The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that an unvaccinated person who traveled to the US from Europe spread measles to 17 others in the country last year.

In a paper published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases, the CDC highlighted the case of an unvaccinated traveler who arrived at the Denver International Airport in Colorado in May 2025.

The person traveled with a fever, persistent cough, cold-like symptoms, and conjunctivitis (“pink eye”). He stayed overnight in a hotel and then boarded another flight to North Dakota. A day later, the person developed a rash.

“The index case was in an unvaccinated adult. Aircraft contact investigations identified 135 exposed domestic travelers. Fifteen secondary cases were identified among people exposed during the international (5) and domestic (3) flights, and at the airport (7),” the CDC said in the paper.

“Two tertiary case-patients were also identified. Five of the secondary case-patients had at least one documented prior measles vaccination,” it added.

The 2025 US Measles Outbreak

While measles was declared eliminated in the US in 2000, and sporadic outbreaks were controlled quickly, falling vaccination rates, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, raise the risk of larger, harder-to-contain outbreaks.

This was further compounded by the anti-vaccine stance of President Donald Trump and his Health Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr.

As per the CDC, a total of 2,281 confirmed measles cases were reported in the US in 2025. In 2026, the agency reported 10 new outbreaks, with more than 1,000 measles cases confirmed to date. More than 90 percent cases each year occurred in the unvaccinated.

Air Travel Increases Measles Spread

Recently, two passengers from India infected with measles landed in Auckland, New Zealand, via Singapore Airlines.

The Straits Times quoted Associate Professor Lim Poh Lian, group director of the Communicable Disease Agency’s (CDA) Communicable Disease Program, who noted that the individuals developed symptoms only while onboard the flight from Singapore to Auckland.

“Measles transmission may occur during travel. Travelers with fever and other overt signs of transmissible illness, such as coughing or malaise, should be strongly encouraged to delay travel while symptomatic,” the US CDC said.

Vaccination Key To Tackling Measles

Measles is a highly infectious disease characterized by the three Cs:

• Cough
• Coryza or runny nose
• Conjunctivitis or red and watery eyes

It easily spreads from one infected person to another through breaths, coughs, or sneezes and could cause severe disease, complications, and even death.

Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, in 2024, there were an estimated 95,000 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children under the age of 5 years, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

The CDC recommends that all travelers aged 6 months or older get vaccinated before international travel.

Sacred Games actress Rajshri Deshpande today informed of being diagnosed with grade 1 breast cancer and shared her journey of recovery.

In an Instagram post, the 43-year-old actress announced being diagnosed with the Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (NOS) -- the most common breast cancer type, accounting for roughly 80 percent of cases.

Importantly, the actress known for her work in Trial by Fire and Manto said that the deadly disease was detected during routine screening, initiating the road to early recovery.

“As you’re reading this, it means I’ve finally found the courage to tell my parents that I have been diagnosed with Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (NOS), a grade 1 Breast cancer. Now it’s time you all know,” the Instagram post read.

“We fortunately caught this early in a routine checkup, which gave us a fighting chance,” she added.

Rajshri called her treatment with ‘tons of tests and surgery” “a rollercoaster ride”.

“Trust me, it was everyone’s love and warmth that carried me through,” she said, while thanking her fans and her parents whose “faces after surgery melted my fears into unbreakable strength”.

“With everyone’s support, I feel am ready to take on the world,” Rajshri said, adding that she “is recovering beautifully and soon heading home from the hospital”.

What Is Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)

Also known as Invasive ductal carcinoma, the cancer occurs when abnormal cells growing in the lining of the milk ducts change and invade breast tissue beyond the walls of the duct.

Breast ducts are the passageways where milk from the milk glands (lobules) flows to the nipple.

Common symptoms of IDC include

• A lump or thickening in the breast or armpit area
• Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast
• Nipple changes, such as inversion, discharge, or scaling
• Breast pain or discomfort
• Skin changes on the breast, like redness or dimpling

Key risk factors of IDC include

• Genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, and a family history of breast cancer
• Higher levels of estrogen
• Prolonged exposure to ionising radiation
• smoking
• excessive alcohol consumption
• obesity
• a sedentary lifestyle

Rising Early-Onset Cancers in women

The recent The Lancet Oncology study mentioned a rise in new cases in women aged 20-54 years (up 29 percent) since 1990.

Recently, American actress Christy Carlson Romano announced a positive cancer screening test.

Cancer is everywhere, said Romano, 41, in a tearful video on social media platform Instagram.

A 2025 study by Duke Cancer Institute in the US revealed that for women younger than 50, the risk of developing cancer is 82 percent higher than that of men, up from 51 percent in 2022.

The 2025 annual report from the American Cancer Society (ACS) also showed that cancer rates in young and middle-aged women are rising past those of men in the same age group, but especially among women under age 50.

Importance of Early Screening

As with Rajshri, catching cancer in its early stages can help individuals experience less severe symptoms, minimize discomfort, and improve overall quality of life.

Detection of cancer at an early stage can boost survival rates. It can increase the chances of successful treatment.

Common screening methods include

• Physical examination of your breasts by your doctor
• Mammography
• Breast ultrasound
• Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Punjab is grappling with an outbreak of leptospirosis, a rare bacterial disease, with 36 confirmed cases, including 19 children who have been hospitalized.

The outbreak is part of a larger water‑borne infection that has affected 110 people so far in Hazara Singh Wala, a border village in Ferozepur district. The hospitalized children are receiving care at Ferozepur Civil Hospital and are reported to be stable, according to media reports.

Leptospirosis spreads to humans through contact with the urine of infected animals such as dogs and rats. The disease previously made headlines in 2024 when Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann was hospitalized after contracting it.

The state health department reports that the outbreak is affecting mainly children and young people aged 3-25, with nearly 90 of the 110 symptomatic patients being minors, most of whom are school-going children, the Indian Express reported. Commonly reported symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

Alarm was heightened in the district following the death of 12-year-old Sehaj Kaur from suspected Hepatitis E on February 24.

Investigations revealed that contaminated water, including rodent droppings and dead pigeons, contributed to the outbreak, causing widespread concern among villagers.

Media reports stated that health officials in the states are taking steps to prevent further spread of the outbreak. They are conducting house-to-house screenings, distributing chlorine tablets and oral rehydration solutions, as well as repairing water supply lines to contain the outbreak.

What Is Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is usually a disease of animals like dogs, mostly rats, and some farm animals. It has also been reported in pigs, zebras, and horses.

It mainly spreads via contamination or through direct contact with loosely available food items or water infected with rat urine.

Common symptoms include:

• very high temperature
• headache
• muscular pains
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• yellow or brown patches in the eye,
• abdomen pain

While the disease is usually self-limiting and treatable with antibiotics, in severe cases it can spread to the kidney, brain, spinal cord, and liver and lead to death. It can also cause pulmonary haemorrhage, leading to respiratory failure and death.

Leptospirosis In India:

The neglected zoonotic disease is endemic to India due to a tropical climate that complements the transmission of infection.

The first disease outbreak was reported in the 1920s in the Andaman Islands.

As per the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), India is expected to report 0.1-1.0 million cases per year, but less than 10,000 cases are reported.

Only four states, i.e., Kerala, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra, report more than 500 cases per year as per IDSP Disease Alert.

Andaman, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Delhi, Karnataka, Odisha, Puducherry, and Uttar Pradesh also report cases.

Due to a lack of awareness of the disease and a lack of suitable laboratory diagnostic capabilities in most regions of the country, leptospirosis has been under-reported and under-diagnosed in India.

An international group of scientists has created an artificial intelligence tool that can estimate a woman’s likelihood of developing breast cancer within the next four years.

The AI tool, known as the BRAIx risk score, analyzes mammogram images to generate an individualized risk assessment and flag women who may face a higher chance of developing the disease.

It may not only show the current risk but also predict the future risk, enabling early detection and treatments for a better outcome.

According to the findings published in The Lancet Digital Health journal, nearly one in 10 women ranked in the top 2 percent of risk by the AI tool were diagnosed with breast cancer within four years. This was despite previously receiving a clear screening result.

“These risk scores enable future development of personalized screening pathways to transform population breast cancer screening and save lives,” said corresponding author Helen M. L. Frazer of the University of Melbourne.

Frazer noted that identifying women who appear cancer-free but carry very high risk -- comparable to those with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations -- will unravel both hereditary and non-hereditary causes of breast cancer.

From one-size-fits-all screening to personalization

Breast cancer screening programs have significantly lowered mortality rates -- by roughly 40-50 percent among women aged 50 to 74. However, most screening systems still apply the same approach to all women, regardless of individual risk.

Traditional screening tools use genetics, breast density, and questionnaires to estimate breast cancer risk. On the other hand, new AI-based screening tools, such as BRAIx personalizes screening by gathering information already present in breast scan images to better identify who is at higher risk.

“Our results show that conventional mammographic density is a far weaker predictor of breast cancer risk than the BRAIx risk score, even for interval cancers,” the researchers said in the paper. Interval cancers are aggressive tumors diagnosed after a negative mammogram.

The BRAIx Tool

The BRAIx risk score was developed using mammograms from nearly 400,000 women. To prove its efficacy, the AI tool was tested on data from almost 96,000 women from Australia and then confirmed in an independent Swedish population of over 4,500 women.

The findings showed that:

• The BRAIx risk score estimated breast cancer risk more accurately than the traditional risk factors, such as breast density, country of birth, and even family history.

• For the top 2 percent of women with the highest BRAIx risk score, the probability of a cancer diagnosis within 4 years was 9.7 percent -- a risk level exceeding that typically seen in women with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.

The BRAIx risk score can:

• Make breast screening more personalised,
• Improve early cancer detection,
• Reduce false alarms,
• Save lives without increasing costs

Global Breast Cancer Burden

Breast cancer continues to be the most common cancer among women worldwide.

A recent study published in The Lancet Oncology journal predicted that the number of new cases of the deadly disease will reach more than 3.5 million globally in 2050 -- rising by a third from 2.3 million in 2023.

Annual deaths from the disease will also rise by 44 percent -- from around 764,000 to 1.4 million.

However, not smoking, getting sufficient physical activity, lowering red meat consumption, and having a healthy weight can help prevent over a quarter of healthy years lost to illness and premature death from breast cancer.