help prevent it from coming back. However, this did not sit well with her menstrual cycle.

Due to low estrogen levels, her periods became irregular, however, it did not ring any bell because she was anyway nearing her menopausal age. Upon one of the regular checkups, it was found that her uterus which was supposed to be 3 inches long, 2 inches wide and 1 inch thick, grew 6 times its original size. "This happened because low levels of estrogen messed up my periods and instead of bleeding out, all the blood was collected inside my uterus. The doctor suggested that I get a uterus cleaning done every month, or get it removed. To me, removal sounded more feasible than to visit the hospital every month," she explained.

After my mother got her uterus removed, she bled uncontrollably and had to be operated again. This led to two abdominal operations on the same day, creating a lump or swelling near the site of the scar. This later led to a hernia, leading to another operation. Meanwhile, she was still on her medications, and it was slowly affecting her memory, she started to forget things.

Sometimes I would come back from college in the afternoon and she would open the door and go back to sleep and would forget in the evening that I was home. She would wake up in shock seeing me at home, asking when I came. It was a difficult time. I had never seen my mother like this. She was always smart and had the best memory. She was like our Google map before it was even a thing. Now she could not remember if her daughter was back home.

These medicines had other side effects too, like weak bones, lack of calcium, high blood pressure and other hormonal imbalances. Due to her hernia, her spermatic veins also swelled and caused varicose veins.

However, like any other phase, this too had to pass and it did. After 5 years of continuous pain, weaknesses, surgeries, and all of us trying to be there for her, in April 2023, after all her tests were done, she was finally off her "life-saving drugs". She will soon turn 55, and is living her life, travelling between India and Japan, with the three kids she loves the most, which includes not my sister and I, but a rabbit, and two Indies that our family adopted!

The Second Time My Life Changed

Hearing her narrate her story changed my life because, before today, I did not know that she was misled till she had her first surgery. I did not know that the stigma around breast cancer was so strong that not only did people not mention it, but medical professionals too did not guide her. Maybe there would have been one less surgery or maybe her hand wouldn't have gone numb for one whole year had she been guided and her diagnosis been done right.

Touch Yourself!

One thing she told my sister and me is what she learned from her radiologist at Max Hospital. "When she asked me how I got to know about the lump, I told her I just randomly noticed one day. She asked me, 'Randomly? Do you not check yourself?' I told her that nobody checks themselves, women are not taught to do it. How will they know they have breast cancer? There should be more awareness and people should come out to talk about it."

This is not a remote area where people are not aware. This is the capital city. Still, due to a lack of awareness, there was a delay and ambiguity that guided my mother's diagnosis of breast cancer. This is why, breast cancer awareness month for me, is the utmost important period to spread awareness.

To All The Women:

Her radiologist's advice was: If you are a menstruator, check your breasts and armpits for any lumps on every 3rd day of your period.

If you have hit your menopause, then select any date of a month and check your breasts on that date every month.

The American Heart Association (AHA), in its latest update on nutrition guidance, has urged the need to eat a diet rich in vegetables and fruits, while also making a key shift to plant-based protein from meat-based protein earlier to improve heart health.

It has also emphasized the need to reduce the intake of sugar, salt and ultra-processed foods, as well as to switch to low-fat dairy.

The scientific statement, which is issued about every five years, comes amid increasing cases of high blood pressure and obesity in the US, which can potentially lead to poor health outcomes, including deaths from cardiovascular disease and other chronic conditions.

“For healthy eating to be more attainable and sustainable, we recommend people focus on their overall eating pattern rather than specific nutrients or foods. This approach is actionable, something that can be modified as people pass through different life stages, while still adhering to the nine key features,” said Alice H. Lichtenstein, volunteer chair of the scientific statement writing committee and senior scientist.

“The guidance applies to wherever you eat: at home, school, work, restaurants, or in your community. You want to strive for progress rather than perfection. Every time you choose to make a swap for a healthier alternative, you’re making a step toward a healthier life,” added Lichtenstein, who is also senior scientist at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University in Boston.

The 9 Guidelines for a heart-healthy dietary pattern include:

• Maintaining a healthy body weight by balancing food intake and physical activity
• Eating plenty of vegetables and fruits
• Choose whole grains such as whole‑wheat bread, brown rice, and oatmeal over refined grains such as white bread or white rice
• Shifting from meat to plant-based sources such as legumes, including beans, peas, and lentils, along with nuts and seeds, and fish and seafood. Select low-fat or fat-free dairy products.
• Replace saturated fats with healthy unsaturated fats, including those from nuts, seeds, avocados, and non-tropical plant oils.
• Choose minimally processed foods instead of ultra-processed foods
• Limit beverages and foods with added sugars
• Choose foods low in sodium and prepare foods with minimal or no salt
• Limit intake of alcohol

Also read: AHA’s New Dyslipidemia Guidelines Stress Early Screening, Lifestyle Management

Healthy Eating Patterns From Childhood

The 2026 guidance for children recommends a heart‑healthy dietary pattern starting at 1 year of age. It urges families to play a significant role and become role models.

“Cardiovascular disease begins early in life; even prenatal factors can contribute to increased risk in children as they grow. So, it’s important that healthy eating patterns are adopted in childhood and continue throughout the entire lifespan,” Lichtenstein said.

“The best way to do that is for adults to role model heart-healthy eating patterns inside and outside the home,” she added.

Also read: Cardiovascular Diseases Lead As India’s Top Killer: US Cardiologist Points Out Risk Factors

While the updated guidance is specifically designed to improve cardiovascular health, it may also help improve other conditions like type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, some cancers, and brain health.

Breast cancer treatment has evolved significantly over the past few decades, moving from radical removal approaches to more personalized and tissue-preserving techniques. Today, surgeons no longer view breast conservation surgery (BCS) and mastectomy as competing options, but as equally effective strategies chosen based on individual patient needs.

With the growing availability of reconstructive surgery in Kolkata, patients now also have better cosmetic and psychological outcomes regardless of the surgical path they choose.

Understanding The Two Surgical Options

When faced with a breast cancer diagnosis, understanding the available surgical options is crucial for making an informed decision. Each approach is designed to effectively treat the disease while considering the patient’s long-term health, comfort, and quality of life.

What Is Breast Conservation Surgery (BCS)?

Breast conservation surgery, or lumpectomy or partial mastectomy, is a procedure that involves the removal of the tumor and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue while preserving most of the breast.

The main objective is to remove cancer without altering the natural shape and appearance of the breast. Radiation therapy is usually administered after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells and minimize the chances of recurrence.

What Is A Mastectomy?

Mastectomy is the removal of the whole breast tissue, and in other cases, the lymph nodes and skin around the breast. It can be done on either breast or both breasts based on the type of cancer and risk factors.

After a mastectomy, patients can choose to have breast reconstruction with the help of modern surgical procedures, such as those provided in reconstructive surgery in Kolkata, which can help to restore the shape and symmetry of the breast.

Major Differences Between BCS And Mastectomy

The basic distinction is the degree of tissue excision. BCS leaves the majority of the breast, but a mastectomy takes away all of it.

Notably, several studies indicate that both methods have equal chances of survival in the long term in early-stage breast cancer.

Eligibility Criteria: Who Can Opt For What?

Not every patient is suited for the same surgical approach, as the choice largely depends on individual clinical factors. Tumor size, stage, location, and overall health all play a crucial role in determining eligibility. Understanding who can opt for which procedure helps ensure both effective treatment and optimal long-term outcomes.

Candidates for Breast Conservation Surgery

BCS is usually prescribed to patients with:

• Stage I or II breast cancer
• Tumors smaller than 5 cm
• One tumor in one area
• No radiation therapy contraindications
• Some cases do not have high-risk genetic mutations like BRCA

It might not apply to patients who have more than one tumor in other parts of the breast or those with advanced disease.

Candidates for Mastectomy

Mastectomy may be suggested when:

• The tumor is huge in comparison with the size of the breast
• It has several tumors in various quadrants
• Cancer is metastatic (Stage III or IV)
• The genetic risk of recurrence is high in the patient
• Radiation therapy is not an option or choice

Moreover, other patients might opt to undergo mastectomy to have a sense of security or to alleviate the fear of recurrence.

Advancements In Breast Surgery

The current surgical advances have greatly enhanced the results, particularly in patients who want to preserve their breasts.

Oncoplastic Surgery

Among the most remarkable developments is the oncoplastic breast surgery that involves the use of both cancer resection and plastic surgery. This enables the surgeons to excise bigger tumors without altering the shape and symmetry of the breast.

This has increased the eligibility of BCS so that more women can avoid mastectomy and still have safe control of cancer.

Improved Imaging and Targeting

Modern imaging techniques have assisted surgeons in accurately identifying tumors so that they can be fully removed without damaging normal tissue. This enhances cosmetic outcomes as well as oncological safety.

Advanced Reconstruction Methods

The emergence of reconstructive surgery in Kolkata has given patients who have undergone mastectomy the opportunity to have an immediate or delayed reconstruction with the help of implants or autologous tissue.

Reconstruction has been brought to improve psychological well-being, body image, and quality of life.

Influencing Factors of Surgical Decision-Making

The decision to use BCS or mastectomy is not only a medical choice, but a very personal one, which depends on several factors:

1. Cancer Stage and Tumor Characteristics

The main determinants include tumor size, location, and spread. BCS is more appropriate in early-stage cancers, whereas mastectomy is usually necessary in advanced cases.

2. Survival and Recurrence Outcomes

It has always been demonstrated that the survival rates are the same with BCS (including radiation) and mastectomy in the case of early-stage cancers. Nevertheless, BCS can be slightly more likely to recur locally, which can be treated.

3. Patient Preference

A major role is played by emotional and psychological factors. There are those patients who want to keep their breasts, and others opt to undergo a mastectomy to have peace of mind. Studies show fear of recurrence is a major driver for choosing mastectomy.

4. Access to Radiation Therapy

Since BCS requires post-operative radiation, access to treatment facilities can influence the decision. Patients without easy access may opt for a mastectomy.

5. Cosmetic and Quality-of-Life Concerns

BCS tends to provide superior cosmetic results and satisfaction. Nevertheless, the modern methods of reconstruction have also helped to enhance the results of mastectomy patients considerably.

What Do Surgeons Recommend Today?

Modern breast surgeons support a multidisciplinary patient-centered approach. Instead of prescribing a single solution, they consider:

• Clinical (tumor size, stage, genetics)
• Access to care and patient lifestyle
• Motivational preparedness and individual interests

Surgeons are increasingly preferring breast conservation surgery in most of the early-stage cases because of its good results and quality-of-life advantages. Nevertheless, mastectomy is necessary in more complicated or risky cases.

Conclusion

The debate between breast conservation surgery and mastectomy is no longer about which is superior, but about which is most appropriate for the individual patient. Oncoplastic techniques and reconstructive surgery in Kolkata have advanced, and patients now have a choice of safer, more personalized, and cosmetically satisfying options.

Heart failure has quietly emerged as one of India’s most serious and underestimated health challenges, driven by a rise in hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and delayed diagnosis of heart disease.

Due to a shortage of donor organs and a long waiting period before receiving the right treatment, end-stage heart failure patients in India faced a lot of difficulties a few years ago.

Today, advancements in heart transplant techniques are changing the situation from what was once an untreatable condition to a second chance at life.

Data from the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO) shows a significant year-on-year rise in heart transplants, with 253 transplants done in 2024, showcasing improved organ donation awareness, better coordination between hospitals, and stronger transplant networks.

What was once considered the only option is now emerging as a life-saving solution, offering patients not just a second chance but a return to a more meaningful and active life.

Why Are Heart Transplants Needed?

A heart transplant offers hope and gives a second life to patients whose hearts no longer support the body even after the best available medical aid.

Although it is never performed instantly, it becomes necessary whenever conditions of the heart result in end-stage heart failure, where the pumping function of the heart is compromised.

Also read: Harish Rana’s Family Donated His Heart Valves And Corneas After His Death From Passive Euthanasia

When medications and modern technologies cannot supply an adequate amount of blood and oxygen to the organs, patients experience extreme breathlessness, fluid buildup, fatigue, and repeated hospitalizations, making even simple activities like walking, eating, or lying flat exhausting.

As the flow of blood continues to deteriorate, failure is also expected in other vital organs such as the kidneys and liver. It is at this point that the transplantation of the donor heart is considered the only treatment option to ensure that the blood flow is normalized.

How Heart Transplantation Transforms Life?

Heart transplant is not just a surgical replacement of a failing organ, but a complete life restoration for patients with end-stage heart failure.

Its benefits include:

• Normalizes Heart Functioning: A healthy donor heart can immediately restore normal and effective blood flow. This will reduce weakness and fatigue that makes carrying out everyday tasks rather difficult.
• Enhances Survival Rates: Patients diagnosed with end-stage heart failure can only experience the best post-transplant survival outcomes when they undergo the transplant procedure as compared to other medical treatments.
• Enhances Quality of Life: The patients are able to attain independence once again as they are able to walk, sleep, travel, and socialize with their families and friends.
• Prevents Frequent Hospitalization: The successful transplant procedure prevents constant hospitalization, especially in cases with deteriorating heart failure, infections, and organ dysfunction.
• Protects Other Vital Organs: By restoring adequate blood flow, heart transplantation helps reverse damage to the kidneys, liver, and lungs caused by prolonged heart failure
• Permits Return to Normal Roles and Responsibilities: Patients regain their ability to work, take care of others, and carry out their daily responsibilities, which helps their emotional well-being.