Health and Me

Supriya Ramesh

5 Proven Ways to Keep Dengue and Malaria at Bay This Season

Dengue and Malaria

While we are busy romanticising the rains, mosquitoes have already made their seasonal comeback. <span><a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health/dengue">Dengue</a></span> and <span><a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health/malaria">malaria</a></span> thrive during this time of year, and as the monsoon season brings much-needed relief from the summer heat, it also creates the perfect environment for the spread of mosquitoes, waterborne diseases, and skin infections.

Here are five tried-and-tested ways to keep dengue and malaria firmly at bay.

Mosquitoes love existing in standing water. “Mosquitoes that spread dengue and malaria breed in standing water, even in tiny amounts like water in flowerpots, old tyres, buckets, or coolers,” explains Dr Rakesh Gupta. Which means that puddle on your balcony or that forgotten bucket in the corner could be a five-star mosquito maternity ward.

Both Dr Gupta and Dr Gowri Kulkarni agree on this as the most crucial preventive step. “Even the smallest pools of water, in flowerpots, discarded tyres, clogged drains, or air coolers, can serve as breeding grounds,” says Dr Kulkarni. The solution lies in a weekly routine check. Empty pet bowls, clean roof gutters, cover storage tanks, and if you have air coolers, dry them regularly. Your small efforts can literally break the mosquito life cycle.

<h3>2. Repel, Block, and Net Them Out</h3>

Mosquitoes prefer early mornings and late afternoons to feed on blood. Which is why repellents are not just optional; they are survival tools. Use creams, sprays, patches, or bands consistently. 

“At night, always sleep under <span>mosquito nets</span>,” advises Dr Gupta. In fact, if you have babies or elderly family members, or if you are pregnant, nets become non-negotiable. Treated nets offer extra protection, so think of them as your double lock against intruders.

Dr Kulkarni adds that protection can be layered. “Prioritise protection from mosquitoes by using repellents, installing mosquito nets or screens, and wearing long-sleeved clothing during dawn and dusk when mosquito activity peaks.” Consider it your personal armour against the monsoon’s most persistent pests.

This season, ditch the mosquito-friendly wardrobe. Loose, long-sleeved shirts and full-length trousers are in; short sleeves and shorts are out. Mosquitoes love dark colours, so light shades are your best bet. Lighter clothes also keep you cooler in humid weather.

“If you can, tuck your shirt into your pants and your pants into your socks,” suggests Dr Gupta. 

<h3>4. Clean Surroundings, Clear Conscience</h3>

A cluttered, damp home is practically an invitation for mosquitoes and skin infections to move in. “A clean and dry environment makes it harder for mosquitoes to breed,” says Dr Gupta. His advice is to keep kitchens tidy, avoid damp laundry lying around, and if you are using air coolers, empty and dry them often.

Dr Kulkarni emphasises the role of community action too. “Dengue and <span>malaria prevention</span> cannot be achieved in isolation. Coordinated neighbourhood clean-up drives, public awareness campaigns, and active involvement of local bodies make preventive efforts more effective and long-lasting.” 

Of course, even the best mosquito-prevention tactics can fail if your immunity is running on low battery. Dr Gupta recommends a monsoon-friendly diet. “Eat plenty of seasonal fruits and vegetables, especially those with natural immunity-boosting properties like papaya, jamun, ginger, garlic, and turmeric.”

And do not forget the basics, like drinking only boiled or filtered water, skipping dubious street food, and washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly. After all, the last thing you want while dodging dengue is a waterborne stomach infection.

Despite your best efforts, if you develop a high fever, severe body aches, persistent headache, or unexplained fatigue, do not brush it off as ‘just the weather’. Dr Kulkarni cautions, “High fever, body aches, persistent headache, or unexplained fatigue should never be ignored during this season. Early medical advice can prevent complications and greatly improve recovery.”

Staying safe during the monsoon is all about balance. Enjoy the rains, but keep an eye on puddles. Relish the weather, but do not forget your mosquito repellent. As Dr Gupta sums it up, “Small preventive actions taken every day not only protect you but also help in keeping your community healthier through the season.”

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dengue prevention

malaria prevention

mosquito control

monsoon health tips

mosquito repellents

mosquito nets

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seasonal diseases

dengue

Malaria

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While we are busy romanticising the rains, mosquitoes have already made their seasonal comeback. Dengue and malaria thrive during this time of year, and as the monsoon season brings much-needed relief from the summer heat, it also creates the perfect environment for the spread of mosquitoes, waterborne diseases, and skin infections.Here are five tried-and-tested ways to keep dengue and malaria firmly at bay.1. Clear Standing Water Mosquitoes love existing in standing water. “Mosquitoes that spread dengue and malaria breed in standing water, even in tiny amounts like water in flowerpots, old tyres, buckets, or coolers,” explains Dr Rakesh Gupta. Which means that puddle on your balcony or that forgotten bucket in the corner could be a five-star mosquito maternity ward.Both Dr Gupta and Dr Gowri Kulkarni agree on this as the most crucial preventive step. “Even the smallest pools of water, in flowerpots, discarded tyres, clogged drains, or air coolers, can serve as breeding grounds,” says Dr Kulkarni. The solution lies in a weekly routine check. Empty pet bowls, clean roof gutters, cover storage tanks, and if you have air coolers, dry them regularly. Your small efforts can literally break the mosquito life cycle.2. Repel, Block, and Net Them OutMosquitoes prefer early mornings and late afternoons to feed on blood. Which is why repellents are not just optional; they are survival tools. Use creams, sprays, patches, or bands consistently. “At night, always sleep under mosquito nets,” advises Dr Gupta. In fact, if you have babies or elderly family members, or if you are pregnant, nets become non-negotiable. Treated nets offer extra protection, so think of them as your double lock against intruders.Dr Kulkarni adds that protection can be layered. “Prioritise protection from mosquitoes by using repellents, installing mosquito nets or screens, and wearing long-sleeved clothing during dawn and dusk when mosquito activity peaks.” Consider it your personal armour against the monsoon’s most persistent pests.3. Cover Your Body This season, ditch the mosquito-friendly wardrobe. Loose, long-sleeved shirts and full-length trousers are in; short sleeves and shorts are out. Mosquitoes love dark colours, so light shades are your best bet. Lighter clothes also keep you cooler in humid weather.“If you can, tuck your shirt into your pants and your pants into your socks,” suggests Dr Gupta. 4. Clean Surroundings, Clear ConscienceA cluttered, damp home is practically an invitation for mosquitoes and skin infections to move in. “A clean and dry environment makes it harder for mosquitoes to breed,” says Dr Gupta. His advice is to keep kitchens tidy, avoid damp laundry lying around, and if you are using air coolers, empty and dry them often.Dr Kulkarni emphasises the role of community action too. “Dengue and malaria prevention cannot be achieved in isolation. Coordinated neighbourhood clean-up drives, public awareness campaigns, and active involvement of local bodies make preventive efforts more effective and long-lasting.” 5. Boost Your Inner DefencesOf course, even the best mosquito-prevention tactics can fail if your immunity is running on low battery. Dr Gupta recommends a monsoon-friendly diet. “Eat plenty of seasonal fruits and vegetables, especially those with natural immunity-boosting properties like papaya, jamun, ginger, garlic, and turmeric.”And do not forget the basics, like drinking only boiled or filtered water, skipping dubious street food, and washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly. After all, the last thing you want while dodging dengue is a waterborne stomach infection.Do Not Ignore the Warning SignsDespite your best efforts, if you develop a high fever, severe body aches, persistent headache, or unexplained fatigue, do not brush it off as ‘just the weather’. Dr Kulkarni cautions, “High fever, body aches, persistent headache, or unexplained fatigue should never be ignored during this season. Early medical advice can prevent complications and greatly improve recovery.”Staying safe during the monsoon is all about balance. Enjoy the rains, but keep an eye on puddles. Relish the weather, but do not forget your mosquito repellent. As Dr Gupta sums it up, “Small preventive actions taken every day not only protect you but also help in keeping your community healthier through the season.”

5 proven ways to keep dengue and malaria at bay this season

Wearing Contact Lenses This Monsoon? Here Is What Eye Doctors Want You to Know

What Eye Doctors Say About Contact Lenses

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Monsoons are more than just good, hot food. And while most of us are quick to pull out umbrellas and raincoats, very few think about protecting our eyes, especially if we wear <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-news/contact-lens-health-week-2025-why-is-it-important-for-us-to-observe-a-week-for-eye-health-article-152504530" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">contact lenses</a>. And according to eye specialists, this oversight could cost us more than just a little irritation.

<h3>Why Your Eyes Are at Risk in the Rainy Season</h3>

The humid climate during the rainy season creates the perfect environment for viruses to thrive. On top of that, people tend to spend more time indoors and in close contact with one another, which raises the risk of viral infections spreading by nearly 50 per cent. Add to this the <span>common flu</span>, which weakens immunity, and your eyes become more vulnerable than ever.

Contaminated water is another culprit. Dr Jayapratha Selvaraj, General Ophthalmology, points out that poor water hygiene can worsen <span>eye conditions such as conjunctivitis</span> (commonly known as <span>pink eye</span>) and <span>keratitis</span>, an infection of the cornea. “These infections are especially troublesome for people who wear <span>contact lenses</span>,” she says.

Dr Venkatesan C, Senior Consultant – Ophthalmology, agrees, adding that fungal and bacterial keratitis become more common during the <span>monsoon</span>. “They may start with redness, irritation, or pain, but if not treated right away, they can cause serious visual problems,” he warns.

Contact lenses are a blessing for millions, particularly students and professionals who find glasses cumbersome. But during the monsoon, they can turn into little traps for germs.

“Contact lenses are safe if you follow the rules. But the moment hygiene slips, lenses can let bacteria or fungi stick to the eye’s surface,” says Dr Venkatesan. The moist, humid environment during the rainy season accelerates this risk. Tears dry more slowly in such weather, keeping the surface of the eye damp, a perfect breeding ground for infections.

Students, in particular, face greater danger. Many wear their lenses for long hours, share lens solutions with friends, or even swim in pools or rainwater while keeping their lenses on. Each of these habits, says Dr Venkatesan, can drastically raise the risk of infection.

<h3>Golden Rules of Lens Care in the Rainy Season</h3>

You do not have to abandon your lenses every time it rains. With the right care, you can enjoy both the rain and clear vision.

<ul><li>Wash your hands thoroughly before touching or wearing lenses.</li><li>Store lenses only in their designated case.</li><li>Never use expired lenses.</li><li>Avoid rinsing or storing lenses in tap water or saline; always use proper lens solution.</li><li>Do not sleep, bath, or swim with lenses on.</li></ul>

Dr Venkatesan adds a few more monsoon must-dos:

<ul><li>Always use fresh lens solution; never top up old liquid in the case.</li><li>Take off your lenses before going out in the rain.</li><li>If your doctor has not recommended it, do not sleep in your lenses.</li><li>If you notice persistent redness, discharge, or blurred vision, remove your lenses immediately and see an eye doctor.</li></ul>

Despite best efforts, sometimes you still get infections. Viral <span>conjunctivitis</span>, for example, often resolves on its own, but that does not mean you should ignore it. “Ophthalmologists may prescribe antibiotic and lubricant eye drops to reduce discomfort and prevent spread,” explains Dr Selvaraj.

If the cornea gets involved, as in keratoconjunctivitis, timely medical treatment becomes crucial. <span>Viral eye infections</span> can remain contagious for up to two weeks, so doctors urge patients to:

<ul><li>Wash hands frequently.</li><li>Avoid sharing towels, bed sheets, or handkerchiefs.</li><li>Resist rubbing or touching the eyes.</li><li>Switch to glasses and only return to contact lenses after medical clearance.</li></ul>

You do not have to give up your lenses during monsoon, but you do have to respect the hygiene rules. Even a small slip-up, like rinsing lenses in tap water or wearing them during a sudden downpour, can lead to painful infections and, in some cases, long-term vision loss.

As Dr Venkatesan puts it, “You may enjoy the beauty of the rainy season without hurting your eyes if you take basic steps and get medical care right away.” 

This <span>Contact Lens Health Week 2025</span>, know that your eyes deserve as much protection as your clothes and shoes. And when it comes to contact lenses in the monsoon, a little extra care goes a very long way. 

 <em>Dr Jayapratha Selvaraj is an ophthalmologist at Dr Agarwal's Eye Hospital, Chennai</em>

Dr Venkatesan C is a senior ophthalmology consultant at SRM Global Hospitals, Chennai

Wearing Contact Lenses This Monsoon

contact lenses

Contact Lens Health Week 2025

monsoon

common flu

eye conditions such as conjunctivitis

pink eye

keratitis

conjunctivitis

Viral eye infections

Monsoons are more than just good, hot food. And while most of us are quick to pull out umbrellas and raincoats, very few think about protecting our eyes, especially if we wear contact lenses. And according to eye specialists, this oversight could cost us more than just a little irritation.Why Your Eyes Are at Risk in the Rainy SeasonThe humid climate during the rainy season creates the perfect environment for viruses to thrive. On top of that, people tend to spend more time indoors and in close contact with one another, which raises the risk of viral infections spreading by nearly 50 per cent. Add to this the common flu, which weakens immunity, and your eyes become more vulnerable than ever.Contaminated water is another culprit. Dr Jayapratha Selvaraj, General Ophthalmology, points out that poor water hygiene can worsen eye conditions such as conjunctivitis (commonly known as pink eye) and keratitis, an infection of the cornea. “These infections are especially troublesome for people who wear contact lenses,” she says.Dr Venkatesan C, Senior Consultant – Ophthalmology, agrees, adding that fungal and bacterial keratitis become more common during the monsoon. “They may start with redness, irritation, or pain, but if not treated right away, they can cause serious visual problems,” he warns.Contact Lens and Monsoon Contact lenses are a blessing for millions, particularly students and professionals who find glasses cumbersome. But during the monsoon, they can turn into little traps for germs.“Contact lenses are safe if you follow the rules. But the moment hygiene slips, lenses can let bacteria or fungi stick to the eye’s surface,” says Dr Venkatesan. The moist, humid environment during the rainy season accelerates this risk. Tears dry more slowly in such weather, keeping the surface of the eye damp, a perfect breeding ground for infections.Students, in particular, face greater danger. Many wear their lenses for long hours, share lens solutions with friends, or even swim in pools or rainwater while keeping their lenses on. Each of these habits, says Dr Venkatesan, can drastically raise the risk of infection.Golden Rules of Lens Care in the Rainy SeasonYou do not have to abandon your lenses every time it rains. With the right care, you can enjoy both the rain and clear vision.Dr Selvaraj lists the basics:Wash your hands thoroughly before touching or wearing lenses.Store lenses only in their designated case.Never use expired lenses.Avoid rinsing or storing lenses in tap water or saline; always use proper lens solution.Do not sleep, bath, or swim with lenses on.Dr Venkatesan adds a few more monsoon must-dos:Always use fresh lens solution; never top up old liquid in the case.Take off your lenses before going out in the rain.If your doctor has not recommended it, do not sleep in your lenses.If you notice persistent redness, discharge, or blurred vision, remove your lenses immediately and see an eye doctor.When Infections HappenDespite best efforts, sometimes you still get infections. Viral conjunctivitis, for example, often resolves on its own, but that does not mean you should ignore it. “Ophthalmologists may prescribe antibiotic and lubricant eye drops to reduce discomfort and prevent spread,” explains Dr Selvaraj.If the cornea gets involved, as in keratoconjunctivitis, timely medical treatment becomes crucial. Viral eye infections can remain contagious for up to two weeks, so doctors urge patients to:Wash hands frequently.Avoid sharing towels, bed sheets, or handkerchiefs.Resist rubbing or touching the eyes.Switch to glasses and only return to contact lenses after medical clearance.You do not have to give up your lenses during monsoon, but you do have to respect the hygiene rules. Even a small slip-up, like rinsing lenses in tap water or wearing them during a sudden downpour, can lead to painful infections and, in some cases, long-term vision loss.As Dr Venkatesan puts it, “You may enjoy the beauty of the rainy season without hurting your eyes if you take basic steps and get medical care right away.” This Contact Lens Health Week 2025, know that your eyes deserve as much protection as your clothes and shoes. And when it comes to contact lenses in the monsoon, a little extra care goes a very long way.  Dr Jayapratha Selvaraj is an ophthalmologist at Dr Agarwal's Eye Hospital, ChennaiDr Venkatesan C is a senior ophthalmology consultant at SRM Global Hospitals, Chennai

wearing contact lenses this monsoon? here is what eye doctors want you to know

Ishita Roy

Bubonic Plague Changed The Human Immune System, Here's How

California Resident Tests Positive For Plague, Officials Trace Case Back To Lake Tahoe Flea

california resident tests positive for plague, officials trace case back to lake tahoe flea

Scientists Recreate Rare Mutation That Could Make You Nearly Immune To All Viruses

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After the California bubonic plague case, where a resident who went camping at South Lake Tahoe area tested positive for plague, lot has been talked about the disease. The bubonic plague is often remembered as one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. 

Today, with the California resident case, we all know that it still lingers in scattered regions, but antibiotics make it far less threatening.

What is less widely known is that the plague may have permanently altered human biology, leaving an imprint on the immune system that persists even now.

<strong>Also Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/what-is-bubonic-plague-california-case-sparks-health-alert-check-symptoms-and-everything-you-need-to-know-article-152500614" data-type="tilCustomLink">Bubonic Plague California Resident: Here's All That You Need To Know About The Disease</a></strong>

The plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a rod-shaped bacterium carried by fleas that thrive on rodents and other wild animals. While unremarkable in appearance under a microscope, this microbe has shaped centuries of human history. At its peak during the 14th century, the Black Death killed tens of millions across Europe, with entire towns and communities wiped out in a matter of months.

Earlier outbreaks of plague are believed to stretch back thousands of years, with traces of the bacterium found in ancient human remains. Yet the medieval Black Death was unlike anything before, spreading rapidly through trade routes and devastating Europe within a few short years.

<h2>Natural Selection in the Wake of the Black Death</h2>

The scale of mortality during plague outbreaks raised an intriguing question: could survival have been influenced by genetics? 

If certain individuals carried genetic variations that helped them fight off the infection, those traits might have been passed on to their descendants. In essence, the plague may have acted as a brutal filter, altering the genetic makeup of future generations.

Modern genetic studies now provide evidence for this idea. By comparing DNA from plague victims with that of later populations, researchers have observed that people who lived through the plague era and passed on their genes tended to carry variants that supported stronger immune defenses. This suggests that the catastrophe of the Black Death created a surge of natural selection across affected regions.

<h2>Unlocking Clues from Ancient Bones</h2>

For a long time, studying the genetic impact of plague was extremely difficult. DNA preserved in centuries-old skeletons is often degraded and contaminated by soil and microbes. However, advances in ancient DNA sequencing opened new doors. 

Scientists discovered that the inner ear’s bony labyrinth, one of the densest parts of the human body, preserves intact DNA remarkably well. Extracting genetic material from this area has allowed researchers to examine how plague survivors may have differed from those who succumbed.

With these methods, mass graves of plague victims have become key resources for understanding how the disease influenced human biology. By sequencing genomes from skeletons buried before, during, and after outbreaks, scientists can track changes across generations.

One of the clearest examples of plague-driven selection lies in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. This group of genes is essential for immune defense, helping the body recognize and destroy cells infected by pathogens. Even subtle differences in HLA variants can determine whether someone is more resilient against a particular disease.

Evidence suggests that during the plague years, people carrying certain HLA variants were more likely to survive. These protective versions of the genes became more common in descendants over time. This mirrors what scientists have observed in more recent pandemics, such as Covid-19, where some people showed natural resistance thanks to genetic variations in immune-regulating genes.

Another key discovery centers on a gene known as ERAP2. This gene produces a protein that helps immune cells break down foreign invaders, including bacteria like Yersinia pestis. Researchers studying remains from plague cemeteries in London and Denmark found that individuals who carried a particular version of ERAP2 were twice as likely to survive the Black Death.

By the end of the 14th century, this protective variant had become widespread among Europeans, appearing in roughly half the population in London and even more frequently in Denmark. It is one of the strongest pieces of evidence showing how a pandemic can reshape human genetics in just a few generations.

However, the story is not entirely one of benefit. Genes that protect against deadly infections may also carry hidden costs. 

For example, some of the same immune-system variations that helped ancestors survive plague outbreaks are now associated with autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. This illustrates the trade-offs of evolution: what once ensured survival may create vulnerabilities in a very different modern environment.

While the genetic evidence is compelling, scientists caution that we are only beginning to understand the full scope of plague’s impact. To get a clearer picture, thousands more ancient genomes from across Europe and Asia need to be analyzed. Only then can researchers determine how widespread these adaptive changes really became.

There is also debate over whether plague was the most significant driver of immune evolution. Diseases like smallpox, which persisted for centuries and claimed hundreds of millions of lives, may have exerted an even greater influence. The challenge is teasing apart the effects of different pathogens across different time periods.

<strong>You May Like To Read: <a href="https://www.healthandme.com/health-wellness/california-resident-lake-tahoe-tests-positive-for-plague-what-does-bubonic-plague-the-black-death-from-rodents-teach-us-are-there-more-than-one-type-of-plague-article-152498883" data-type="tilCustomLink">What History Teaches Us About Plague? Are There More Than One Type?</a></strong>

Despite its reputation as a medieval killer, plague has not disappeared. Small numbers of cases are still reported each year in parts of the world, from the western United States to Madagascar. Thanks to antibiotics, survival rates are far higher today, but the fact that the disease persists is a reminder of its enduring presence in nature.

Rodents and fleas continue to serve as reservoirs for Yersinia pestis. Outbreaks in isolated communities highlight the delicate balance between human society and the microbial world. While the scale of devastation seen during the Black Death is unlikely to return, the evolutionary lessons it left behind remain relevant.

Centuries later, the legacy of plague survives in our DNA. Some of the same genetic defenses that once meant the difference between life and death still influence how our immune systems function today.

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black plague

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lake tahoe plague

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south lake tahoe plague

health and wellness

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health news usa

After the California bubonic plague case, where a resident who went camping at South Lake Tahoe area tested positive for plague, lot has been talked about the disease. The bubonic plague is often remembered as one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. Today, with the California resident case, we all know that it still lingers in scattered regions, but antibiotics make it far less threatening.What is less widely known is that the plague may have permanently altered human biology, leaving an imprint on the immune system that persists even now.Also Read: Bubonic Plague California Resident: Here's All That You Need To Know About The DiseaseThe Bacterium Behind the PlagueThe plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a rod-shaped bacterium carried by fleas that thrive on rodents and other wild animals. While unremarkable in appearance under a microscope, this microbe has shaped centuries of human history. At its peak during the 14th century, the Black Death killed tens of millions across Europe, with entire towns and communities wiped out in a matter of months.Earlier outbreaks of plague are believed to stretch back thousands of years, with traces of the bacterium found in ancient human remains. Yet the medieval Black Death was unlike anything before, spreading rapidly through trade routes and devastating Europe within a few short years.Natural Selection in the Wake of the Black DeathThe scale of mortality during plague outbreaks raised an intriguing question: could survival have been influenced by genetics? If certain individuals carried genetic variations that helped them fight off the infection, those traits might have been passed on to their descendants. In essence, the plague may have acted as a brutal filter, altering the genetic makeup of future generations.Modern genetic studies now provide evidence for this idea. By comparing DNA from plague victims with that of later populations, researchers have observed that people who lived through the plague era and passed on their genes tended to carry variants that supported stronger immune defenses. This suggests that the catastrophe of the Black Death created a surge of natural selection across affected regions.Unlocking Clues from Ancient BonesFor a long time, studying the genetic impact of plague was extremely difficult. DNA preserved in centuries-old skeletons is often degraded and contaminated by soil and microbes. However, advances in ancient DNA sequencing opened new doors. Scientists discovered that the inner ear’s bony labyrinth, one of the densest parts of the human body, preserves intact DNA remarkably well. Extracting genetic material from this area has allowed researchers to examine how plague survivors may have differed from those who succumbed.With these methods, mass graves of plague victims have become key resources for understanding how the disease influenced human biology. By sequencing genomes from skeletons buried before, during, and after outbreaks, scientists can track changes across generations.The Role of HLA GenesOne of the clearest examples of plague-driven selection lies in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. This group of genes is essential for immune defense, helping the body recognize and destroy cells infected by pathogens. Even subtle differences in HLA variants can determine whether someone is more resilient against a particular disease.Evidence suggests that during the plague years, people carrying certain HLA variants were more likely to survive. These protective versions of the genes became more common in descendants over time. This mirrors what scientists have observed in more recent pandemics, such as Covid-19, where some people showed natural resistance thanks to genetic variations in immune-regulating genes.A Gene Called ERAP2Another key discovery centers on a gene known as ERAP2. This gene produces a protein that helps immune cells break down foreign invaders, including bacteria like Yersinia pestis. Researchers studying remains from plague cemeteries in London and Denmark found that individuals who carried a particular version of ERAP2 were twice as likely to survive the Black Death.By the end of the 14th century, this protective variant had become widespread among Europeans, appearing in roughly half the population in London and even more frequently in Denmark. It is one of the strongest pieces of evidence showing how a pandemic can reshape human genetics in just a few generations.Balancing Benefits and RisksHowever, the story is not entirely one of benefit. Genes that protect against deadly infections may also carry hidden costs. For example, some of the same immune-system variations that helped ancestors survive plague outbreaks are now associated with autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. This illustrates the trade-offs of evolution: what once ensured survival may create vulnerabilities in a very different modern environment.Why More Research is NeededWhile the genetic evidence is compelling, scientists caution that we are only beginning to understand the full scope of plague’s impact. To get a clearer picture, thousands more ancient genomes from across Europe and Asia need to be analyzed. Only then can researchers determine how widespread these adaptive changes really became.There is also debate over whether plague was the most significant driver of immune evolution. Diseases like smallpox, which persisted for centuries and claimed hundreds of millions of lives, may have exerted an even greater influence. The challenge is teasing apart the effects of different pathogens across different time periods.What To RememberYou May Like To Read: What History Teaches Us About Plague? Are There More Than One Type?Despite its reputation as a medieval killer, plague has not disappeared. Small numbers of cases are still reported each year in parts of the world, from the western United States to Madagascar. Thanks to antibiotics, survival rates are far higher today, but the fact that the disease persists is a reminder of its enduring presence in nature.Rodents and fleas continue to serve as reservoirs for Yersinia pestis. Outbreaks in isolated communities highlight the delicate balance between human society and the microbial world. While the scale of devastation seen during the Black Death is unlikely to return, the evolutionary lessons it left behind remain relevant.Centuries later, the legacy of plague survives in our DNA. Some of the same genetic defenses that once meant the difference between life and death still influence how our immune systems function today.

bubonic plague changed the human immune system, here's how the plague in california  south lake tahoe reminds us of the black death black plague

Aarushi Bhadury

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Marathon Runners Could Face Shockingly High Risk Of Colon Cancer, Study Finds

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Drinking a hot cup of coffee on a winter morning or chilly evening is one of the best feelings one in the world. However, did you know this habit could lead to you risking your health? 

A new study suggests that drinking very hot tea or coffee often might increase your risk of a type of <span>throat cancer</span> known as <span>oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma</span> (ESCC). Researchers looked at the habits of over 450,000 people in the UK. They found that those who drank eight or more cups of "very hot" drinks a day were almost six times more likely to get this cancer over a 12-year period. 

A "very hot" drink was defined as being hotter than 149°F (65°C). The study also found that the more hot drinks a person had, the higher their risk. For example, drinking four to six cups a day raised the risk by almost four times, and six to eight cups raised it by nearly five times. 

<h2>Do <span rel="noindex">Hot Drinks Lead To Cancer</span>? </h2>

Although scientists don't know the exact reason, they think that drinking very hot liquids over and over might damage the cells in your throat. This constant damage could eventually lead to cancer. 

In a study with animals, drinking very hot water (158°F or 70°C) actually helped tumors grow in rats. A separate study in Iran also found that people who drank tea hotter than 140°F (60°C) had a higher risk of throat cancer. 

Experts from Cancer Research UK noted that 60°C is "a lot hotter than most cups of tea." They added that if you let your tea cool for a few minutes or add cold milk, you are likely not to increase your risk of cancer. The key takeaway is to avoid drinking beverages at extremely high temperatures. 

According to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, the idea that very hot drinks like coffee or tea could cause cancer has been around for a long time. The theory is that the heat could damage the lining of your throat, and over time, this damage could lead to cancer. While some animal studies have shown a link, this was at temperatures much hotter than what people would normally drink. 

More recently, some studies from other countries have linked hot drinks to a type of throat cancer, but the evidence isn't very strong, especially for people in the U.S. and Europe. They explained how a study from China also found a higher risk of throat cancer in people who drank very hot tea, but these people were also heavy smokers or drinkers. This makes it difficult to say that the hot tea alone was the cause. 

While many researchers have pointed that out there is a link, there are many crucial factors missing. Experts explain that these studies are misleading for several reasons: 

<ul><li>The type of cancer linked to hot drinks (squamous cell carcinoma) is much less common in the U.S. than other types.</li><li>The study participants often had other risk factors, like smoking, drinking alcohol, or living with environmental issues. This makes it hard to be sure if the hot tea was the real problem.</li><li>The China study wasn't very scientific; it just asked people to guess how hot their tea was.</li><li>Even the study from Iran, which actually measured the temperature, had a problem because almost everyone in that region drinks hot tea, so there was no good group to compare them to.</li><li>Healthcare professionals explain that there is no solid evidence that drinking hot liquids by themselves increases your risk of cancer. At most, it might add to the risk if you also smoke or drink alcohol.</li></ul>If you're still worried, it's a good idea to let your coffee or tea cool down for a few seconds before you drink it. However, it is also recommended to focus on the factors that are definitely linked to a higher risk of throat cancer: smoking, drinking alcohol, obesity, and acid reflux (GERD).

Hot Coffee and Cancer

Hot Drinks Lead To Cancer

oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

throat cancer and hot drink

throat cancer

Drinking a hot cup of coffee on a winter morning or chilly evening is one of the best feelings one in the world. However, did you know this habit could lead to you risking your health? A new study suggests that drinking very hot tea or coffee often might increase your risk of a type of throat cancer known as oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Researchers looked at the habits of over 450,000 people in the UK. They found that those who drank eight or more cups of "very hot" drinks a day were almost six times more likely to get this cancer over a 12-year period. A "very hot" drink was defined as being hotter than 149°F (65°C). The study also found that the more hot drinks a person had, the higher their risk. For example, drinking four to six cups a day raised the risk by almost four times, and six to eight cups raised it by nearly five times. Do Hot Drinks Lead To Cancer? Although scientists don't know the exact reason, they think that drinking very hot liquids over and over might damage the cells in your throat. This constant damage could eventually lead to cancer. In a study with animals, drinking very hot water (158°F or 70°C) actually helped tumors grow in rats. A separate study in Iran also found that people who drank tea hotter than 140°F (60°C) had a higher risk of throat cancer. Experts from Cancer Research UK noted that 60°C is "a lot hotter than most cups of tea." They added that if you let your tea cool for a few minutes or add cold milk, you are likely not to increase your risk of cancer. The key takeaway is to avoid drinking beverages at extremely high temperatures. Do Hot Drinks Harm Our Health? According to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, the idea that very hot drinks like coffee or tea could cause cancer has been around for a long time. The theory is that the heat could damage the lining of your throat, and over time, this damage could lead to cancer. While some animal studies have shown a link, this was at temperatures much hotter than what people would normally drink. More recently, some studies from other countries have linked hot drinks to a type of throat cancer, but the evidence isn't very strong, especially for people in the U.S. and Europe. They explained how a study from China also found a higher risk of throat cancer in people who drank very hot tea, but these people were also heavy smokers or drinkers. This makes it difficult to say that the hot tea alone was the cause. Do Hot Drinks Cause Cancer?While many researchers have pointed that out there is a link, there are many crucial factors missing. Experts explain that these studies are misleading for several reasons: The type of cancer linked to hot drinks (squamous cell carcinoma) is much less common in the U.S. than other types.The study participants often had other risk factors, like smoking, drinking alcohol, or living with environmental issues. This makes it hard to be sure if the hot tea was the real problem.The China study wasn't very scientific; it just asked people to guess how hot their tea was.Even the study from Iran, which actually measured the temperature, had a problem because almost everyone in that region drinks hot tea, so there was no good group to compare them to.Healthcare professionals explain that there is no solid evidence that drinking hot liquids by themselves increases your risk of cancer. At most, it might add to the risk if you also smoke or drink alcohol.If you're still worried, it's a good idea to let your coffee or tea cool down for a few seconds before you drink it. However, it is also recommended to focus on the factors that are definitely linked to a higher risk of throat cancer: smoking, drinking alcohol, obesity, and acid reflux (GERD).

do you drink coffee too hot? it could increase cancer risk by 6 times

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