Oropouche fever is a viral disease caused by the Oropouche virus (OROV). It's mainly spread by tiny biting insects called midges. For over 70 years, this disease was mostly found in the Amazon region, especially in Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador, with about 500,000 known infections. However, the true number of cases was largely unknown, making it a "neglected tropical disease." To understand this, a May 2025 study published in the Current Research in Microbial Sciences gave us a timeline and why this disease has become an issue now. In 2024, OROV rapidly spread beyond its usual Amazon home. It moved across Brazil and into other parts of South and Central America. Cases have even been reported in North America and Europe, showing that it's becoming a bigger global health worry.Also Read: How Abortion Policies Have Changed Across States Since Dobbs Ruling The current outbreak, which started in 2023 and is ongoing into 2025, has hit Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Cuba, and Panama hard. This outbreak is linked to a new type of OROV that came from the Brazilian Amazon. This new virus has created new ways of spreading throughout South and Central America, and it's likely moving internationally because more people are traveling by air. As of early 2025, there have been over 23,000 confirmed cases worldwide, including five deaths. The virus is clearly spreading into areas it didn't affect before. Along with this spread, OROV infection is now more often linked to severe health problems, such as, Guillain-Barré syndrome which is a serious condition affecting the nervous system. Vertical transmission is also an issue. This is when a virus passes from a pregnant mother to her baby, leading to miscarriage and birth defects.The new OROV causing the current outbreak is also more harmful, better at avoiding the body's defenses, and spreads more easily, which likely contributes to its epidemic potential.Also Read: IBS Cases Surged During COVID-19 Pandemic, Study Finds Oropouche Virus: Who is The Most At Risk? A 2025 study published in the Nature Communications, the Oropouche virus (OROV) has shown that it can cause more severe illness and serious problems during pregnancy, including miscarriages, stillbirths, and even newborn deaths. It seems the virus might be passing from mother to baby. Their research shows that OROV can indeed infect and make copies of itself within human placenta cells and tissues, including the syncytiotrophoblast cells that are usually resistant to germs. The virus grew very quickly within the first 24 hours after infection. We also noticed that earlier pregnancies might be more easily infected by the virus. Oropouche Virus Disease: What Regions Have Been Affected the Most? The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) details that the Oropouche virus was first found in 1955 in a forest worker who had a fever in a village called Vega de Oropouche, in Trinidad and Tobago. The virus is naturally found in the Amazon basin. Before the year 2000, outbreaks of Oropouche virus were reported in Brazil, Panama, and Peru. There was also evidence that animals were infected in Colombia and Trinidad during this period. In the past 25 years, cases have been identified in many more countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, and Peru. A child in Haiti was also found to be infected in 2014. In late 2023, the Oropouche virus began causing large outbreaks in both areas where it's typically found and in new parts of South America. By June 2024, Cuba reported its first confirmed case. For the most up-to-date information on where the virus has spread, you can check resources like "Countries and Territories with Recent or Previous Oropouche Virus Transmission." Currently, there's no evidence that the virus is spreading locally within the United States. Oropouche Virus SymptomsAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), it takes to get sick after being bitten by an infected insect (called the incubation period) for the Oropouche virus is usually 3 to 10 days. When someone gets sick, they might experience symptoms like fever, headache, joint pain, muscle pain, chills, nausea, vomiting, and a rash. Most people get completely better within 7 days of their symptoms starting. However, for some, recovery can take weeks. In rare cases, serious problems like aseptic meningitis (a swelling of the brain's protective layers) can happen. While deaths from OROV infection weren't reported before, in 2024, there were two reported deaths in young, healthy adults who had the infection. Oropouche Virus Disease Diagnose & Treatment To diagnose Oropouche virus disease, doctors typically use special lab tests called RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. Blood tests (serologic assays) can also help with diagnosis, but these need to be done by highly trained staff in labs with proper safety equipment. Currently, there are no quick commercial tests (like those for flu or COVID) available for Oropouche. There is no specific medicine to treat Oropouche virus disease. Treatment mostly focuses on supportive care to help relieve the symptoms. Is Oropouche Virus Preventable? WHO explains that there is no vaccine available to prevent Oropouche virus disease. The best ways to stop the virus from spreading are through controlling the insects that carry it and by protecting yourself. Standard mosquito nets aren't very effective against the tiny biting midges that spread Oropouche, as these insects are small enough to get through the netting. However, fine mesh bed nets and chemical sprays used on the walls of infected buildings have been shown to work well. To protect yourself, it's recommended to wear protective clothing and use insect repellents that contain ingredients like DEET, IR3535, or icaridin. Currently, there is no evidence of local transmission of Oropouche virus in the United States.Frequently Asked QuestionsCan Oropouche virus spread locally outside endemic areas?No local transmission has been detected outside affected regions; all international cases are travel-related.What insects spread Oropouche virus?Tiny biting midges are the primary carriers, though some mosquito species can also transmit the virus.Should travelers avoid visiting affected areas?Travel isn't restricted, but use strong insect repellent and protective clothing in Latin and Caribbean destinations.