The new work life requires one to chase deadlines, desk jobs and prolonged screen time, which are now the norms, thus, poor posture risk is at its peak than ever. It is because, according to a health specialist, inappropriate sitting positions may bring the impact to humans, as the way people sit can cause not only various physical problems such as headache and neck pain but can also exacerbate mental illness like anxiety and insomnia. A closer look into the issue shows that even such simple matters as sitting posture could provoke serious health problems than one could realize.

Sitting at my desk every day, I never imagined that my posture could impact my well-being. But the headaches, restless nights, and creeping anxiety told a different story. Adjusting my sitting position felt awkward initially, but gradually, I noticed fewer aches and a calmer mind. Small changes truly make a big difference.

Link Between Posture and Mental Well-being

According to the British Heart Foundation, a person spends an average of 66.5 hours per week sitting, which translates into three full days of inactivity. This has seen many spend most of that time seated at desks or in front of screens, and negative effects are becoming apparent from poor posture. In reality, research shows that the majority of people, including twenty-year-olds, suffer from bad posture, which becomes a ripple effect on the body and mind.

Bad postures are not just slouching or sitting crooked. The health issues it can set off are numerous. Medical professionals say that bad postures can cause long periods of tension in the neck and spine muscles. This tension may cause extremely stressful headaches because the constant stress put on the head, neck, and the thoracic spine can sometimes get unbearable. However, poor posture is not solely held responsible for this. Studies found that slouching aids negativity in thinking patterns that can actually impair mood and cause increased stress and sometimes even anxiety and depression.

Maybe the worst consequence of having an improper posture is lack of sleep, known as insomnia. A forward-tilted neck, which is commonly known as "tech neck," can cause muscle fatigue, chronic neck pain, and even difficulty unwinding at night. The tension that builds up in the muscles of the neck and back can make it hard to relax, thus making it harder to fall asleep. This, in turn, contributes to a cycle of poor sleep and heightened stress, which further worsens feelings of anxiety and mental fatigue.

Dangers of "Tech Neck"

Among the many sitting positions that can damage your health, one stands out as being the most harmful: the "tech neck." The head tilts forward when working on screens, which most workers at a desk are familiar with, and also happens for people who spend more hours on their phones. This is because the head appears to weigh much heavier in the neck when the posture is forward. For example, a 30-degree angle can make the head's effective weight go up to 40 pounds and put tremendous stress on the neck and spinal muscles.

This unnatural strain often leads to muscle fatigue and discomfort, which can spiral into chronic neck pain. Over time, this tension doesn't just affect physical comfort; it can trigger persistent headaches and hinder the body's ability to relax, making it more difficult to wind down after a long day of work.

Impact of Prolonged Sitting

The physical consequences of prolonged sitting extend beyond the neck. As humans, our biology was designed to stand and walk. In sitting for long periods of time, the cardiovascular system is disrupted and, therefore, less effective when it comes to the proper functioning of our heart. Sitting also disrupts our digestive system from its norm. The bowel operates better when we are standing up and walking around, a situation not paid much attention to as one sits most of the day.

A sedentary life also contributes to a range of serious health issues, including increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and even certain kinds of cancer. Over three million deaths are caused globally by physical inactivity worldwide annually. The implications of sitting for too long extend far beyond back pain or stiff muscles; they are related to a whole range of chronic illnesses that can drastically affect the quality of life and even life expectancy.

It is very important to know that posture not only affects the body but can also determine the mental state. According to studies, sitting in a particular way affects cognitive functions and emotional health. For example, slouching in a chair has been said to increase negative thoughts that lead to increased anxiety. However, sitting upright has been proven to promote a more positive attitude that improves mood and self-confidence.

Poor posture can also lead to degradation in cognitive function. Posture can cause shallow breathing leading to low oxygen levels throughout the body and low concentration of oxygen reaching the brain that can impair memory, concentration and overall cognitive performance.

With the advanced use of screens and sedentary work environments, most are unknowingly compromising their mental sharpness by neglecting posture.

How to Sit Best Position

Fortunately, it is easy to improve a posture, which can yield profound effects on the physical health and mental condition. Medical experts recommend "S" posture because gravity is not directed to the spinal muscles. Now, let's see how you do it:

1. Toes and heels flat on the ground: Place your feet flat on the ground such that your knees are kept the same height as that of your hips. As the pressure on your lumbar is reduced, keeping everything in proper alignment as well.

2. Adjust Chair Height: If your chair is too high or too low, your knees may not be at the correct angle, leading to discomfort. Adjust the height of your chair so that your feet rest comfortably on the floor.

3. Back Against the Chair: Ensure that your back is supported by the chair's backrest. If necessary, use a cushion for added support.

4. Refrain from Forward Tilting: Keep your head in neutral, avoiding the forward tilt that leads to "tech neck." This reduces the strain on your neck and spine.

5. Take Frequent Breaks: Even with perfect posture, sitting for long periods can still be harmful. Stand up, stretch, or walk around every 30 minutes to improve circulation and reduce muscle stiffness.

The effect of poor posture goes way beyond mere physical discomfort. It can impact your mental health, your ability to sleep and concentrate, and more. With the increasing hours spent sitting at desks, in front of screens, and on the go, it is more important than ever to pay attention to our sitting habits. Small changes in how we sit can make all the difference in our overall well-being.

We can reduce the risks of headaches, anxiety, insomnia, and chronic pain just by improving our posture and being proactive about reducing sedentary behavior. A healthy posture doesn't only look good; it also feels good, both for your body and mind. So go ahead and adjust your sitting position and give your body and mind the support they deserve to thrive.

Dr Fox, UK

The first period is a significant moment in the life of a young girl, however, when it happens, the age, plays a much more important role than we realize. National Health Services UK explains that periods can start as early as 8, however the average age is about 12.

A new study showcased in the ENDO Annual Meeting 2025, Endocrine Society from Brazil has found that the age a woman gets her first period, also known as menarche, could provide important clues about her future health. The study shows that both starting your period very early or very late can lead to different health problems later in life.

Different Risks for Different Ages

The age a woman gets her first period (menarche) and the age she reaches menopause mark the beginning and end of her reproductive life. The study looked at data from over 7,600 women in Brazil. It found a link between the timing of menarche and long-term health risks.

Early Menarche

Women who got their first period before age 10 were more likely to have health issues like obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart problems. They also had a higher risk of reproductive issues like pre-eclampsia.

Late Menarche

Women who started their period after age 15 were less likely to be obese. However, they faced a greater risk of menstrual problems and some specific heart conditions.

What This Means for Women's Health

According to the study's author, Flávia Rezende Tinano, these findings confirm how the timing of puberty can affect a woman's health over many years. She explains that knowing when a woman had her first period can help doctors identify those who might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This information can lead to more personalized health screenings and preventative care.

The study is one of the largest of its kind in a developing country. It provides valuable data for populations, like those in Latin America, that have been underrepresented in past research. The researchers believe that these findings highlight the need for early health education for young girls and women.

How Timing Reveals Health Risks For Women

A 2013 study published in the Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics journal explained that the timing of these key events can provide important clues about her long-term health. Both very early and very late timing of menarche or menopause have been linked to a higher risk of health problems. Because of this, understanding the connection between these two events could help with preventing chronic diseases. Scientific studies from various fields, including biology, nutrition, and psychology, have looked at the relationship between menarche and menopause.

Early or Late Timing Matters: A woman's age at menarche and menopause is a key sign of her body's aging and how her ovaries are functioning.

Health Connections: Both starting periods very early or very late are linked to different health and social risks later in life.

While many studies have explored the link between menarche and menopause, the results have been mixed. Out of 36 studies reviewed, ten found a direct link, meaning an earlier first period was connected to an earlier menopause. Two studies found the opposite, and the rest found no connection at all. Researchers believe that many things affect the timing of these events, including:

• Hormones and environment
• Socioeconomic status
• Stress throughout life
• Body size and height

Think about that fleeting moment when you get up after sitting or lying down—your head spins, your heart pounds, maybe you feel lightheaded or nauseated. If this scene has become all too familiar, you might be dealing with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome—POTS. It’s rare, but for the 1–3 million people in the U.S. who have it, it’s daily life. Now, a heart failure drug is showing real promise in taming the symptoms.

Ivabradine isn’t new—it’s been used for years to manage chronic heart failure, slowing the heart without dropping blood pressure. But a new pilot study, published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, suggests this drug might be a breakthrough for POTS patients. Researchers from UVA Health and Virginia Commonwealth University treated 10 young adults (average age 28, most of them women) with the drug. Normally, when these patients stood, their heart rates surged by around 40 beats per minute. After ivabradine? The spike shrank to only 15 bpm. And symptoms like faintness dropped by nearly 70%, chest pain by 66%—the difference wasn’t just physiological, it was life-changing.

Dr. Antonio Abbate from UVA Health called the findings compelling: cutting heart rate alone—without affecting blood pressure—appeared to break the chain of symptoms. “The inappropriate increase in heart rate is exactly why patients feel sick,” he said.

UVA Health Newsroom

What Is POTS?

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome may sound technical, but its components describe the experience: "postural" (related to posture), "orthostatic" (standing upright), "tachycardia" (a fast heart rate), and "syndrome" (a bundle of symptoms). When someone with POTS stands, their autonomic system fails to constrict blood vessels effectively. The result? Blood tanks into the legs, the heart overcompensates, and you get hit by symptoms: dizziness, pounding heart, fatigue, brain fog, chest discomfort, sweating, nausea—anything but ordinary.

This isn’t a heart-muscle issue or a brain problem: it’s more like a software glitch in how your body regulates itself. It often affects young women between 15 and 50 and can stem from triggers like infections, trauma, pregnancy, or autoimmune diseases.

The recent UVA pilot study isn’t standalone. Earlier research supports the same direction. A 2017 retrospective study of 49 patients—almost all women—found 88% saw palpitations improve and 76% felt less lightheaded, with heart rates dipping and no significant change in blood pressure.

Then a 2021 randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial—including 22 adults with hyperadrenergic POTS—took it further. The results showed substantial heart rate drops, improved physical and social quality of life, and even reduced norepinephrine levels (the stress hormone that tends to over-react upon standing). None of the participants developed dangerously low blood pressure.

And even earlier studies, including student-case reports and case series, all support the conclusion: ivabradine reduces heart rate without bringing blood pressure down—and that matters because traditional beta blockers can drop both, making some patients feel worse.

How Ivabradine Interrupts the Vicious Vagus Loop?

Here’s what researchers suspect is happening behind the scenes: when someone with POTS stands, the body overreacts with a surge of norepinephrine—our classic fight-or-flight hormone. The heart races, the brain kicks into panic mode, symptoms amplify, and the loop perpetuates itself. Ivabradine, by slowing the heart without altering blood pressure, effectively breaks that cycle at the source. Patients stop spinning, both literally and metaphorically.

What You Should Know POTS?

It's worth noting that these are still early results. The studies are relatively small, but statistically compelling. There's enough here, though, to encourage more formal trials—and for doctors and patients to take notice.

If POTS symptoms sound familiar—if you get faint when you stand, your heart races, and doctors struggle to pinpoint the cause—ivabradine may be a conversation worth having. It’s not a universal cure, but it’s different from other treatments. Rather than forcing blood vessels to tighten or increasing blood volume, it focuses squarely on the heart rate itself.

POTS has always been a misunderstood syndrome—a tricky physiological dance that leaves patients frustrated and clinicians unsure. But treating the pulse directly, instead of chasing blood pressure or fluid levels, looks like a game changer. Ivabradine isn’t a cure-all, but it's poised to offer relief where little existed before.

For anyone sick of dizzy spells, pounding hearts, or unexplained fatigue whenever they stand, it’s time to explore if this one medication could be the difference between feeling trapped and regaining control.

Legionnaires’ disease, has so far killed 3, and infected around 60 people after the recent outbreak in Central Harlem in the New York City. It is a severe form of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila, and is far more than just a respiratory infection.

Unlike typical bacterial pneumonias, Legionnaires’ disease is increasingly being recognized for its distinct symptoms, both during the acute illness and long after recovery.

Now, a landmark study from Switzerland aims to uncover whether Legionella infections lead to their own version of a “long COVID”-like syndrome, providing crucial insights into the post-acute impact of this underdiagnosed illness.

ALSO READ: Legionnaire’s Disease NYC Outbreak: 3 Dead, 67 Sick; Health Authorities Have Identified ZIP Codes Linked With Cluster

What Makes Legionnaires’ Disease Different?

Named after a deadly outbreak during an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976, Legionnaires’ disease is spread primarily through contaminated aerosolized water, not person-to-person contact.

The bacteria thrive in warm, stagnant water found in air-conditioning cooling towers, plumbing systems in large buildings, hot tubs, fountains, and even ice machines.

While the respiratory symptoms may initially resemble other types of pneumonia, cough, fever, and shortness of breath, what sets Legionnaires’ disease apart is the constellation of extrapulmonary symptoms that often accompany it.

These include:

• Muscle aches
• Confusion
• Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea
• Kidney dysfunction

Hyponatremia, or low sodium levels in the blood, a critical and unique marker of this infection

Hyponatremia: A Clue to Legionella

Hyponatremia, one of the hallmark signs of Legionnaires’ disease, is often absent in other pneumonias. This is one of the unique symptoms of Legionnaires' that distinguishes from pneumonia. It results in dangerously low sodium levels, which can trigger symptoms ranging from mild fatigue and nausea to severe complications like confusion, seizures, or coma.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), hyponatremia often appears early in the course of a Legionella infection and should alert clinicians to consider Legionella pneumonia in patients with respiratory symptoms and abnormal lab findings. Its presence can help guide early diagnosis and prompt treatment, which is critical given the disease’s potential severity.

Long-Term Effects: Is There a “Long Legionnaires’”?

Much like long COVID, survivors of Legionnaires’ disease are now reporting symptoms that persist long after the acute infection has cleared.

These post-acute effects, also seen in other forms of pneumonia, include:

• Chronic fatigue
• Brain fog or cognitive dysfunction
• Decreased quality of life
• Ongoing respiratory issues
• Muscle weakness and joint pain

But what if Legionnaires’ disease leaves a unique post-infection footprint?

That’s the central question behind a new prospective cohort study conducted by researchers in Switzerland. Published in Swiss Medical Weekly, the LongLEGIO study is the first of its kind to compare the long-term effects of Legionnaires’ disease to other forms of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Inside the LongLEGIO Swiss Study

From June 2023 to June 2024, researchers recruited 59 patients with confirmed Legionnaires’ disease and 60 matched patients with Legionella test-negative CAP. Participants were closely matched by age, sex, hospital type, and timing of diagnosis.

Patients were assessed at four key time points:

• During the acute phase (baseline)
• 2 months after treatment
• 6 months after treatment
• 12 months after treatment

The study used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), structured questionnaires to capture symptoms often missed in traditional hospital data. These included:

• Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL)
• Persistent fatigue
• Need for continued healthcare
• New or lingering symptoms

What the Baseline Data Reveals

Initial findings already highlight striking differences between the two groups. While the median age for both was 69, patients with Legionnaires’ disease were more likely to experience extrapulmonary symptoms. Notably:

• Muscle aches were reported by 51.8% of Legionnaires’ patients, compared to 25.9% of CAP patients.
• Fever was reported in 89.3% of Legionnaires’ cases vs. 76.3% in CAP.
• ICU admissions were higher among Legionnaires’ cases (13.6% vs. 8.3%).

Additionally, Legionnaires’ patients had a higher prevalence of chronic kidney failure (15.3% vs. 10%) and better pre-illness quality of life than their CAP counterparts, who tended to have more comorbidities such as COPD, cancer, and immunosuppression.

These early differences are critical because they suggest that Legionella may cause a distinct form of post-acute infection syndrome, akin to long COVID but possibly rooted in a different biological mechanism.

When Do Symptoms Begin, And How Long Do They Last?

Legionnaires’ disease symptoms typically begin 2 to 10 days after exposure, but the timeline varies based on individual health and level of exposure. Initially, it may mimic the flu:

• Headache
• Chills
• Muscle pain
• High fever (often >104°F)
• Fatigue

As the disease progresses, more severe or unique symptoms may surface, such as:

• Cough (often dry at first)
• Gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea or nausea
• Confusion or disorientation
• Signs of hyponatremia like fatigue, poor concentration, or seizures

For most patients, acute symptoms resolve within 2 to 4 weeks, but that’s not the end of the story.

Based on evidence from pneumonia survivors and early data from the LongLEGIO cohort, recovery can take several months, especially for those who had severe illness requiring ICU care. Lingering fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive issues, and poor stamina can persist for 6 to 12 months or more.

Some patients, even after a year, may still experience reduced quality of life and ongoing healthcare needs, a pattern increasingly recognized across other infectious diseases but still under-researched in Legionnaires’.