Health and Me

Ishita Roy

Explained: What Are Smog-Eating Surface And How Is Delhi Using It To Beat Air Pollution

While the National Capital is dealing with cold wave, the air quality also continues to worsen. In several parts of Delhi, the air quality reached severe category. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) also issued an Orange alert on Tuesday for cold wave. Dense fog also engulfed the city, with air pollution or the particulate matter being trapped in the air, turning the fog into smog. 

The condition of air pollution in Delhi has remained concerning and the levels have spiked to 20 to 30 times above the safety levels recommended by the World Health Organization or the WHO. Many studies, including the official website of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US notes that the small particulate matter found in the air pollution is directly linked to health problems. "Small particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream," notes EPA. 

<h3>The particulate matter could lead to:</h3>

<ul><li>premature death in people with heart or lung disease</li><li>nonfatal heart attacks</li><li>aggravated asthma</li><li>irregular heartbeat</li><li>decreased lung function</li><li>increases respiratory symptoms like irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing</li></ul>

<h2>What Are Smog-Eating Surfaces And How Do They Help?</h2>

The government is pursuing "smog eating" surfaces to deal with the pollution problem in Delhi. While it may sound like a strange thing in India, not to the world. In fact, in the Netherlands these were used to reduce local nitrogen oxide or the NO concentrations in the air, rather than greenhouse gas concentrations. 

Smog usually contains a mixture of hydrocarbons, ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, and particulates. The pollution is caused by both photochemical reactions that involve sunlight, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, along with high concentrations of particulate matter, especially from vehicle exhaust, construction dust and biomass burning. 

Environment Minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa announced "smog eating" surface as part of its pollution control plan, for which the government has also signed an MoU with IIT Madras. 

The <span>smog eating surfaces</span> will be public surfaces coated with photocatalytic materials like titanium dioxide or TiO2 that is used to degrade pollutants. 

The Deccan Herald quoted Dr Pradeep Singh, professor and head at the School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, who explained: Photocatalytic materials are basically semiconductors. Substances like TiO2₂or zinc oxide are typically used as photocatalysts. When light falls on these semiconductor catalysts, electrons within them jump from one energy level to another, creating a hole. These photocatalytic holes and electrons subsequently form free radicals, which have strong oxidizing properties and can break down certain air pollutants with which they interact."

<h2>How Do Smog Eating Surfaces Work?</h2>

Smog contains mainly nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. When all of these interact with photocatalytic materials, gaseous pollutants convert into less harmful compounds, such as nitrogen oxides become nitrates or decompose into ions. This process is also known as pollutant mineralization. 

Fun Fact: It was in 2017, when scientists in Italy developed a type of photocatalytic cement that could absorb pollutants and convert it into harmless salts. Palazzo Italia in Milan, opened in 2015, was the first building to use the cement. 

<h2>How Effective Are These Smog Eating Surfaces?</h2>

As per Dr Ashish Moon, Head of the Civil Department at Smt Radhikatai Pandav College of Engineering, Nagpur, the impact depends on environmental conditions. He explained that titanium dioxide can locally reduce certain gaseous pollutants like nitrogen oxides under ideal conditions, rather than absorbing up to 50 percent of all harmful gases.

He also co-authored a paper in 2021, titled: Detailed Case Study on Smog Eating Tile, where he noted, "It is better to use it in liquid form than a powder. I have not come across any harmful interactions between TiO2 and particles or gases in the air." However, he also points out that how it will work in Delhi will depend on its weather conditions and atmosphere. "There should be enough UV light for the nanoparticles to activate," he said. 

Will this arrangement really work? That is yet to see, although a 2023 Spanish study found that although this measure showed some improvement, but it only yielded a modest reduction in ambient NO2. We are yet to see how well it will work in Delhi and its neighboring city's pollution problem.

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While the National Capital is dealing with cold wave, the air quality also continues to worsen. In several parts of Delhi, the air quality reached severe category. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) also issued an Orange alert on Tuesday for cold wave. Dense fog also engulfed the city, with air pollution or the particulate matter being trapped in the air, turning the fog into smog. The condition of air pollution in Delhi has remained concerning and the levels have spiked to 20 to 30 times above the safety levels recommended by the World Health Organization or the WHO. Many studies, including the official website of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US notes that the small particulate matter found in the air pollution is directly linked to health problems. "Small particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream," notes EPA. The particulate matter could lead to:premature death in people with heart or lung diseasenonfatal heart attacksaggravated asthmairregular heartbeatdecreased lung functionincreases respiratory symptoms like irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathingWhat Are Smog-Eating Surfaces And How Do They Help?The government is pursuing "smog eating" surfaces to deal with the pollution problem in Delhi. While it may sound like a strange thing in India, not to the world. In fact, in the Netherlands these were used to reduce local nitrogen oxide or the NO concentrations in the air, rather than greenhouse gas concentrations. Smog usually contains a mixture of hydrocarbons, ozone, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, and particulates. The pollution is caused by both photochemical reactions that involve sunlight, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, along with high concentrations of particulate matter, especially from vehicle exhaust, construction dust and biomass burning. Environment Minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa announced "smog eating" surface as part of its pollution control plan, for which the government has also signed an MoU with IIT Madras. The smog eating surfaces will be public surfaces coated with photocatalytic materials like titanium dioxide or TiO2 that is used to degrade pollutants. The Deccan Herald quoted Dr Pradeep Singh, professor and head at the School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, who explained: Photocatalytic materials are basically semiconductors. Substances like TiO2₂or zinc oxide are typically used as photocatalysts. When light falls on these semiconductor catalysts, electrons within them jump from one energy level to another, creating a hole. These photocatalytic holes and electrons subsequently form free radicals, which have strong oxidizing properties and can break down certain air pollutants with which they interact."How Do Smog Eating Surfaces Work?Smog contains mainly nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. When all of these interact with photocatalytic materials, gaseous pollutants convert into less harmful compounds, such as nitrogen oxides become nitrates or decompose into ions. This process is also known as pollutant mineralization. Fun Fact: It was in 2017, when scientists in Italy developed a type of photocatalytic cement that could absorb pollutants and convert it into harmless salts. Palazzo Italia in Milan, opened in 2015, was the first building to use the cement. How Effective Are These Smog Eating Surfaces?As per Dr Ashish Moon, Head of the Civil Department at Smt Radhikatai Pandav College of Engineering, Nagpur, the impact depends on environmental conditions. He explained that titanium dioxide can locally reduce certain gaseous pollutants like nitrogen oxides under ideal conditions, rather than absorbing up to 50 percent of all harmful gases.He also co-authored a paper in 2021, titled: Detailed Case Study on Smog Eating Tile, where he noted, "It is better to use it in liquid form than a powder. I have not come across any harmful interactions between TiO2 and particles or gases in the air." However, he also points out that how it will work in Delhi will depend on its weather conditions and atmosphere. "There should be enough UV light for the nanoparticles to activate," he said. Will this arrangement really work? That is yet to see, although a 2023 Spanish study found that although this measure showed some improvement, but it only yielded a modest reduction in ambient NO2. We are yet to see how well it will work in Delhi and its neighboring city's pollution problem.