Ageing is an inevitable part of life and there is nobody you can stay young forever. However, there are many who remain fit even at older age and are often seen crediting genetics, their lifestyle or sheer luck for their vitality. However, science has another answer to this—telomeres. These are protective caps at the end of DNA. Telomeres: ExplainedTelomeres are structures made of repetitive DNA and protein, but they do not contain genes. During cell division, these caps divide, so that the genetic material is protected. Over time, these caps shorten, eventually reaching a point where cells can no longer divide, leading to senescence or cell death. Shortened telomeres have been linked to various age-related diseases, including cancer, osteoarthritis, and heart disease. On the other hand, longer telomeres are thought to allow cells to divide more often, potentially prolonging health and longevity. However, recent research complicates this narrative. While studies on animals and humans suggest an association between longer telomeres and better health, there are certain drawbacks. For instance, cancer cells exploit an enzyme called telomerase to maintain telomere length, which enables uncontrolled cell division. This makes people with exceptionally long telomeres due to genetic mutations are more susceptible to higher risks of certain cancers and chronic conditions.Lifestyle factors also play a significant role in telomere health. Sedentary behaviour, smoking, poor sleep, and chronic stress are all associated with accelerated telomere shortening. On the other hand, regular physical activity, a nutrient-rich diet, and stress management have been shown to preserve telomere length. For instance, moderate exercise and antioxidant-rich foods help combat inflammation, a key driver of telomere degradation and age-related diseases.What Determines Telomere Length?Empirical evidence suggests that telomere length may be partly predetermined at birth, with chromosome-specific differences. This challenges earlier assumptions of uniform telomere lengths across all chromosomes and underscores the complexity of genetic contributions to ageing.A study titled Mice with hyper-long telomeres show less metabolic aging and longer lifespans, published in Nat Commun in 2019 showed that mice with longer telomeres lived longer. Researchers said, "In the past, we generated mouse embryonic (ES) cells with longer telomeres than normal (hyper-long telomeres) in the absence of genetic manipulations, which contributed to all mouse tissues. To address whether hyper-long telomeres have deleterious effects, we generated mice in which 100% of their cells are derived from hyper-long telomere ES cells. We observe that these mice have longer telomeres and less DNA damage with ageing. Hyper-long telomere mice are lean and show low cholesterol and LDL levels, as well as improved glucose and insulin tolerance."What Really Influences Longevity? Longevity is influenced by varied factors including genetics, environment and lifestyle factors. A focus on healthy living—regular exercise, a healthy and balanced diet, adequate sleep, and mental well-being—remains the most reliable strategy for ageing gracefully and reducing the risk of chronic ageing. Ultimately, while telomeres offer a biological window into ageing, the key to a healthier life lies largely in our everyday lifestyle choices. ALSO READ: Why Do You Sleep More In Winters? It Has Everything To Do With Your Hormones